Voiceless retroflex affricate

Voiceless retroflex affricate
Voiceless retroflex affricate
ʈʂ
ꭧ
IPA Number	105 (136)
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʈ͡ʂ
Unicode (hex)	U+0288 U+0361 U+0282
X-SAMPA	ts`
Image

The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨t̠͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩ or ⟨ꭧ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts`. Its apical variant is ⟨ʈ̺͡ʂ̺⟩ and laminal variant ⟨ʈ̻͡ʂ̻⟩.

The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Asturian: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the voiced palatal fricative, writing ḷḷ instead of ll.
Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, Old Czech, Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up)^{[citation needed]}, but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		чъыгы	[t͡ʂəɣə]^ⓘ	'tree'
Asturian	Some dialects^[1]^[2]	ḷḷobu	[t̠͡ʂoβu]	'wolf'	Corresponds to standard /ʎ/.
Belarusian		пачатак	[pat̠͡ʂatak]	'the beginning'	Laminal. See Belarusian phonology
Chinese	Mandarin^[3]	中文 / Zhōngwén	[ʈ̺͡ʂ̺ʊŋ˥ u̯ən˧˥]^ⓘ	'Chinese language'	Apical.^[4] Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Khanty	Eastern dialects	ҷӓңҷ	[t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ]	'knee'	Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in the northern dialects.
Khanty	Southern dialects	ҷӓңҷ	[t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ]	'knee'
Mapudungun		trafoy	[t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj]	'it got broken'	Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: chafoy [t͡ʃa.ˈfoj] 'he/she coughed'
Northern Qiang		zhes	[t̠͡ʂəs]	'day before yesterday'	Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
Polish	Standard^[5]^[6]	czas	[ˈt̠͡ʂäs̪]^ⓘ	'time'	Laminal. Transcribed /t͡ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology
	Southeastern Cuyavian dialects^[7]	cena	[ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä]	'price'	Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /t̠͡ʂ/ and /t͡s/ into [t͡s].
	Suwałki dialect^[8]	cena	[ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä]	'price'
Quechua	Cajamarca–Cañaris	chupa	[t̠͡ʂupə]	'tail'
Russian		лу́чше / luchshe	[ˈɫut͡ʂʂə]^ⓘ	'better'
Serbo-Croatian^[9]		чеп / čep	[t̠͡ʂe̞p]	'cork'	Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian		szczopek	[ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk]	'pike'
Slovak^[10]		čakať	[ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc]	'to wait'	Laminal.
Torwali^[11]		ڇووو	[t̠͡ʂuwu]	'to sew'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Vietnamese		trà	[t̠͡ʂaː˨˩]	'tea'	Some speakers.
Yi		ꍈ / zha	[t̠͡ʂa˧]	'a bit'	Contrasts with aspirated form.

Notes

^ Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. Normes ortográfiques (PDF) (in Asturian) (6th revised ed.). p. 14. ISBN 84-8168-394-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.
^ García Arias (2003:34)
^ Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
^ Lee, Wai-Sum (1999). An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. pp. 413–416. S2CID 51828449.
^ Jassem (2003:103)
^ Hamann (2004:65)
^ "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
^ "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.

References

García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2003), Gramática Histórica de la Lengua Asturiana, Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, pp. 34–36, ISBN 84-8168-341-8
Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604, S2CID 2224095, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-14, retrieved 2015-04-09
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zongji (1984), "Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates", Journal of Phonetics, 11 (3): 267–278, doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001). An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Arlington: University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-12.
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

External links

List of languages with [ʈʂ] on PHOIBLE

[1] Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. Normes ortográfiques (PDF) (in Asturian) (6th revised ed.). p. 14. ISBN 84-8168-394-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.

[2] García Arias (2003:34)

[3] Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)

[4] Lee, Wai-Sum (1999). An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. pp. 413–416. S2CID 51828449.

[5] Jassem (2003:103)

[6] Hamann (2004:65)

[7] "Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.

[8] "Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13.

[FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199967-9] Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.

[FOOTNOTEHanulíkováHamann2010374-10] Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.

[FOOTNOTELunsford200116–20-11] Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.

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