2024–25 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

2024–25 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed15 August 2024
Last system dissipatedSeason ongoing
Strongest storm
NameChido
 • Maximum winds215 km/h (130 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure935 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances4
Total depressions4
Total storms3
Tropical cyclones2
Intense tropical cyclones2
Very intense tropical cyclones0
Total fatalities142
Total damageUnknown
Related articles
South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons
2022–23, 2023–24, 2024–25, 2025–26, 2026–27

The 2024–25 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season is the current annual cycle of tropical cyclone and subtropical cyclone formation. It began on 15 November 2024, and will end on 30 April 2025, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it will end on 15 May 2025. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. However, tropical cyclones can form year-round with any cyclone forming between 1 July 2024 and 30 June 2025, such as 01, Ancha, and Bheki, will be part of the season. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion and unofficially by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

The first system formed before the official start of the season, Tropical Depression 01, but the disturbance failed to organize into a tropical storm and dissipated on 17 August. In late September, Tropical Storm Ancha formed without making landfall, and a month later, three days before the official start of the season, Tropical Storm Bheki formed, which became the first intense tropical cyclone of the season a few days later, leaving heavy rains in the Mascarene Islands. In mid-December, Tropical Storm Chido formed and rapidly intensified into a Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone two days later, then made landfall on Agaléga North Island. Chido then peaked as a high-end Category 4 equivalent cyclone before weakening down to a Category 3 then eventually to a Category 2 northeast of Madagascar. The cyclone then rapidly intensified back to a Category 4 equivalent cyclone and made landfall on Mayotte, becoming the strongest landfalling cyclone in the island on record.

Seasonal summary

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Cyclone ChidoTropical cyclone scales#Comparisons across basins

Background

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This season's ACE index, as of December 14, is approximately 40.3 units.[1] This number represents sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speed (knots) for all named storms while they are at least tropical storm intensity, divided by 10,000. Therefore, tropical depressions are not included. Through 2024, five tropical cyclones, four of which became tropical storms, formed outside the cyclone season in the southwest Indian Ocean, becoming the highest off-season tropical storms in the year, surpassing 2002 and 2003 with three named storms. Overall, a total of four tropical cyclones formed, three of which intensified into nameable storms. Of those, two strengthened into tropical cyclones, with all of them reaching intense tropical cyclones.

Pre/early season activity

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The season officially started on 15 November 2024; however, the first system, Tropical Depression 01, formed on August 15, just three months before the official start. In late–September, Moderate Tropical Storm Ancha formed on September 30 and dissipated five days later without making landfall. Three days before the official start of the season, Tropical Storm Bheki formed, which days later became the first intense tropical cyclone in the basin. Bheki caused heavy rainfall in parts of the Mascarene Islands such as Réunion and Rodrigues. After the dissipation of Bheki, Tropical Storm Chido formed on December 9, and two days later became the second intense tropical cyclone of the season.

Systems

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Tropical Depression 01

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Tropical depression (MFR)
 
Duration15 August – 17 August
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)
See also: List of off-season South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclones

On 8 August, the MFR noted that in mid-August, tropical cyclogenesis was possible near the equator due to a westerly wind burst expected to form during the active phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO).[2] Three days later, a near-equatorial trough formed, with convective activity developing near the trough's axis.[3] Slowly developing, on August 13, a low-level circulation was seen, with convective bands wrapping around its circulation.[4] Two days later, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began tracking the disturbance, noting that it was in a marginal environment for development.[5] Just a few hours later, the MFR designated the disturbance as Zone of Disturbed Weather 01.[6] Soon after, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the disturbance, noting that despite being in an environment with high wind shear, it was intensifying.[7] Later that day, the disturbance had intensified into a tropical depression.[8] However, it weakened into a zone of disturbed weather, and after its window of development ended on August 17, the MFR issued their last warning on the system.[9] The JTWC soon cancelled their TCFA on the disturbance, noting that it could still develop.[10] As a result, early the next day, the MFR began re-monitoring the disturbance as it was developing despite being in an unfavorable environment.[11] However, as it entered an increasingly dry and sheared environment on 20 August, it degenerated into a remnant low.[12] The JTWC stopped tracking it later that day, as it had dissipated,[13] with the MFR following suit as well.[14]

Moderate Tropical Storm Ancha

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Moderate tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration30 September – 5 October
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
992 hPa (mbar)
See also: List of off-season South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclones

On 24 September, the MFR noted that tropical cyclogenesis would be possible in late September due to the passage of an equatorial Rossby wave and an Kelvin wave, which would help cause the formation of a temporary near-equatorial trough.[15] The next day, a near-equatorial trough would begin forming, featuring moderate convective activity on its polar side.[16] The JTWC would begin tracking the disturbance late on 30 September, noting that it was in an environment marginally favorable for development east-southeast off Diego Garcia.[17] The next day, the MFR upgraded this system into a tropical depression.[18] The JTWC would upgrade it into Tropical Cyclone 01S later that day,[19] with the MFR following suit the next day, upgrading the depression into Moderate Tropical Storm Ancha.[20] A few hours later, it peaked with 1-minute sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).[21] Ancha's cloud pattern would improve on 2 October, causing it to peak as a high-end moderate tropical storm with 10-minute sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h).[22] However, the next day, Ancha's low-level circulation began being exposed due to moderate wind shear, extensive dry air, and steadily cooling sea surface temperatures, prompting the JTWC to issue their last warning on it.[23] This caused Ancha to recurve westward due to the subtropical ridge[24] prior to degenerating into a remnant low a few hours later.[25] However, for a short time it regenerated into a moderate tropical storm.[26] Later, increasing tropospheric shear caused this temporary regeneration to end, and the MFR would stop monitoring it on 4 October.[27]

Intense Tropical Cyclone Bheki

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Intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration12 November – 23 November
Peak intensity195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min);
943 hPa (mbar)
See also: List of off-season South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclones

On 11 November, the MFR noted that an elongated low-level circulation was developing despite being inside an environment with dry air and easterly shear, due to good divergence on the western side, steadily developing convection, and monsoonal flow.[28] Later that day, the JTWC began tracking the disturbance, noting that it was in an environment favorable for development southeast off Diego Garcia.[29] Further organization occurred, and early on 12 November, the MFR designated the system as Zone of Disturbed Weather 03.[30] Following convection beginning to surround the system's circulation, the MFR upgraded it to Moderate Tropical Storm Bheki on 14 November,[31] with the JTWC designating it Tropical Cyclone 02S a few hours later.[32] A developing central dense overcast and improving cloud pattern prompted the MFR to upgrade Bheki into a severe tropical storm early the next day.[33] Bheki strengthened rapidly and peaked as an Intense Tropical Cyclone on November 18, becoming the strongest November tropical cyclone on record in the basin based on sustained wind speeds. It was also the third-strongest November tropical cyclone in the basin based on minimum central pressure.

In Rodrigues, Mauritius, wind gusts of 100 to 122 km/h (62 to 76 mph) were reported.[34][35] The Rodrigues Emergency Operations Command reported that 64 % of the population had been left without electricity due to power outages caused by strong winds. Some 50 people had to seek shelter in centres across the island, some rescued by emergency services. Electricity company teams, military personnel and firefighters were dispersed across the territory to carry out necessary work, as well as clearing roads of fallen trees and branches, in order to return the situation to normal.[36] The strong 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) swell caused coastal flooding and in Montagne-Goyave, the community school suffered heavy damage.[37]

Intense Tropical Cyclone Chido

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Intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration5 December – 16 December
Peak intensity215 km/h (130 mph) (10-min);
935 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Chido

Chido originated from an elongated circulation that the MFR began monitoring on 7 December, located east of Diego Garcia.[38] In the post-storm analysis, it was indicated that the storm had already begun forming as a zone of disturbed weather on 5 December.[39] On 9 December, the JTWC began issuing warnings for the system, classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 04S, as satellite imagery showed a partially exposed low-level circulation center on the eastern side of a developing burst of deep convection, which was nearly circular in shape and had cloud tops cooler than −80 °C (−112 °F).[40] At 00:00 UTC on 10 December, the MFR reported that the system had intensified into a moderate tropical storm, with the Mauritius Meteorological Services naming it Chido, as convection strongly increased around the center of the system, accompanied by cooling of cloud tops and an expansion of the central dense overcast.[41] On the subsequent day, Chido rapidly deepened and intensified into an intense tropical cyclone within twelve hours, with its eye passing over Agalega and bringing extreme conditions to the island, where a minimum pressure of 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) was recorded.[42] This made Chido the strongest tropical cyclone to directly affect the island since Cyclone Andry in 1983.[43]

