1420s

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2nd millennium
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14th century 15th century 16th century
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1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429
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v t e

The 1420s decade ran from January 1, 1420, to December 31, 1429.

• January 25 – The civil war in Switzerland, which had pitted the cantons of Lucerne, Uri and Unterwalden, supporting rebels in Valais against the Baron of Valais and against the Canton of Bern, is ended by the signing of a treaty at the neutral town of Zug, after mediation by Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy.^[1]
• February 8 – Admiral Pietro Loredan of the Republic of Venice is assigned to carry out the conquest of Dalmatia (now part of Croatia) across the Adriatic Sea.^[2]
• February 14 – William Taylor is acquitted of charges of heresy in a trial before the Archbishop of Canterbury, Henry Chichele. Taylor will later be convicted and burned at the stake for heresy in 1423.^[3]
• March 1 – Pope Martin V issues the papal bull Omnium plasmatoris domini, calling upon Roman Catholics to unite in a crusade against what he considers heretic Christian sects, including the adherents of John Wycliffe (Lollards) and the followers of Jan Hus (Hussites).^[4][5]
• March 15 – Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor, orders the execution of the Hussite Jan Krása, who had led an uprising against the Empire at Wroclaw.
• March 17 – Ferdinand de Palacios, an envoy of the Pope, publishes the papal bull at Wroclaw, calling for a crusade against the Hussites
• March 25 – Hussite Wars After their offer of a surrender is refused, the outnumbered Hussites of Bohemia, led by Jan Zizka, defeat the invading Holy Roman Imperial forces at the Battle of Sudoměř fought near what is now Čejetice in the Czech Republic.^[6]Frederick II
• March 26 – Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg leads a decisive defeat of the Pomeranian Alliance in the battle of Angermünde.^[7]

• April 22 – A dispute between the County of Nassau-Siegen and the Electorate of Trier over who shall be made count of Isenburg-Limburg is settled after negotiations.
• April 30 – Great Frisian War: In a war that began 70 years earlier in 1350 The Skieringers, led by Sikke Sjaarda, capture the city of Bolsward (now part of Friesland in the Netherlands) from the wealthier Fetkeapers. The allies of the Fetkeapers, led by Focko Ukena, then react and make a counterattack on May 12 at Palesloot near Hindeloopen.
• May 12 – The Venetian Navy and Army, led by Admiral Loredan, begin their assault on the territory of Dalamatia in order to control the Adriatic. By October, the area is under Venetian control.^[2]
• May 21 – Treaty of Troyes: With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England as his heir, and as virtual ruler of most of France.^[8]
• May 23 – Albert V, Duke of Austria, issues the Vienna Gesera, a campaign of expulsion or extermination of the 1,500 Jewish residents of Vienna. Those who are not imprisoned are executed 10 months later, and similar persecutions are carried out in other cities in Austria.^[9]
• May 25 – Henry the Navigator is appointed Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ.
• June 2 – Catherine of Valois marries King Henry V of England.^[10]
• June 7 – Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine after a long siege, ending the independence of the Patriarchal State of Friuli, run by the Patriarch of Aquileia.

• June 12 – The Hussites of Jan Zizka defeat the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Germany, the Duchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Vítkov Hill.

• July 14 – The Hussites defeat and the Holy Roman Imperial forces begin a month-long fight in the Battle of Vítkov Hill.
• August 7 – Construction of the dome of Florence Cathedral is started, after Filippo Brunelleschi wins the commission for his "double shell" design.
• August 31 – A 9.4 M_S-strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region, causing tsunamis in Chile, as well as Hawaii and Japan.^[11][12]
• September 3 – Murdoch Stewart becomes the new Duke of Albany and Regent of Scotland for King James I, upon the death of his father Robert Stewart. During his time governing Scotland, Murdoch makes no effort to secure King James's release until forced to do so by political pressure.^[13]
• September 15 – In a crusade against the Hussites, Holy Roman Imperial forces begin the siege of Vyšehrad
• September 24 – The Ottoman Army defeats a rebellion, led by Miklós Csáki, Voivode of Transylvania (now Romania). Two days later, the Ottoman troops loot and burn the city of Orăștie and take thousands of Transylvanian civilians as slaves.

• October 21 – King Henry V summons the English Parliament, directing its members to assemble at Westminster on December 2.
• October 22 – Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, an envoy of the embassy sent by the Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), to the Ming Dynasty of China during the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424), records his sight and travel over a large floating pontoon bridge at Lanzhou (constructed earlier in 1372) as he crosses the Yellow River on this day. He writes that it was: "...composed of twenty three boats, of great excellence and strength attached together by a long chain of iron as thick as a man's thigh, and this was moored on each side to an iron post as thick as a man's waist extending a distance of ten cubits on the land and planted firmly in the ground, the boats being fastened to this chain by means of big hooks. There were placed big wooden planks over the boats so firmly and evenly that all the animals were made to pass over it without difficulty."
• October 28 – Beijing is officially designated the capital of Ming Dynasty China, during the same year that the Forbidden City, the seat of government, is completed.
• November 1 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Vyšehrad: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, fails and is ejected from Bohemia.
• December 2 – The 9th Parliament of King Henry V of England is opened at Westminster, and selects Roger Hunt as Speaker of the House of Commons.

