1938 United States House of Representatives elections

1938 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1936 November 8, 1938[a] 1940 →
All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives 218 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader William B. Bankhead Bertrand Snell (retired) Party Democratic Republican Leader since June 4, 1936 March 4, 1931 Leader's seat Alabama 7th New York 31st Last election 334 seats 88 seats Seats won 262 169 Seat change 72 81 Popular vote 17,715,450 17,274,585 Percentage 48.7% 47.5%   Third party Fourth party   Party Progressive Farmer–Labor Last election 8 seats 5 seats Seats won 2 1 Seat change 6 4 Popular vote 350,346 342,530 Percentage 1.0% 0.9%   Fifth party   Party American Labor Last election 0 seats Seats won 1 Seat change 1 Popular vote 250,796 Percentage 0.7%
Speaker before election William Bankhead Democratic Elected Speaker William Bankhead Democratic

The 1938 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives were elections for the United States House of Representatives to elect members to serve in the 76th United States Congress. They were held for the most part on November 8, 1938, while Maine held theirs on September 12. They occurred in the middle of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. Roosevelt's Democratic Party lost a net of 72 seats to the Republican Party, who also picked up seats from minor Progressive and Farmer–Labor Parties.

Multiple factors contributed to the Democratic decline. One main reason was the Recession of 1937. Unemployment soared, undercutting the Democrats' claim that the New Deal had ended the Great Depression. Democrats fought among themselves, especially over Roosevelt's "Court Packing" plan. In addition, there was backlash against Roosevelt's intervention in the Democratic primaries which angered conservative Democrats.^[1] The labor unions, which were emerging as a powerful grassroots factor in the New Deal Coalition, split bitterly as the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations fought over membership.

Internal Democratic strains were exacerbated by an effort led by Roosevelt to purge certain conservative senators for defeat in Democratic primaries, including Walter George of Georgia, Millard Tydings of Maryland and Ellison Smith of South Carolina, along with the chairman of the House Rules Committee, John J. O'Connor of New York. All but the last were re-elected.^[2]

While a number of New Deal supporters won primary elections, such as Sen. Alben Barkley in Kentucky, who defeated Happy Chandler, in Idaho, Sen. James P. Pope, a prominent New Deal supporter, lost his bid for re-nomination, as did California senator William McAdoo. The many seats Democrats won in traditionally Republican districts in the 1930, 1932, 1934 and 1936 elections meant that they had to defend a large number of marginal seats.

Meanwhile, the Republicans were united; they had shed their weakest members in a series of defeats since 1930.^[3] Re-energized Republicans focused attention on strong fresh candidates in major states, especially Robert A. Taft, the conservative from Ohio,^[4] Earl Warren (future Chief Justice), the moderate who won both the Republican and the Democratic primaries in California,^[5] and Thomas Dewey, the crusading prosecutor from New York.^[6] The Republican resurgence in 1938 was made possible by carrying 50% of the vote outside the South, giving GOP leaders confidence it had a strong base for the 1940 presidential election.^[7]

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Overall, the Democrats lost 72 seats in the House, though with 262 seats, they retained a majority. The defeats were nearly all in the North, as the South resumed its historic role as the Democratic base in Congress. The Republicans gained 81 seats and none of their incumbents lost reelection.^[8][9]

President Franklin D. Roosevelt had faced opposition from conservative Democrats and the Republicans in Congress since the beginning of his presidency. Representatives Edward E. Cox, Howard W. Smith, and other Southern Democrats opposed Roosevelt's policies with the Republicans, but were in the minority. Vice President John Nance Garner pushed for Roosevelt to support more conservative policies. However, after the election the Democratic majority was maintained, but around forty Democratic representatives were unreliable votes for Roosevelt which allowed conservatives to block his policies.^[9]

Party		Total seats (change)		Seat percentage	Vote percentage	Popular vote
	Democratic Party	262	72	60.2%	48.7%	17,715,450
	Republican Party	169	81	38.9%	47.5%	17,274,585
	Progressive Party	2	6	0.5%	1.0%	350,346
	Farmer–Labor Party	1	4	0.2%	0.9%	342,530
	American Labor Party	1	1	0.2%	0.7%	250,796
	Socialist Party	0		0.0%	0.4%	141,575
	Townsend Party	0		0.0%	0.3%	96,489
	Independents	0		0.0%	0.2%	81,170
	Communist Party	0		0.0%	0.1%	28,781
	Royal Oak Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	8,783
	Prohibition Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	8,499
	Union Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	5,905
	Socialist Workers Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	2,641
	Liberal Labor Choice Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	2,627
	Constitutional Democrat Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	971
	Socialist Labor Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	753
	Kenney For Congress Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	527
	Freedom Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	492
	Create Steady Employment Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	489
	State Rights Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	314
	Pathfinders Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	215
	Commonwealth Party	0		0.0%	<0.1%	113
	Others	0		0.0%	0.1%	45,368
Totals		435		100.0%	100.0%	36,359,419

Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk