2016 Fukushima earthquake

2016 Fukushima earthquake
2016 Fukushima earthquake is located in Japan
2016 Fukushima earthquake
UTC time2016-11-21 20:59:49
ISC event615057144
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateNovember 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
Local time05:59:49 JST
Magnitude7.4 Mw
Depth11.4 km (7 mi)
Epicenter37°23′31″N 141°24′11″E / 37.392°N 141.403°E / 37.392; 141.403
Areas affectedJapan
Max. intensityMMI VII (Very strong)

JMA 5−
TsunamiUp to 4.3 metres (14 ft 1 in) on Miyato Island
Aftershocks85[1][unreliable source?]
Casualties17 injured (3 serious)

The 2016 Fukushima earthquake struck Japan east-southeast of Namie, Fukushima Prefecture at 05:59 JST on November 22 (20:59 Nov 21 UTC) with depth of 11.4 km (7.1 mi). The shock had a maximum intensity of VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli scale. The earthquake was initially reported as a 7.3 magnitude by Japan Meteorological Agency, and was later revised to 7.4, while the United States Geological Survey and GFZ Potsdam determined a magnitude of 6.9.

There were no deaths as a result of the earthquake, however seventeen people were injured; three of which were in critical condition.[2] Minor damage was caused, with reports of fires. The Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant had one of its spent fuel cooling systems shut down briefly, though no measurable change in radiation levels was detected. A tsunami warning was issued with waves predicted up to 3 metres (9 ft 10 in), though actual waves were recorded between 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) and 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in height.

Earthquake

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The earthquake measured magnitude 7.4. It struck off mainland Japan 35 km (22 mi) east-southeast of Namie, Fukushima Prefecture at 05:59 JST on November 22, 2016 (20:59 Nov 21 UTC), at a depth of 9.0 km ± 1.7.[3][4] The earthquake was initially reported as having a magnitude of 7.3 by the Japan Meteorological Agency, who later upgraded the magnitude to 7.4, while the United States Geological Survey and GFZ Potsdam reported it as having a magnitude of 6.9 Mwb .[5]

The shock had a maximum intensity of VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli scale and 5 lower on the JMA scale.[6] The Japan Meteorological Agency stated it was an aftershock of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.[7][8] An intensity of VII is strong enough to cause damage to unsupported buildings and move heavy furniture.[9]

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake increased stress on the normal fault along Honshu's eastern coast on which the 2016 earthquake occurred. The 2011 and 2016 earthquake did not occur on the same fault with the later of the two taking place on a different fault of shallower depth.[9] The mainshock of 2011 was followed by a series of aftershocks off Japan's eastern coast most of which didn't crest over a 5.0 in magnitude; being felt mainly along the Fukushima coastline.[9]

Tsunami

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The schematic block diagram shows the location of the Mw 7.4 earthquake, which occurred within the overriding plate above the subduction zone interface that ruptured during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake.[9]
Observed Maximum Tsunami Amplitude Along the East Coast of Japan[10]
Prefecture Location Amplitude (m) Time (JST)
Iwate Prefecture Kuji Port 0.8 07:54
Miyako 0.4 08:09
Kamaishi 0.2 08:58
Ofunato 0.4 07:56
Miyagi Prefecture Ayukawa 0.8 07:39
Ishinomaki Port 0.8 08:11
Sendai Port 1.4 08:03
Fukushima Prefecture Soma 0.8 07:54
Onahama 0.9 07:06
Ibaraki Prefecture Oarai 0.6 06:49
Kashima Port 0.5 07:08
Chiba Prefecture Okitsu 0.3 09:06
Mera 0.3 09:03
Tokyo Yaene 0.3 07:13

Japanese authorities advised people in the coastal region of Fukushima to evacuate immediately due to a possible tsunami with waves of up to 3 metres (9 ft 10 in).[11] Waves of up to one meter in height struck the Fukushima coast about an hour after the earthquake, and public broadcaster NHK reported the presence of a tsunami of 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) at Sendai, the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture.[12][13][14] A later field survey found a local run up of 4.3 metres (14 ft 1 in) at Ohama Fishing Port on Miyato Island, Higashimatsushima where the wave damaged boats.[15]

Roughly 3 minutes had passed after the earthquake when the first tsunami warning was issued; it went out to many coastal prefectures on the east side of Japan. The list of prefectures that were first warned includes Aomori Prefecture Pacific Coast, Iwate Prefecture, Miyagi Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture.[16] Another warning was issued at 7:26 JST and more prefectures were included in this warning. Two more tsunami announcements were made at 8:09 and 9:46 and then all tsunami warnings were released for all forecast zones at 12:50.[16]

Some of the forecasted wave heights were surpassed by those observed and the reverse also happened. It was forecast for both Central Hokkaido Pacific Coast and Western part of the Pacific coast of Hokkaido that they would only see slight sea level fluctuations, however they witnessed a maximum wave of 32 and 23 cm respectively.[16] Most of the other maximum wave heights recorded did not reach the forecast height for their zones, notably the Miyagi and Fukushima Prefecture had a forecast of 3m when they reached 144 and 83 cm respectively.[16]

