Administrative distance

Administrative distance (AD) or route preference^[1] is a number of arbitrary unit assigned to dynamic routes, static routes and directly-connected routes. The value is used in routers to rank routes from most preferred (low AD value) to least preferred (high AD value).^[2][3] When multiple paths to the same destination are available in its routing table, the router uses the route with the lowest administrative distance.

Router vendors typically design their routers to assign a default administrative distance to each kind of route. For example, on Cisco routers, routes issued by the Open Shortest Path First routing protocol have a lower default administrative distance than routes issued by the Routing Information Protocol. This is because, by default on Cisco routers, OSPF has a default administrative distance of 110 and RIP has a default administrative distance of 120. Administrative distance values can, however, usually be adjusted manually by a network administrator.^[2]

The administrative distance (AD) value is assigned by the router on a per-protocol basis. Routers, by design, should not install multiple routes into the routing table as this has the potential to cause routing loops.^[2] While a router may run multiple routing protocols on the same device, it is necessary for the router to implement a process to ensure that multiple routes, pointing to the same destination do not simultaneously exist in the routing table. Each process running on a router advertises its administrative distance value to the local router. The router uses this value to determine which route should be used. Once a route has been selected, the routing information database is updated. If two routes have the same administrative distance, the router uses its vendor-specific algorithm to determine which route should be installed.^[2] Cisco routers simply ignore the values and fall back to the default values, which are never the same.^[4]

The router will usually compare administrative distances to determine which protocol has the lowest value. The router prefers protocols that have a lower assigned administrative distance. For example, OSPF has a default distance of 110, so it is preferred by the router process, over RIP, which has a default distance of 120. The administrator can arbitrarily reconfigure the administrative distances, which affects the ranking of the preferred routes by the routing process. On Cisco routers, static routes have an administrative distance of 1, making them preferred over routes issued by a dynamic routing protocol. The administrative distance is a value that is always only referenced by the local router itself. The administrative distance is not advertised on the network.^[2]

The following table lists the default administrative distances for various routing protocols used on Cisco routers.^[3]

The following table lists the default administrative distances for various routing protocols used on Juniper routers.^[7]

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The following table lists the default administrative distances used on ExtremeXOS / Switch-Engine.

The following table lists the default administrative distances used on Extreme VOSS / Fabric-Engine.

The network administrator may modify the administrative distance to change the desired ranking of router protocols. This may be necessary in cases where routing redistribution has to be used, otherwise, routing loops could occur.^[3] The Cisco Internetwork Operating System enables network administrators to modify the distance by changing the distance value in sub-router configuration mode. In the example below, RIP's administrative distance is changed to 89 so that it used in preference to OSPF.^[3]

R1#enable  R1#configure terminal  R1(config)#router rip  R1(config-router)#distance 89 

Manually configuring the administrative distance is also required when configuring a floating static route. Floating static routes are used to provide an alternate path when a primary link fails. In order for static routes to be configured as a backup, the static route's administrative distance would need to be adjusted. Otherwise, it will take precedence over all routing protocols and routes issued from a routing protocol will not be inserted into the routing table.^[3] The example below shows how to configure the administrative distance to 254 to specify that it should only be used as a last resort.

R1(config)# ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 backupLink 1 254

In the event that two routing protocols are configured with the same administrative distance, the Cisco router will ignore the configured values and instead use the default values.^[4]

Verifying the configuration of the administrative distance is done on Cisco equipment using the show ip route command in privileged exec mode on the console of the Cisco router.^[8][9] In the example shown below, the administrative distance is 1. The letter "S" indicates that the route is a static route that has, for all intents and purposes, been added manually to the router process by the administrator and installed into the routing table.

Router#enable  Router#configure terminal  Router(config)#ip route 1.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 fastEthernet 0/0  Router(config)#do show ip route 

The do show ip route command will display the following, confirming that a static route has an administrative distance of 1.

S 1.1.1.0/0 [1/0] via 172.31.0.1

• Metrics (networking), used for choosing a route when administrative distance is the same^[10][11][12]