1948 Chinese presidential election

1948 Chinese presidential election
All 3,045 votes of the National Assembly; 1,523 votes needed to win
President before election; Chiang Kai-shek; (as Chairman of Nationalist government); Kuomintang	Elected President ; Chiang Kai-shek; Kuomintang

The 1948 Chinese presidential election was held on April 20, 1948, at the National Assembly House in Nanjing. The election was conducted by the National Assembly to elect the president and vice president of China. This was the first election under the newly adopted 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China, and the last prior to the retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan following their loss in the Civil War the following year.

This indirect election was held during the Chinese Civil War. Chiang Kai-shek, the incumbent leader of the Nationalist government, won a landslide victory against the same party candidate Ju Zheng in the presidential election. However, Sun Fo, Chiang's preferred vice-presidential candidate, was defeated by General Li Zongren in the vice-presidential elections.

Chiang and Li were inaugurated at the Presidential Palace in Nanjing on May 20, 1948. This also marked the transition of Nationalist government to the constitutional government.

Overview

After the Northern Expedition, the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government acquired control of a unified China nominally. The party began to draft a constitution to transit the government from tutelage period to constitutional period, according to the political philosophy of Sun Yat-sen.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, China established a close partnership with the United States and was given military and financial supports. George Marshall was appointed ambassador to Chongqing, the wartime capital, as to broker a negotiation between the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) and Communist Party after the war. Two parties agreed to rebuild the country with democratization and military nationalization.

Simultaneously, the Nationalist government continued to draft the Constitution of the Republic of China, however it was boycotted by the Communists and the full-scale Chinese Civil War was resumed.

Electors

The election was conducted by the National Assembly in its meeting place National Assembly House in Nanjing. There were 2,961 delegates elected during the 1947 Chinese National Assembly election for the 3,045 seats. In total, there were 2,859 delegates reported to the secretariat to attend this first session of the first National Assembly.^[1]

The election regulations had a 50% requirement for the president and vice president to be elected. Since there were 3,045 seats in the National Assembly, the candidates needed to obtain 1,523 votes to be elected. This requirement could be relieved if no candidate passed this threshold in the first three rounds of voting.

Results

President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Chiang Kai-shek	Kuomintang	2,430	90.03
	Ju Zheng	Kuomintang	269	9.97
Total			2,699	100.00

Valid votes			2,699	98.72
Invalid/blank votes			35	1.28
Total votes			2,734	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			3,045	89.79
Source: Schafferer^[2]

Vice-President

Party		Candidate	First round		Second round		Third round		Fourth round
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%
	Li Zongren	Kuomintang	754	27.30	1,163	42.69	1,156	42.64	1,438	52.62
	Sun Fo	Kuomintang	559	20.24	945	34.69	1,040	38.36	1,295	47.38
	Cheng Qian	Kuomintang	522	18.90	616	22.61	515	19.00
	Yu Youren	Kuomintang	493	17.85
	Mo Teh-hui	Independent	218	7.89
	Xu Fulin	China Democratic Socialist Party	216	7.82
Total			2,762	100.00	2,724	100.00	2,711	100.00	2,733	100.00

Vice President Candidates

Previous and next elections

There were some regime changes in China during the first half of the 20th century. Depending on the definition, possible previous and next elections for the leader of China are listed below.

Order	Election	Political entity	Title (term)	Electoral college
Previous	1923 Chinese presidential election	Republic of China (1912–1949)	President the Republic of China (3rd)	National Assembly (1st, Beiyang government)
Previous	1943 Chinese chairmanship election	Republic of China (1912–1949)	Chairman of the Nationalist government (4th)	Central Committee of Kuomintang
Next	1949 Chinese chairmanship election	People's Republic of China	Chairman of the Central People's Government	Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
	1954 Chinese presidential election	Republic of China (on Taiwan)	President the Republic of China (2nd)	National Assembly (1st, Constitutional government)

References

^ 第一屆國民大會第一次會議實錄
^ Christian Schafferer (2003) The Power of the Ballot Box: Political Development and Election Campaigning in Taiwan

[1] 第一屆國民大會第一次會議實錄

[CS-2] Christian Schafferer (2003) The Power of the Ballot Box: Political Development and Election Campaigning in Taiwan

[1]

[2]

v t e Elections in China
Presidential elections	1911 1912 1913 1916 1918 1923 1948 1949 1954 1959 1964 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023
Parliamentary elections	1909 1912 1918 1936 1947 1948 1954 1959 1964 1974 1977 1982–83 1987–88 1992–93 1997–98 2002–03 2007–08 2012–13 2017–18 2022–23
Provincial elections	1909 1912 1918
Local elections	1907 1946 1948 1998 2012
See also: Elections in Hong Kong and Macau SARs; and Elections in Taiwan

v t e Republic of China presidential elections
Pre-constitution indirect elections	1911 1912 1913 1916 1918 1923
Constitutional indirect elections	1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990
Constitutional direct elections	1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024