• Henry V of England commences construction of the ship Grace Dieu.
• Tang Saier starts a rebellion against the emperor of China, and takes two cities with her rebel army, before she is defeated.^[14]
• Construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China, while the palace complex of the Forbidden City is completed. In this year the Yongle Emperor confers the title "Beijing" ("Northern Capital") for the Ming Dynasty's new capital city, replacing Nanjing.
• Radu II Praznaglava, supported by the Ottomans, and Dan II, with Hungarian help, start a seven-years-long struggle for the throne of Wallachia, after Mihail I is killed in a battle. The throne of Wallachia will switch from one to another about four times until 1427, when Radu II dies.
• Alexandru cel Bun defends Moldavia against the first incursion by the Ottomans, at Cetatea Albă.

• January 13 – Al-Muzaffar Ahmad becomes the Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria upon the death of his father, Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh^[15]
• January 19 – The coronation of John VIII Palaiologos as the Emperor of Byzantium, the "Eastern Roman Empire", takes place in Constantinople.^[16][17]
• February 2 – China's Yongle Emperor, third emperor of the Ming dynasty, shifts the Ming capital from Nanjing to Beijing.
• February 23 – The coronation of Catherine of Valois as Queen consort of England takes place at Westminster Abbey.^[18]
• March 3 – Zheng He receives an imperial order from the Yongle Emperor to begin the Ming treasure voyages, carrying imperial letters, silk products and other gifts to various rulers of countries around the Indian Ocean.^[19]
• March 12 – In his campaign to rid Germany of Jewish people, Albert V, Duke of Austria issues a death sentence against wealthy Jews who had been imprisoned as part of his order of May 23, 1420. On March 12, the burning at the stake of 120 women and 92 women is carried out south of the city walls of Vienna.^[20][21]
• March 17 – 12 Rabi al-Awwal 824 AH: Ibrahim ibn Hasan ibn Ajlan and his brother Barakat ibn Hasan are confirmed by the Mamluk Egyptian Sultan Al-Muzaffar Ahmad as co-Emirs of Mecca.^[22]
• March 21 – Battle of Baugé: A small French force, led by Gilbert Motier de La Fayette, surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of King Henry V of England, in Normandy. Thomas, heir to the throne and Crown Prince as is killed in the attack, along with about 1,000 other of men.^[23]

• April 8 – Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr, son of the Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr, accepts a pardon from, and swears loyalty to England's King Henry V, formally bringing an end to the Glyndŵr rebellion.^[24]
• April 12 – Hedwig Jagiellon, the 13-year-old daughter of and heiress presumptive to Wladyslaw II, King of Poland, is betrothed in a marriage contract to Prince Frederick, the 7-year-old son of Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg as part of an alliance between Poland and Brandenburg during the Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict. The marriage is scheduled to take place after November 19, 1427, when Prince Frederick is to be 14 years old, at which time he will live in Poland and become eligible to serve with Hedwig as ruler of Poland and Lithuania. The marriage will never take place, and the contract is annulled in 1424 when a male heir to the Polish throne, Wladyslaw, is born.^[25]
• April 24 – The Sedlec Abbey, a monastery for the Cistercians order in Bohemia, is looted and burned by Hussites led by Jan Žižka, and several of the monks inside are killed.^[26]
• May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son, Murad II.
• June 10 – One year after returning home for his marriage to Catherine of Valois, and in the English defeat in the Battle of Baugé, King Henry V of England sails back to France with new troops to continue fighting in the Hundred Years War.
• June 25 – Prince Charles of Valois, the oldest son of King Charles VI and former Dauphin before being disinehrited by his father, captures the English fortress at Gallardon and has the entire garrison executed for treason, and then retakes Chartres.^[27]

• July 2 – At Erciş in what is now Turkey, Iskandar ibn Yusuf is crowned as the Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu, a kingdom encompassing what are now eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northern Iraq, northern Armenia and all of Azerbaijan.^[28]
• July 15 – A ceasefire is declared in the Great Frisian War as the representatives warring parties agree to a treaty at the city of Greetsiel in what is now the German region of Ostfriesland. A boundary is set at the Lauwers River in the Netherlands with the territory to the west (Friesland) going to the Frisian rebel group, the Skieringers. The lands to the east Groningen go the Fetkeapers.^[29]
• August 5 – At the Battle of Brüx, Hussite troops led by Jan Želivský, are defeated by the German Saxon baron Frederick of Meissen at what is now the city of Most in what is now the Czech Republic.^[30]
• August 29 – Sayf al-Din Tatar, becomes the new Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria after leading a coup d'etat overthrowing and imprisoning his brother, Al-Muzaffar Ahmad. ^[15]
• September 12– In what is now South Korea, Taejong of Goryeo, King of Joseon from 1400 to 1418, then King Emeritus since 1418, is crowned as the first Grand King Emeritus of Joseon.^[31]
• September 28– A treaty is signed at Vienna between Sigismund, King of Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia and Germany and Albert V, Duke of Austria for Sigismund's daughter Elizabeth of Luxembourg, to marry Albert (on April 19, 1422) and confirming Elizabeth's rights as heiress presumptive to the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia.^[32]