Because the earthquake was generated via a shallow rupture of a normal fault the resulting tsunamis were confusing to experts, as a M 7.4 earthquake would normally only cause minor displacement to the seafloor and not be a tsunami hazard.[9] The research team of Observational Seismology led by Wei Shengji surmised that a submarine landslide occurrence along a slope caused by the earthquake could cause higher tsunami waves produced in local regions.[9]

Impact

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Shaking was felt as far North as Misawa, Aomori Prefecture (approx. 366 km away from the epicenter of the earthquake) and as far South as Kobe (approx. 637 km away from the epicenter of the earthquake) according to crowd sourced data compiled by the USGS.[17]

Seventeen people were injured during the earthquake, including broken bones and cuts from falling objects, three of which were serious injuries[18] while only minor property damage was recorded.[19] There was a fire at a research facility in Iwaki[20] as well as a brief power outage was reported for about 1,900 houses.[6] Finally, local and express trains, including the Shinkansen, were out of service for time to allow for the tracks to be inspected.[20]

The earthquake caused the third reactor's spent fuel cooling systems of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant to stop, though circulation was restored after about 100 minutes.[6][14][21] The radiation levels were unchanged following the brief shutdown.[22][23]

The Nikkei futures market in Japan was not significantly impacted.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Mochizuki (November 23, 2016). "Aftershocks occurred over 85 times by 11am of 23rd Nov after M7.4".
  2. ^ Ozaki, A.; Morita, T.; Nishikawa, Y.; Leppold, C.; Sawano, T.; Shimada, Y. (January 30, 2017). "Tsunami in 2011 to the earthquake in 2016 in Fukushima—are we better prepared?". QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 110 (9): 543–544. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcx031. ISSN 1460-2725. PMID 28339600.
  3. ^ "M6.9 – 35 km ESE of Namie, Japan". United States Geological Survey. November 21, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  4. ^ Obayashi, Yuka; Mallard, William (November 21, 2016). "Tsunami hits Japan after strong quake, nuclear plant briefly disrupted". Reuters. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  5. ^ "Live: Tsunami after earthquake strikes off Fukushima in Japan". Australia: ABC News. November 21, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Grinberg, Emanuella; Westcott, Ben (November 21, 2016). "7.3-magnitude earthquake strikes off Japan". CNN. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  7. ^ Robson, Steve; Haworth, Jessica; Bishop, Rachel (November 23, 2016). "Fukushima earthquake: Live updates as tsunami hits coast of Japan". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  8. ^ "Fukushima: Japan lifts tsunami alert after 7.4 quake". BBC News. November 22, 2016. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Mw 6.9 Earthquake Strikes Off the Coast of Fukushima, Japan". Earth Observatory of Singapore. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  10. ^ Suppasri, Anawat; Leelawat, Natt; Latcharote, Panon; Roeber, Volker; Yamashita, Kei; Hayashi, Akihiro; Ohira, Hiroyuki; Fukui, Kentaro; Hisamatsu, Akifumi; Nguyen, David; Imamura, Fumihiko (March 1, 2017). "The 2016 Fukushima earthquake and tsunami: Local tsunami behavior and recommendations for tsunami disaster risk reduction". International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 21: 323–330. Bibcode:2017IJDRR..21..323S. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.12.016. ISSN 2212-4209.
  11. ^ "Tsunami-waarschuwing voor Fukushima na zware aardbeving" (in Dutch). NU.nl. November 21, 2016.
  12. ^ "Japan earthquake: Tsunami after quake strikes off Fukushima". Australia: ABC News. November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  13. ^ "Seismic activity continues off Fukushima". NHK World. November 23, 2016. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  14. ^ a b Fifield, Anna (November 22, 2016). "Tsunami warning for Japan's Fukushima coast after 6.9-magnitude earthquake". The Washington Post. Naha, Japan. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  15. ^ Suppasri, Anawat; Roeber, Volker; Yamashita, Kei; Hayashi, Akihiro; Ohira, Hiroyuki (December 15, 2016). Survey of the runup from the Fukushima tsunami in Tagajo City and Miyato Island, Miyagi (PDF) (Report). International Research Institute of Disaster Science. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d "Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  17. ^ "M 6.9 – 35 km ESE of Namie, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  18. ^ "福島沖地震、５１万人に避難指示・勧告 １４人が負傷" [Fukushima ocean earthquake, 510,000 people advised to evacuate, 14 people injured] (in Japanese). November 22, 2016. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
  19. ^ Breslin, Sean (November 22, 2016). "Strong Japan Earthquake Produces Tsunami but Spares Major Damage". The Weather Channel. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  20. ^ a b c "Tsunami Hits Off Japan's Fukushima Coast After Powerful Earthquake". Fortune.com. November 21, 2016. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  21. ^ "TEPCO to study cooling system stoppage". NHK World. November 22, 2016. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  22. ^ "Offshore quake causes tsunamis, nuclear worries in Japan". Fox 6. November 21, 2016. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  23. ^ "6.9-magnitude earthquake strikes off Japan". KTVZ. November 21, 2016. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
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