1935 United Kingdom general election

1935 United Kingdom general election
← outgoing members elected members →
All 615 seats in the House of Commons; 308 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	71.1% (5.3 pp)
	Colours denote the winning party—as shown in § Results
	Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election; Stanley Baldwin; National	Prime Minister after election ; Stanley Baldwin; National

The 1935 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 14 November. It resulted in a second (though reduced) landslide victory for the three-party National Government, which was led by Stanley Baldwin of the Conservative Party after the resignation of Ramsay MacDonald due to ill health earlier in the year. It is the most recent British general election to have seen any party or alliance of parties win a majority of the popular vote.

As in 1931, the National Government was a coalition of the Conservatives with small breakaway factions of the Labour and Liberal parties, and the group campaigned together under a shared manifesto on a platform of continuing its work addressing the economic crises caused by the Great Depression. The re-elected government was again dominated by the Conservatives, but, while the National Liberals remained relatively stable in terms of vote share and seats, National Labour lost most of its seats—including that of leader Ramsay MacDonald.

The Labour Party, under what was then regarded internally as the caretaker leadership of Clement Attlee, was the main beneficiary of the swing away from the Conservatives and National Labour. The party achieved its then-best-ever result in terms of share of the popular vote, and won back around half of the seats it had lost in the previous election. The Liberals, who had split from the National Government over the issue of free trade, continued their decline, losing more than half of their seats (including that of leader Sir Herbert Samuel).

The election ushered-in an era of two-party politics dominated by the Conservatives and Labour, which would last until the revival of the Liberals in the 1970s under Jeremy Thorpe. It was also the first election since 1895 where the Independent Labour Party stood separately from the Labour Party, having disaffiliated in 1932. In Scotland, it was the first general election contested by the Scottish National Party, and the Communist Party gained its first seat in ten years (West Fife).

Due to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 the next general election was not held until 1945. It was also the last election to be held during the reign of George V, who died in January 1936.

Background

National Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald had led the National Government since its victory in 1931, but the Conservatives were by far the largest party within the coalition, with 470 of its 554 seats. MacDonald's health was increasingly poor throughout his time as Prime Minister, and in June 1935 he handed his office to Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin.

After the near-wipeout of 1931 saw Labour leader Arthur Henderson lose his seat, George Lansbury became the party's new leader. However, as a radical Christian pacifist he strongly opposed rearmament, putting him at odds with his party's membership, his own MPs, and many of the party's affiliated trade unions, all of whom had begun to view investing in the UK's military capabilities as a necessary response to the rising threat of European fascism.^[1]

This disagreement came to a head at Labour's annual conference in October 1935, where a motion was tabled for the party to endorse sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Abyssinia. Lansbury opposed the motion, but when it passed he decided that his position was untenable and he resigned on 8 October. Baldwin, recognising that the government's main opposition was in disarray and seeking a mandate for his new administration, called an election on 19 October, and Parliament was subsequently dissolved on 25 October.^[2] Without time to choose a new leader before the general election, Lansbury's deputy, Clement Attlee, was appointed interim leader.^[1]

As in 1931 the election was dominated by the impact of the Great Depression—in particular persistently high unemployment—and the National Government sought to continue its program of reforms designed to repair the economy.^[3] However, foreign policy and defence were significantly more important than in the previous election, with the role of the League of Nations, the increasing belligerence of the Empire of Japan, the remilitarisation of Germany under Adolf Hitler, and the Italian invasion of Abyssinia all key issues. There was a heated internal debate within the National Government over the extent to which rearmament should be pursued in response to the rising threat of another war in Europe.^[4] Baldwin was generally opposed to rearmament, and the coalition's manifesto reflected his position, promising that rearmament would be "strictly confined to what is required to make the country and the Empire safe."^[5]^[3]

The Liberal Party had fractured into three separate factions in 1931 over the question of whether to support the National Government's policy of trade protectionism, and it remained just as divided over economic policy in 1935. The party and the Independent Liberal group set up by former leader David Lloyd George had gradually been re-aligning during the previous years, but a full reunification did not occur in time for the election, causing Lloyd George to restrict his personal fortune (which the Liberals had relied on greatly during his time as leader) to funding the campaigns of his allies. Lacking financial resources, the main Liberal Party was only able to put up candidates in 159 constituencies.^[6]

Outcome

The election resulted in another landslide for the National Government, with two-thirds of the seats in the House of Commons and a narrow majority of the overall popular vote. This was a less-dominating performance than in 1931—where the coalition had won two-thirds of the vote and 90.1% of seats—but it was still a clear mandate for the National Government to continue its programme of economic reforms.

It remains the most recent election where any party or alliance of parties secured a majority of the popular vote. (The coalition between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats which formed after the 2010 general election represented 59.1% of votes cast, but the two parties campaigned separately.) It was also the last election until 1997 in which any party or alliance of parties won more than 400 seats.