• October 20–King Henry V summons the English Parliament for the last time in his life, directing the members to assemble at Westminster on December 1.
• November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth's flood: The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands is flooded, due to the extremely high tide of the North Sea; 72 villages are drowned, killing about 10,000 people, and the course of the Meuse is changed.
• November 30 – Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad beomes the fourth Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria in less than a year when his father Sayf al-Din Tatar, dies after only three months on the throne.^[15]
• December 1 – The 11th and last Parliament of King Henry V assembles at Westminster and elects Richard Baynard as Speaker of the House of Commons.
• December 21 – Hussite Wars: At the Battle of Kutná Hora, the Bohemian Hussites led by Jan Zizka, and using the best weapons available, force the exit of the crusaders of the Holy Roman Empire. Among the new wespons developed by Zizka's officers are the "war wagon", a vehicle with reinforced sides and small openings from which guns can be fired.^[33]
• December 26 – In India, Ahmad Shah I, the Sultan of Gujarat and his troops, camped at Sarangpur, resist a surprise counter-attack by the army of the Malwa Sultanate, led by the Sultan Hoshang Shah.^[34]

• John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
• The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence.^[35]
• Portuguese sailors sent by Henry the Navigator cross Cape Non, going as far as Cape Bojador.
• Traditional date – Larabanga Mosque is founded, in modern-day northern Ghana.

• January 10 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Německý Brod: The Hussites defeat an army of Royalist Crusaders.
• January 15 – Charlotte of Bourbon, Queen of Cyprus, consort and wife of King Janus since 1411, dies after contracting pneumonic plague as an epidemic spreads across the island kingdom.^[36]
• January 18 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: The Hollandic fortress of Lemmer is captured by the Frisian Skieringer rebels. Lemmer's commander, Floris of Alkemade, is taken prisoner and executed.^[37] The result prompts both sides to enter into a settlement.
• February 1– The Peace of Groningen is signed in the Dutch city of the same name with 94 chieftains of rebels and Allies agreeing to preserve the the Frisian right to self-government as well as barring foreign lords from Frisian land and bringing and end to the Great Frisian War after nine years.^[37]
• March 9– In Prague, the Hussite priest Jan Želivský is arrested when he appears at the city hall. Already known for overseeing the killing of Catholic civilians and the pillaging of Catholic towns outside of Prague, is blamed for the Czech Bohemian loss at the August 5 Battle of Brüx. He is sentenced to death and beheaded on the same day.^[38]
• March 21– Hundred Years' War – The Siege of Meaux ends in France after more than five months as the starving citizens of the walled city of Meaux open the city gates and surrender to the English forces led by King Henry V. The city had been under siege since October 6. The city's defending troops flee across a bridge to their last line of defense ,the fortress known as Le Marché.^[39]

• April 1– Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy leads a coup d'etat against the Egyptian Sultan Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad and begins a 16-year reign as the new Sultan.Ibn Taghribirdi (1929). Al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah (in Arabic). Vol. 14. Egyptian Dar al-Kutub Press in Cairo. pp. 232–233.
• May 10– The last French defenders of the siege of Meaux surrender their fortress at Le Marche when the starving members of the garrison threaten to rebel.^[39]
• June 10–September – The Ottoman sultan Murad II besieges Constantinople; the siege is broken off as a result of the rebellion of Küçük Mustafa.

• July 11 – In Italy, a group of about 100 Romani people, described as "Gypsies" arrive in Bologna with a stated intention of traveling to Rome to meet the Pope. Their leader, calling himself "Duke Andrea", shows to local officials a decree allegedly signed by the King of Hungary that is said to grant them the right to commit robberies "without penalty or penance" wherever they travel, as a reward for 4,000 gypsies being re-baptized into the Christian faith.^[40][41]
• August 22 – Use of the Spanish era dating system in the Kingdom of Portugal ceases.
• September 1 – Henry VI becomes King of England, at the age of nine months, upon the death of his father, King Henry V.^[42]
• September 27 – The Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after the brief Gollub War. The Prussian–Lithuanian border established by the treaty remains unchanged, until World War I.
• September 29 – The new King of England, Henry VI, summons the members of Parliament to assemble at Westminster on November 9.

• October 21 – King Charles VI of France passes away at the age of 53 after years of mental illness, and rival groups fight over who his successor will be. In Paris, Henry VI of England, the 10-month old son of the late French regent, England's King Henry V, and grandson of King Charles VI, is proclaimed King Henri II of France. In Bourges, the Dauphin Charles, eldest son of King Charles VI, is proclaimed as King Charles VII.
• November 9 – At the opening of the English Parliament, the House of Commons elects Roger Flower as its speaker.
• December 18 – As the English Parliament closes, King Henry VI gives royal assent to new legislation that has been passed during the 39-day session, including the Irishmen Act setting requirements for "What sort of Irishmen only may come to dwell in England"; the Purveyance Act 1422 ("All the statutes of purveyors shall be proclaimed in every county four times in the year") relating to the royal household's purchase of provisions at a regulated price and the requistioning of horses and vehicles for royal use; and for "A certain allowance made to those which were retained to serve King Henry V. in his wars")

• Ottoman forces overrun the last domains of Constantine II of Bulgaria, who dies in exile at the Serbian court, ending the Bulgarian Empire.
• On the Italian Peninsula, Venice has a population of 84,000, of which 200 men rule the city, while Florence has a population of 40,000, of which 600 men rule the city.