On 12 December, the JTWC upgraded the system to a Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone, with estimated 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph),[44] while the MFR estimated its peak intensity with a minimum central pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) and 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 215 km/h (130 mph) as it maintained its small size and moved westwards.[45] After reaching its peak intensity, the cyclone's eye, which was 13.8 miles (22.2 km) wide, became cloud-filled and increasingly ragged, and on 13 December, an eyewall replacement cycle occurred, causing the storm to weaken.[46][47] Chido entered the Mozambique Channel on 14 December, with microwave imagery showing highly developed organized bands of deep convection.[48] As it neared Mayotte, it quickly re-intensified, with Pamandzi Airport recording a maximum gust of 226 km/h (140 mph), setting an all-time record for the station, and a minimum pressure of 982 hPa (29.00 inHg),[49] breaking the previous record of 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) set during Cyclone Kamisy in 1984. Additionally, the MFR reported that it was the strongest storm to strike Mayotte in at least 90 years.[50] Chido made landfall on Pemba in Mozambique, with 10-minute sustained winds estimated at 205 km/h (125 mph).[51] Shortly after landfall, the JTWC discontinued warnings,[52] and the MFR reported that Chido moved through Mozambique and Malawi, with convective activity gradually weakening.[53] On 16 December, Chido degenerated into an overland depression, and the MFR issued its final advisory on the system.[54]

Storm names

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Main article: Tropical cyclone naming

Within the South-West Indian Ocean, tropical depressions and subtropical depressions that are judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h (40 mph) by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center on Réunion island, France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name. However, it is the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers in Mauritius and Madagascar who name the systems. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center (Mauritius Meteorological Services) in Mauritius names a storm if it intensifies into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and 90°E. If instead a cyclone intensifies into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E then the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center (Meteo Madagascar) in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. Storm names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed. New names this season are: Ancha, Bheki, Chido, Dikeledi, Elvis, Faida, Garance, Honde, Ivone, Jude, Kanto and Lira. They replaced Ana, Batsirai, Cliff, Dumako, Emnati, Fezile, Gombe, Halima, Issa, Jasmine and Karim during the 2021–22 season, and also Letlama, which was not used, but the reason for its removal is unknown.[55]

  • Ancha
  • Bheki
  • Chido
  • Dikeledi (unused)
  • Elvis (unused)
  • Faida (unused)
  • Garance (unused)
  • Honde (unused)
  • Ivone (unused)
  • Jude (unused)
  • Kanto (unused)
  • Lira (unused)
  • Maipelo (unused)
  • Njazi (unused)
  • Oscar (unused)
  • Pamela (unused)
  • Quentin (unused)
  • Rajab (unused)
  • Savana (unused)
  • Themba (unused)
  • Uyapo (unused)
  • Viviane (unused)
  • Walter (unused)
  • Xangy (unused)
  • Yemurai (unused)
  • Zanele (unused)

Season effects

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This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2024–2025 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2024 or 2025 USD.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
01 15–17 August Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Chagos Archipelago None 0
Ancha 30 September–5 October Moderate tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) None None 0
Bheki 12–23 November Intense tropical cyclone 195 km/h (120 mph) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) Mascarene Islands Unknown 0
Chido 5–16 December Intense tropical cyclone 215 km/h (130 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Agaléga, Farquhar, Madagascar, Mayotte, Comoros, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe Unknown 142
Season aggregates
4 systems 15 August – Season ongoing 215 km/h (130 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) None 142

See also

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References

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  43. ^ Kothari, Rishav (12 December 2024). "Tropical Cyclone Chido hits Agalega as the strongest in over 50 years, heads toward Mayotte and Mozambique". The Watchers. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
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  53. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04S (Chido) Warning No. 17 (Report). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 15 December 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
  54. ^ Overland Depression 4 (Chido) Warning Number (30/4/20242025) (PDF) (Report). Météo-France. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  55. ^ RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee (2023). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-07-02.
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