Despite Labour's success in terms of vote share—higher than Ramsay MacDonald's result in 1929, Harold Wilson's in February 1974, Tony Blair's in 2005, and Keir Starmer's in 2024, all of which put the party into government—its total of 154 seats remains its most-recent worst performance, and the party has won more than 200 seats at every general election since. Attlee won Labour's subsequent leadership election on 26 November 1935, and he would go on to become the first Labour leader to both win a plurality of votes in a general election and a majority of seats in the House of Commons (in 1945).

Labour's revival came at the expense of National Labour, which lost five of its 13 seats, including Ramsay MacDonald's own seat of Seaham. MacDonald was able to rejoin the Commons thanks to a by-election victory only two months later, in January 1936; however, after his death in November 1937 the party struggled under the new leadership of his son, Malcolm MacDonald, and it eventually disbanded ahead of the 1945 election.

The election also marked the continued decline of the Liberals from a natural party of government into a fringe third-party within a two-party system dominated by the Conservatives and Labour. It was the last time the party would win more than ten seats at an election until 1966, and the last time it would win more than 20 before its alliance and merger with the Social Democratic Party in the 1980s. The National Liberals within the government, meanwhile, struggled in the following years to differentiate themselves from their coalition partners, and the party's small rump of MPs were absorbed into the Conservatives in 1968.

The resulting parliamentary term would see two changes of Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain took over from Baldwin in 1937, and subsequently formed a new cross-party wartime coalition—which included the Labour and Liberal parties—in 1939 at the outbreak of the Second World War. Chamberlain himself resigned in 1940 and was replaced by Winston Churchill. Due to the war another general election was not held until Allied victory was confirmed in 1945.

Results

UK General Election 1935
			Candidates						Votes
Party		Leader	Stood	Elected	Gained	Unseated	Net	% of total	%	No.	Net %
National Government
	Conservative	Stanley Baldwin	515	387	5	88	−83	62.9	47.8	10,025,083	−7.2
	National Liberal	John Simon	44	33	5	7	−2	5.4	3.7	784,608	0.0
	National Labour	Ramsay MacDonald	20	8	1	6	−5	1.3	1.5	321,028	0.0
	National	N/A	4	1	1	4	−3	0.2	0.3	53,189	−0.2
	National Government (total)	Stanley Baldwin	583	429	12	139	−125	69.8	51.8	11,183,908	−15.4
Opposition
	Labour	Clement Attlee	552	154	105	3	+102	25.0	38.0	7,984,988	+7.4
	Liberal	Herbert Samuel	161	17	3	15	−12	3.4	6.7	1,414,010	−0.3
	Ind. Labour Party	James Maxton	17	4	4	0	+4	0.7	0.7	136,208	N/A
	Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)	David Lloyd George	5^{[note 3]}	4	0	0	0	0.7	0.3	67,653	−0.2
	Nationalist	Thomas J. Campbell	2	2	0	0	0	0.3	0.2	50,747	−0.1
	Ind. Republican	N/A	3	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.2	46,715	N/A
	Ind. Nationalist	N/A	2	2	0	0	0	0.3	0.2	33,527	N/A
	SNP	Alexander MacEwen	8	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.2	29,517	0.0
	Ind. Conservative	N/A	3	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.1	29,475	N/A
	Communist	Harry Pollitt	2	1	1	0	0	0.2	0.1	27,177	−0.2
	Independent	N/A	5	2	1	0	0	0.3	0.1		+0.1
	Independent Labour	N/A	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.1	14,867	0.0
	Liverpool Protestant	Harry Longbottom	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	6,677	0.0
	Independent Progressive	N/A	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	6,421	N/A
	Social Credit	John Hargrave	3	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	10,376	N/A
	Plaid Cymru	Saunders Lewis	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	2,534	0.0
	Agriculturalist	N/A	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	1,771	N/A
	Christian Socialist	N/A	1	0	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	1,480	N/A

Votes summary

Popular vote

Conservative			47.76%
Labour			38.04%
Liberal			6.74%
Liberal National			3.74%
National Labour			1.53%
Others			2.20%

Popular vote (as National Gov't)

National Gov't			53.28%
Labour			38.04%
Liberal			6.74%
Others			1.95%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats

Conservative			62.93%
Labour			25.04%
Liberal National			5.37%
Liberal			3.41%
National Labour			1.30%
Others			1.95%

Parliamentary seats (as National Gov't)

National Gov't			69.76%
Labour			25.04%
Liberal			3.41%
Others			1.79%

Transfers of seats

All comparisons are with the 1931 election.
- In some cases the change is due to the MP defecting to the gaining party. Such circumstances are marked with a *.
- In other circumstances the change is due to the seat having been won by the gaining party in a by-election in the intervening years, and then retained in 1935. Such circumstances are marked with a †.