• January 6 – The Electorate of Saxony merges with the Margravate of Meissen and the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg.
• February 11 – Hundred Years War: The island of Tombelaine, off of the coast of France, is taken by English forces in order to be used as a base to attack Mont Saint-Michel.
• March 7 – After failing to defeat Hushang Shah in a siege of Salangpur, the Gujarat Sultan Ahmad Shah I is attacked by Hushang's army while on his way back to Ahmedabad. He wins the battle and resumes his trip home.^[43]

• April 13 – Hundred Years' War:.The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a mutual defense treaty between the Duchy of Burgundy, the Duchy of Brittany and the Kingdom of England.^[44]
• April 15 – Francesco Foscari is elected the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after the death of Tommaso Mocenigo. He will serve as the Venetian Republic's executive for 34 years before being forced to abdicate a few days before his death in 1457.^[45]
• April 27 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Hořice: The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists.^[46]
• April 28 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi abdicates as shogun of Japan and is succeeded by his son, Ashikaga Yoshikazu.^[47]
• May 18 – The Treaty of Melno signed on September 27 to end the Gollub War between the State of the Teutonic Order (on the Baltic Sea, with a capital at Marienburg) and the alliance of Poland and Lithuania, is ratified by all three parties.^[48]
• May 22 – Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: After a two-day battle, Turakhan Beg, Ottoman governor of Thessaly, breaks through the Hexamilion wall, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece.^[49]
• May 23 – The Sultan of Gujarat, Ahmad Shah I is finally able to return home to reassume the throne.^[43]
• June 10 – Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón, a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop, is elected by bishops in Avignon as the third "antipope", succeeding the late Antipope Benedict XIII. , who had died on May 23 after a reign of more than 20 years. Sánchez Muñoz takes the name of Antipope Clement VIII^[50] as the Avignon clergy disagree with Pope Martin V of Rome.

• July 10 – Pope Martin V gives his approval of the Treaty of Melno.^[48]
• July 31 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated at Cravant, on the banks of the River Yonne near Auxerre, by the English and their Burgundian allies.
• August – The Yongle Emperor launches his fourth campaign against the Northern Yuan.^[51]
• August 2 – Ataullah Muhammad Shah I begins a 50-year reign as the Sultan of Kedah in what is now Malaysia, following the death of his father, Sulaiman Shah I, who had reigned for 50 years after becoming Sultan in 1373.
• August 12 – The Treaty of Sveti Srdj ends the Second Scutari War, waged between the Serbian Despotate and the Venetian Republic,^[52] over Scutari, and other former possessions of Zeta, captured by the Venetians.^[53]
• September 14 – The first occupation force from the Republic of Venice arrives at the Greek city of Thessalonia, recently purchaed from the Ottoman Empire with six galleys entering the harbor.^[54]
• September 26 – Hundred Years' War: The Battle of La Brossinière is fought in France near Bourgon in what is now the Mayenne département. The English force of 2,800 men, under the command of Sir John De la Pole, is crushed by the armies of France, Anjou and Maine, and the English suffer more than 1,400 deaths.^[55]

• October 20 – The Second Parliament of King Henry VI of England assembles after having been summoned on September 1. The House of Commons, led by John Russell, will consider laws until its adjournment on February 28.
• December 15 – After a two-year expedition to Byzantium, Giovanni Aurispa arrives in Venice with largest and finest collection of Greek language texts up to that time, including 238 ancient manuscripts.^[56]
• December 24 – Hussite Wars: In what is now the Czech Republic, General Sigismund Korybut, commander of the Hussite Army, withdraws his troops from Prague on the orders of Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland.^[57]

• The three independent boroughs of Pamplona are united into a single town by royal decree, after centuries of feuds.
• Dan II of Wallachia, with Hungarian help, wins two battles against the Ottomans.

• January 23 – William Cheyne becomes the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, replacing the late William Hankford.^[58]
• February 1 – While negotiating his release from captivity, King James of Scotland is allowed to be married to Joan Beaufort in London, with a ceremony taking place at Southwark Cathedral.^[59]
• February 12 – The coronation of Sophia of Halshany, wife of Władysław II Jagiełło, as Queen consort of Poland takes place at the Kraków Cathedral.^[60]
• February 14 – Wars in Lombardy: The Army of the Florentine Republic, led by Captain Pandolfo III Malatesta, storms the city of Romagna.
• March 28 – King James I of Scotland is released after having been held captive in England for 18 years. James is freed after putting his royal seal on a ransom treaty of £40,000, secured by Scottish hostages taking his place, as agreed at Durham in England.^[61]

• April 5 – King James returns to Scotland for the first time since 1406, after being escorted to the border along with his wife Joan Beaufort, Queen consort, by English and Scottish nobles.^[61]
• May 21 – The coronation of James I as King of Scotland takes place at Scone Abbey in the Scottish town of Scone. After the ceremony King James performs his first knighthood ceremony, honoring 18 prominent nobles.
• June 2 – Battle of L'Aquila: Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo, for the Kingdom of Naples, defeat Braccio da Montone, for Alfonso V of Aragon.

• July 28 – The Army of the Duchy of Milan, led by the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti, defeats the Republic of Florence Army, led by Carlo I Malatesta, in the Battle of Zagonara.^[62]
• August 17 – Battle of Verneuil: An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. Alençon is captured and Douglas killed.^[63]
• September 7 – Prince Zhu Gaochi of China becomes the Emperor Renzong of the Ming dynasty, beginning the Hongxi era, after the August 12 death of his father, the Yongle Emperor.^[64]
• September 13 – After the signing of a treaty between the different factions in the Hussite Wars, the Bohemian campaign is completed in what is now the Czech Republic.
• September 23 – The Hussites, led by Jan Žižka, begin marching towards North Moravia to suppress the ongoing rebellion there.

• October 11 – Prokop the Great takes command of the Hussites after the death of Jan Žižka from the plague.^[65]
• November 1 – Zhu Zhanji is designated as the Crown Prince of Ming dynasty China by his father, the Emperor Renzong. The Emperor dies eight months later and Zhu Zhanji becomes the Emperor Xuanzong on June 27, 1425.^[66]
• November – The Bourges astronomical clock, designed by Jean Fusoris, is installed in the Bourges Cathedral as a gift to the town from King Charles VII.^[67]
• December 10 – Radu II Chelul becomes the Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania) for the third time, taking over from Dan II after an Ottoman invasion.

• Dalmatia: Aliota Capenna, lord of Lesina (nowadays Hvar), offers his realm to the Republic of Venice (also said to have occurred in 1409 and 1421).^[68]

• January 7 – King Henry VI summons the Parliament of England, directing its members to meet at Leicester on February 18.
• January 13 – Hook and Cod wars: The Battle of Brouwershaven is fought in the Netherlands between the Burgundian State, led by Duke Philip the Good, and the troops led by Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, with the Burugundians winning.^[69]
• January 15 – England, led by King Henry VI, declares war against the Duchy of Brittany and the Kingdom of France after Jean le Sage, Duke of Brittany allies with France's King Charles VI.^[70]
• February 8 – The Xuande Era begins in Ming dynasty China as the first Lunar New Year of the reign of the Emperor Xuanzong.
• February 18 – The English Parliament, nicknamed the Parliament of Bats because the members are not allowed to carry swords and arm themselves with clubs to defend themselves, is opened by King Henry VI at Leicester. The House of Commons elects Richard Vernon as its speaker.
• February 27 – Hundred Years' War: The Siege of St. James begins in Normandy in France as Sir Thomas Rempston of England leads 600 knights against a force of 16,000 French and Brittanian troops following the choice of the Duke of Brittany to ally with the Kingdom of France.^[71]
• March 6 – Battle of St. James (near Avranches): An English army under John, Duke of Bedford, defeats the French under Arthur de Richemont, forcing the Duke of Brittany to recognize English suzerainty.^[72]

• April 22 – The Second Scutari War between the Republic of Venice and the Serbian Despotate is formally ended by the signing of a treaty at the Serbian city of Vushtrri in what is now Albania.
• April 25 – (17 Jumada al-Thani 829 AH) Hasan ibn Ajlan, who has been allowed to leave Cairo after being appointed by the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan as the Emir of Mecca and paying the first installment of a fee of 30,000 dinars, dies on the way back to Mecca. The Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Dīn Barsbāy, summons Hasan's sons Barakat ibn Hasan and Ibrahim ibn Hasan to Cairo to complete payment of the remaining 25,000 dinars owed.^[73]
• May 16 – In Burma, Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, ruler of the Kingdom of Ava, flees his capital. He is succeeded by Mohnyin Thado, who receives Thinkhaya III of Toungoo.
• June 1 – The Parliament of Bats closes in England. Among the laws given royal assent by King Henry VI are a provision that writs and lawsuits against people who were later given knighthood "shall not abate for that cause," and another giving "licence to all the King's subjects to transport corn.^[74]
• June 16 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Aussig: The Hussites decisively beat the crusading armies of Germany in the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade and then annihilate the town of Aussig (now Usti nad Labem) the next day.^[75]

• July 7 – Battle of Khirokitia: King Janus of Cyprus is defeated and captured by the Mamluks and brought to Egypt, where he is ransomed after ten months.
• August 16 – (11 Shawwal 829 AH) Barakat ibn Hasan, son of the late Hasan ibn Ajlan, is confirmed by the Egyptian Sultan Barsbay as the new Emir of Mecca, conditioned on paying the remaining 25,000 dinars owed by Hasan.^[76]
• September 17 – (15 Dhu al-Qidah 829 AH) Barakat ibn Hasan arrives in Mecca to officially assume the powers of the Emir of Mecca, after taking back over from his brother Abu al-Qasim.^[76]