To			No.	Seats
	Communist	Conservative	1	Fife West
	Ind. Labour Party	Conservative	1	Camlachie
	Labour	Liberal	11	Edinburgh East, South Shields, Durham, Bethnal Green North-East†, Lambeth North†, Whitechapel and St Georges, Middlesbrough East, Dewsbury, Colne Valley, Wrexham, Carmarthen
		National Labour	6	Ilkeston, Seaham, Forest of Dean, Finsbury, Tottenham South, Bassetlaw
		National Liberal	7	Western Isles, Dunfermline Burghs, Bishop Auckland, Consett, Shoreditch, Barnsley, Burnley
		National Independent	2	Southwark Central, Burslem^[a]
		Conservative	79	Aberdeen North, Stirling and Falkirk, Clackmannan and Eastern Stirlingshire, Stirlingshire West, Kirkcaldy Burghs, Maryhill, Motherwell, Bothwell, Coatbridge, Springburn, Tradeston, Ayrshire South, Linlithgow, Whitehaven, Derbyshire North East, Chesterfield, Blaydon, Houghton-le-Spring, Jarrow, Barnard Castle, Sedgefield, East Ham S, Leyton West, Romford, Upton†, Bristol South, Kingston upon Hull Central, Kingston upon Hull East, Ashton-under-Lyne, Farnworth, Ardwick, Clayton, Gorton, Platting, Rochdale, Everton, West Toxteth, Newton, St Helens, Brigg, Battersea North, Camberwell North, Deptford, Hackney Central, Hackney South, Hammersmith North†, Islington South, Islington West, Rotherhithe, Southwark South East, Mile End, Willesden West, Edmonton, Tottenham North, Morpeth, Nottingham West, Cannock, Hanley, Kingswinford, Leek, Stoke, Wednesbury†, West Bromwich, Nuneaton, Shipley, Wakefield†, Sheffield Park, Rotherham†, Bradford Central, Keighley, Pontefract, Hillsborough, Attercliffe, Brightside, Penistone, Leeds South, Doncaster, Batley and Morley, Nelson and Colne
Labour gains:			105
	Liberal	Conservative	3	Cumberland North, Barnstaple, Berwick-upon-Tweed
	National Labour	Liberal	1	Leicester West
	National Liberal	Liberal	1	Walsall*
	National Liberal	Conservative	2	Sunderland (one of two), Oldham (one of two)
National Liberal gains:			3
	National Independent	Conservative	1	Brecon and Radnor
	Conservative	Liberal	4	Orkney and Shetland, Banff, Bodmin, Darwen
	Conservative	National Liberal	1	Flintshire^[b]
Conservative gains:			5

^ Sitting MP had defected to National Liberals.
^ Sitting MP had defected to Liberals.

Constituency results

These are available on the Political Science Resources Elections Database, a link to which is given below.

References

^ ^a ^b Beckett, Francis (1998). Clem Attlee: A Biography. Blake. ISBN 978-1860661013.
^ "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
^ ^a ^b Dale, Iain; Nfa, Iain Dale (2 October 2012). Volume One. Conservative Party General Election Manifestos 1900-1997. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-134-62577-2.
^ Thackeray, David; Toye, Richard (2021). Age of Promises: Electoral Pledges in Twentieth Century Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-884303-0.
^ Middlemas and Barnes (1969). Baldwin: a biography. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
^ Sloman, Peter (2015). The Liberal Party and the Economy, 1929-1964. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-19-872350-9.
^ Tetteh, Edmund (1 February 2008). "Election Statistics: UK 1918–2007". parliament.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2018.

^ The seat and vote count figures for the Conservatives given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons
^ The seat and vote count figures for the Liberals given here include the Independent Liberals as well.
^ Includes Percy McDougall, who was not formally endorsed by Lloyd George's group, but used the same Independent Liberal label while running in Manchester Rusholme.

Manifestos

[11] Sitting MP had defected to National Liberals.

[12] Sitting MP had defected to Liberals.

[:0-3] Beckett, Francis (1998). Clem Attlee: A Biography. Blake. ISBN 978-1860661013.

[4] "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.

[:1-5] Dale, Iain; Nfa, Iain Dale (2 October 2012). Volume One. Conservative Party General Election Manifestos 1900-1997. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-134-62577-2.

[6] Thackeray, David; Toye, Richard (2021). Age of Promises: Electoral Pledges in Twentieth Century Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-884303-0.

[7] Middlemas and Barnes (1969). Baldwin: a biography. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

[8] Sloman, Peter (2015). The Liberal Party and the Economy, 1929-1964. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-19-872350-9.

[10] Tetteh, Edmund (1 February 2008). "Election Statistics: UK 1918–2007". parliament.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2018.

[speaker-1] The seat and vote count figures for the Conservatives given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

[2] The seat and vote count figures for the Liberals given here include the Independent Liberals as well.

[9] Includes Percy McDougall, who was not formally endorsed by Lloyd George's group, but used the same Independent Liberal label while running in Manchester Rusholme.

[note 1]

[note 2]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[note 3]

[7]

[a]

[b]

v t e Elections and referendums in the United Kingdom
General elections	1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 (Jan) 1910 (Dec) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 (Feb) 1974 (Oct) 1979 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019 2024 Next
Local elections	1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
European elections	1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019
Referendums	1975 2011 2016
See also Elections in England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Great Britain