• October 12 – Uckermark War (1425–1427): Representing Brandenburg, the Elector Friedrich and his son Johann "the alchemist" sign a treaty with William of Werle, ruler of one of the opposing states of Mecklenburg.^[77] Friedrich and Johann had recaptured the town of Prenzlau on August 23.
• November 7 – In Vietnam's Lam Sơn uprising against Chinese rule, Vietnamese rebels led by General Nguyễn Xí defeat a much larger force of the army of Ming dynasty China at the Battle of Tot Dong and Chuc Dong near what is now Hanoi, with at least 20,000 of the 54,000 Chinese troops killed.^[78]
• December 30 – A peace treaty is signed in Venice between the Republic of Venice (led by the Doge Francesco Foscari) and the Duchy of Milan (ruled by the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti), through the mediation the papal envoy, Cardinal Niccolò Albergati. Milan is required to relinquish control of Brescia and Vercelli to Venice, but regains control of its former lands in Liguria.^[79]

• January – Spring – Radu II of Wallachia resumes the throne for the fourth time, but a seven-year struggle for it ends when he is defeated in battle, and probably killed, by Dan II, who resumes the throne for a fifth term.
• April – The House of Balsic's rule of Montenegro comes to an end with the death of Balša III.
• August 4 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Tachov: The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
• August 17 – The first band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizens of Paris.
• October 13 – Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, is founded by the Bishop of Lincoln.

• Gabriel V is elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time.
• Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Burma).
• The Conflict of Druimnacour occurs in Sutherland, Scotland.^[80]
• The first witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.
• The Celestine Order is established in France.
• The Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he will later become its patron saint).
• Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.
• Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.
• Battle of the Echinades: A Byzantine fleet defeats the fleet of Carlo I Tocco.
• Itzcoatl becomes the 4th Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, after his nephew Chimalpopoca is killed by the Maxtla, at Azcapotzalco.
• Bhaktapur Royal Palace (in Nepal) is built by King Yaksa Malla.

• February 2 – 1428 Catalonia earthquake: The earthquake takes place during Candlemas, striking the region of Catalonia, especially Roussillon, with an epicentre near Camprodon. The earthquake is one of a series of related seismic events that shake Catalonia in a single year. Beginning on 23 February 1427, tremors are felt in March, April, 15 May at Olot.^[81][82]
• May – Joan of Arc makes her first attempt to reach the Armagnac court at Chinon, in support of Charles VII of France, but is rebuffed.^[83]
• June 3 – Dan II leads an army against the Ottomans at Golubac Fortress, obtaining a treaty that will allow him a semi-peaceful rule in Wallachia, until 1432.
• August 7 – The Valais witch trials begin in Swiss Savoy.^[84]
• August 30 – Emperor Go-Hanazono accedes to the throne of Japan.
• October 12 – English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, besiege Orléans. Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans, commands the defenders.^[85]
• October 24 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful assault on Orléans. He is succeeded in command by William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk.

• The Aztec Empire is formed by the triple alliance of the Aztec city-states Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopán and defeats Azcapotzalco to win control of the Valley of Mexico. Itzcóatl becomes 1st emperor.
• A serious fire occurs at Baynard's Castle in the City of London, England.^[86]
• Lam Sơn uprising: Lê Lợi, founder of the Lê dynasty in Vietnam, liberates Annam (the territory occupied by Ming dynasty China in 1407) and restores the kingdom as Đại Việt.

• February 12 – Battle of Rouvray (or "of the Herrings"): English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy, which is carrying rations (food) to the army of William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk at Orléans, from attack by the Comte de Clermont and John Stewart.^[87]
• April 29 – Siege of Orléans: Joan of Arc enters Orléans with a relief expedition.^[88]
• May 7 – The Tourelles, the last English siege fortification at Orléans, falls. Joan of Arc becomes the hero of the battle by returning, wounded, to lead the final charge.
• May 8 – The English, weakened by disease and lack of supplies, depart Orléans.
• June 18 – Battle of Patay: French forces under Joan of Arc smash the English forces under Lord Talbot and Sir John Fastolf, forcing the withdrawal of the English from the Loire Valley.
• July 17 – Charles VII of France is crowned in Rheims.^[89]
• September – The Hafsid Saracens attempt to capture Malta, but are repelled by its defenders.
• September 8 – Joan of Arc leads an unsuccessful attack on Paris, and is wounded.
• November 4 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Joan of Arc liberates Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier.
• November 24 – Joan of Arc besieges La Charité.

• Fire destroys Turku.
• A series of seven customs offices and barriers are installed along the Grand Canal of China, during the reign of the Ming Dynasty's Yongle Emperor.
• Andreyas Succeeds Yeshaq I as Emperor of Ethiopia

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1420

• February 9 – Dorothea of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg (d. 1491)
• April 23 – George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia (d. 1471)^[90]
• June 5 – Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse, German royalty (d. 1462)^[91]
• July 19 – William VIII, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1483)
• October 1 – Elisabeth of Cleves, Countess of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg, German noble (d. 1488)
• date unknown
  • Jean Fouquet, French painter (d. 1481)
  • Nicolas Jenson, French engraver (d. 1480)
  • Antoinette de Maignelais, mistress of Charles VII of France (d. 1474)
  • Tomás de Torquemada, first grand inquisitor of Spain (d. 1490)^[92]

1421

• March 9 – Francesco Sassetti, Italian banker (d. 1490)
• May 29 – Charles, Prince of Viana (d. 1461)
• June 3 – Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1463)
• July 25 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)
• August 1 – Thomas Dutton, English knight (d. 1459)
• October 10 – John Paston, English politician (d. 1466)
• December 6 – King Henry VI of England (d. 1471)^[93]
• date unknown – Sōgi, Japanese poet and Buddhist priest (d. 1502)

1422

• March 8 – Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1479)
• June 7 – Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (d. 1482)
• October 5 – Catherine, Princess of Asturias, Spanish royal (d. 1424)
• November 27 – Gaston IV, Count of Foix, French nobleman from Bearn (d. 1472)
• November 29 – Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English baron (d. 1460)
• date unknown – Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, Timurid ruler in Khurasan (d. 1457)
• probable – William Caxton, English printer (d. c. 1491)
• approximate – Agnès Sorel, French courtier, mistress of Charles VII of France (d. 1450)

1423

• April 4 – Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1429–1472) (d. 1472)
• May 18 – Lady Katherine Percy, English nobility (d. 1475)
• May 30 – Georg von Peuerbach, Austrian astronomer (d. 1461)
• June 2 – Ferdinand I of Naples (d. 1494)
• June 15 – Gabriele Sforza, Archbishop of Milan (d. 1457)
• July 3 – Louis XI of France, monarch of the House of Valois, King of France from 1461 to 1483 (d. 1483)^[94]
• July 6 – Antonio Manetti, Italian mathematician and architect (d. 1497)
• August 24 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (d. 1500)
• September 10 – Eleanor, Princess of Asturias (d. 1425)
• August – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek scholar (d. 1511)

1424

• January 1 – Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1436–1449) (d. 1449)
• June 9 – Blanche II of Navarre (d. 1464)
• August – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek scholar (d. 1511)
• October 31 – King Władysław III of Poland (d. 1444)
• December 8 – Anselm Adornes, Merchant, politician and diplomat (d. 1483)
• December 25 – Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France (d. 1445)
• August 10 or 1426 – Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1494)
• date unknown – Abu Sa'id Mirza, ruler of Persia and Afghanistan (d. 1469)
• date unknown – Mary of Looz-Heinsberg, Dutch noble woman (d. 1502)^{[95][96][97][98]}

1425

• January 5 – Henry IV of Castile (d. 1474)
• March 21 – Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, English nobleman (d. 1446)
• March 31 – Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan (d. 1468)
• April 30 – William III, Landgrave of Thuringia (1445–1482) and Duke of Luxembourg (1457–1482) (d. 1482)
• October 14 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Italian painter (d. 1499)
• November 18 – Kunigunde of Sternberg, first spouse of King George of Podebrady (d. 1449)
• date unknown
  • Edmund Sutton, English nobleman (d. 1483)
  • Krokodeilos Kladas, Greek military leader (d. 1490)
  • Xicotencatl I, ruler of Tizatlan (in modern-day Mexico) (d. 1522)

1426

• February 2 – Eleanor of Navarre, queen regnant of Navarre (d. 1479)
• February – Christian of Oldenburg, King of Denmark 1448–1481, of Norway 1450–1481 and of Sweden 1457–1464 (d. 1481)^[99]
• July 13 – Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (d. 1492)
• September 19 – Maria of Cleves, French noble (d. 1487)
• November 30 – Johann IV Roth, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1506)
• date unknown – John II, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1488)

1427

• February 27 – Ruprecht, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1480)
• May 8 – John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1470)
• May 29 – Françoise d'Amboise, duchess consort of Brittany, co-founder of the first monastery of the Carmelites in France (d. 1485)
• June 22 – Lucrezia Tornabuoni, Italian writer, adviser and spouse of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (d. 1482)
• September 9 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1464)
• October 26 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (d. 1496)
• November 24 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1473)
• November 29 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (d. 1464)
• November 30 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (d. 1492)
• date unknown – Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)

1428

• February 3 – Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1458)
• April 7 – William Percy, late medieval Bishop of Carlisle (d. 1462)
• May 3 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1495)
• July 4 – Filippo Strozzi the Elder, Italian banker (d. 1491)
• September 21 – Jingtai Emperor of China (d. 1457)
• November 2 – Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1483)
• November 22 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English nobleman, known as "the Kingmaker" (d. 1471)^[100]
• December 4 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe (1429–1511) (d. 1511)
• date unknown – Donato Acciaioli, Italian scholar (d. 1478)
  • Maria Ormani, Italian artist, scribe and illuminator
• probable – Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date)

1429

• January 17 – Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Italian artist (d.c. 1498)
• date unknown – Peter, Constable of Portugal (d. 1466)
• probable – Mino da Fiesole, Florentine sculptor (d. 1484)

1420

• June 11 – John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (b. c. 1369)
• June 12 – Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1362)^[101]
• August – Mihail I, ruler of Wallachia (killed in battle)
• August 9 – Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian and cardinal (b. 1351)
• September 3 – Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland
• date unknown
  • Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish chronicler (b. 1350)^[102]
  • Marina Galina, Dogaressa of Venice
  • Epiphanius the Wise, Russian saint^[103]
  • King Lukeni lua Nimi of the Kingdom of Kongo (b. 1380)

1421

• January 10 – Niccolò I Trinci, lord of Foligno (assassinated)
• January 15 – Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, queen consort of Armenia and Cyprus (born 1353)
• March 22 – Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (killed in battle) (born 1388)
• April 21 – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (born 1385)
• May – Balša III, ruler of Zeta
• May 26 – Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1389)
• June 21 – Jean Le Maingre, marshal of France (b. 1366)

1422

• March 9 – Jan Želivský, Hussite priest (executed) (b. 1380)
• July 8 – Michelle of Valois, French princess and duchess consort of Burgundy (b. 1395)
• August 31 – King Henry V of England (b. 1386)
• September 17 – Emperor Constantine II of Bulgaria (b. after 1370)
• October 21 – King Charles VI of France (b. 1368)^[104]
• probable – Thomas Walsingham, English chronicler

1423

• January 23 – Margaret of Bavaria, Burgundian regent (b. 1363)
• March – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1358)
• May 23 – Antipope Benedict XIII (b. 1328)^[105]
• October 20 – Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York
• November 1 – Nicholas Eudaimonoioannes, Byzantine diplomat
• December 15 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

1424

• January 4 – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero
• January 8 – Stephen Zaccaria, Latin Archbishop of Patras
• April 14 – Lucia Visconti, English countess (b. 1372)^[106]
• May 10 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan^[107]
• June 5 – Braccio da Montone, Italian condottiero
• June 10 – Duke Ernest of Austria (b. 1377)
• June 16 – Johannes Ambundii, Archbishop of Riga
• August 12 – Yongle Emperor of China (b. 1360)
• August 17 – John Stewart, Earl of Buchan (b. c. 1381)
• September 17 – Catherine, Princess of Asturias, Castilian royal (b. 1422)
• October 11 – Jan Žižka, Czech general and Hussite leader
• date unknown – Joan II, Countess of Auvergne (b. 1378)
• probable – Johannes Abezier, provost and bishop of the Teutonic Knights (b. 1380)

1425

• January 18 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (b. 1391)
• February 27 – Prince Vasily I of Moscow (b. 1371)
• March 17 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1407)
• May 24 – Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, Scottish politician (b. 1362)
• May 29 – Hongxi Emperor of China (b. 1378)
• July 8 – Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan, English noble (b. 1366)
• July 21 – Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1350)
• August 22 – Eleanor, Princess of Asturias (b. 1423)
• September 8 – King Charles III of Navarre (b. 1361)
• date unknown
  • Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (b. 1350)
  • Margareta, Swedish Sami missionary (b. 1369)
  • Yi Jong Mu, Korean general (b. 1360)
  • Parameshvara, Indian mathematician (b. 1360)

1426

• March / May – Thomas Hoccleve, English poet (b. c. 1368)
• c. late May – Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, deposed King of Ava (b. c. 1385)
• September 18 – Hubert van Eyck, painter^[108]
• November 24 – Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter, English Plantagent noblewoman, daughter of John of Gaunt (b. c. 1363)
• December – Pippo Spano, Hungarian military leader (b. 1369)
• December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, English nobleman and military leader (b. c. 1377)
• date unknown – Tezozomoc, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco and military leader

1427

• April 17 – John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403)^[109]
• May 7 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
• May 28 – Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (b. 1397)
• July 19 – Stefan Lazarević, Despot of Serbia (b. 1377)^[110]
• date unknown
  • Chimalpopoca, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)^[111]
  • Qu You, Chinese novelist (b. 1341)
• probable
  • Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (b. 1350)
  • Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter
  • Radu II Prasnaglava, ruler of Wallachia, probably killed in or after a lost battle

1428

• January 4 – Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1370)
• February 3 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shōgun (b. 1386)
• June 12 – Zawisza Czarny, Polish knight and diplomat
• August 27 – John I of Münsterberg, Duke of Ziebice (b. 1370)
• August 30 – Emperor Shōkō, emperor of Japan (b. 1401)
• Autumn – Masaccio, Italian painter (b. 1401)
• November 3 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1388)^[112]
• November 4 – Sophia of Bavaria, Queen regent of Bohemia (b. 1376)
• date unknown
  • Maxtla, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
  • Paul of Venice, Catholic theologian
  • Isabella, Countess of Foix, French sovereign (b. 1361)
• probable – John Purvey, English theologian (b. 1353)

1429

• February – Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, founder of the Medici dynasty of Florence (b. c. 1360)
• June 22 – Ghiyath al-Kashi, Persian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1380)
• July 4 – Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus (b. 1372)
• July 12 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (b. 1363)
• September 28 – Cymburgis of Masovia, Duchess of Austria by marriage to Duke Ernest the Iron of Inner Austria (b. 1394)
• October – Alexios IV Megas Komnenos, Empire of Trebizond (b. 1382)
• date unknown – Emperor Yeshaq I of Ethiopia (b. 1414)