Alemannic German
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Alemannic | |
---|---|
Alemannish | |
Alemannisch | |
Pronunciation | [alɛˈman(ː)ɪʃ] |
Native to | Switzerland: entire German-speaking part, except for the town of Samnaun. Germany: most of Baden-Württemberg and Bavarian Swabia. Austria: Vorarlberg and some parts of Tyrol. Liechtenstein: entire country. France: most of Alsace. Italy: some parts of Aosta Valley and northern Piedmont United States: Amish in Allen, Switzerland and Daviess Counties in Indiana. Venezuela: Alemán Coloniero |
Native speakers | 7,162,000 (2004–2012)[1] |
Latin, Historically Elder Futhark | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | gsw |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:gct – Colonia Tovargsw – Alsatian & Swiss Germanswg – Swabianwae – Walser |
Glottolog | alem1243 |
IETF | gsw[2] |
![]() Blue indicates the traditional distribution area of Western Upper German (=Alemannic) dialects. | |
![]() Alemannic is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Alemannic, or rarely Alemannish (Alemannisch, [alɛˈman(ː)ɪʃ] ), is a group of High German dialects. The name derives from the ancient Germanic tribal confederation known as the Alemanni ("all men").[3][better source needed]
Distribution
[edit]Alemannic dialects are spoken by approximately ten million people in several countries:
- In Europe:
- Switzerland: all German-speaking parts of the country except Samnaun
- Germany: centre and south of Baden-Württemberg, Swabia, and certain districts of Bavaria
- Austria: Vorarlberg, Reutte District of Tyrol
- Liechtenstein
- France: Alsace region (Alsatian dialect) and in some villages of the Phalsbourg county, in Lorraine
- Italy: Gressoney-La-Trinité, Gressoney-Saint-Jean, Issime, Alagna Valsesia, Rimella and Formazza, in some other villages almost extinct
- Outside Europe:
- United States: Allen and Adams County, Indiana, by the Amish there and also in their daughter settlements in Indiana and other U.S. states.
- Venezuela: Colonia Tovar (Colonia Tovar dialect)
Status
[edit]![]() | This section possibly contains original research. (October 2023) |
Alemannic comprises a dialect continuum from the Highest Alemannic spoken in the mountainous south to Swabian in the relatively flat north and more of the characteristics of Standard German the farther north one goes.
In Germany and other European countries, the abstand and ausbau language framework is used to decide what is a language and what is a dialect.[citation needed] According to this framework, Alemannic varieties of German form a dialect continuum and are clearly dialects.[citation needed] Some linguists and organisations that differentiate between languages and dialects primarily on the grounds of mutual intelligibility, such as SIL International and UNESCO, describe Alemannic as one of several independent languages.[citation needed] While ISO 639-2 does not distinguish between dialects, ISO 639-3 distinguishes four of them:
gct
– Colonia Tovar, a dialect spoken since 1843 in Venezuela,gsw
– what ISO 639-2 only considers to be the Alemannic language, is recognised here as:- Alsatian, a dialect spoken in the eastern France region;
- Swiss German, mainly spoken in Switzerland;
swg
– Swabian German, mainly spoken in the central-southeastern Baden-Wuerttemberg,wae
– Walser German, mainly spoken in Swiss Upper Valais in the Alps.
Standard German is used in writing and in Germany orally in formal contexts throughout the Alemannic-speaking regions (with the exception of Alsace, where French or the Alsatian dialect of Alemannic is used instead).
Variants
[edit]Alemannic in the broad sense comprises the following variants:
- Swabian (mostly in Swabia, in Germany, covering large parts of Württemberg and all of Bavarian Swabia). Unlike most other Alemannic dialects, it does not retain the Middle High German monophthongs û, î but shifts them to [ou], [ei] (as opposed to Standard German [aʊ], [aɪ]). For this reason, "Swabian" is also used in opposition to "Alemannic".
- Alemannic in the strict sense:
- Low Alemannic dialects. Retain German initial /k/ as [kʰ] (or [kx]) rather than fricativising to [x] as in High Alemannic. Subvariants:
- Upper-Rhine Alemannic in Southwestern Baden and its variant Alsatian (in Alsace, France)
- Alemán Coloniero (in Venezuela)
- Basel German (in Basel, Switzerland)
- Lake Constance Alemannic (Bodenseealemannisch) (in Southern Württemberg, Southeastern Baden, Northwestern Vorarlberg), a transitional dialect, close to High Alemannic, with some Swabian features in the vowel system.
- High Alemannic (mostly in Switzerland, parts of Vorarlberg, and in the southern parts of the Black Forest in Germany). Complete the High German consonant shift by fricativising initial /k/ to [x]. Subvariants:
- Bernese German
- Zurich German
- Vorarlbergisch
- Liechtensteinisch
- Highest Alemannic (in the Canton of Valais, in the Walser settlements (e.g., in the canton of Grisons), in the Bernese Oberland and in the German-speaking part of Fribourg) does not have the hiatus diphthongisation of other dialects of German. For example: [ˈʃnei̯jə] ('to snow') instead of [ˈʃniː.ə(n)], [ˈb̥ou̯wə] ('to build') instead of [ˈb̥uː.ə(n)]. Subvariants:
- Low Alemannic dialects. Retain German initial /k/ as [kʰ] (or [kx]) rather than fricativising to [x] as in High Alemannic. Subvariants:
The Alemannic dialects of Switzerland are often called Swiss German or Schwiizerdütsch.
Written Alemannic
[edit]The oldest known texts in Alemannic are brief Elder Futhark inscriptions dating to the sixth century (Bülach fibula, Pforzen buckle, Nordendorf fibula). In the Old High German period, the first coherent texts are recorded in the St. Gall Abbey, among them the eighth-century Paternoster:[4]
- Fater unser, thu bist in himile
- uuihi namu dinan
- qhueme rihhi diin
- uuerde uuillo diin,
- so in himile, sosa in erdu
- prooth unseer emezzihic kip uns hiutu
- oblaz uns sculdi unsero
- so uuir oblazem uns skuldikem
- enti ni unsih firleit in khorunka
- uzzer losi unsih fona ubile
Due to the importance of the Carolingian abbeys of St. Gall and Reichenau Island, a considerable part of the Old High German corpus has Alemannic traits. Alemannic Middle High German is less prominent, in spite of the Codex Manesse compiled by Johannes Hadlaub of Zürich. The rise of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the fourteenth century led to the creation of Alemannic Swiss chronicles. Huldrych Zwingli's Bible translation of the 1520s (the 1531 Froschauer Bible) was in an Alemannic variant of Early Modern High German. From the seventeenth century, written Alemannic was displaced by Standard German, which emerged from sixteenth century Early Modern High German, in particular in the wake of Martin Luther's Bible translation of the 1520s. The 1665 revision of the Froschauer Bible removed the Alemannic elements, approaching the language used by Luther. For this reason, no binding orthographical standard for writing modern Alemannic emerged, and orthographies in use usually compromise between a precise phonological notation, and proximity to the familiar Standard German orthography (in particular for loanwords).[citation needed]
Johann Peter Hebel published his Allemannische Gedichte in 1803. Swiss authors often consciously employ Helvetisms within Standard German, notably Jeremias Gotthelf in his novels set in the Emmental, Friedrich Glauser in his crime stories, and more recently Tim Krohn in his Quatemberkinder.[citation needed]
The poet Ida Ospelt-Amann wrote and published exclusively in the dialect of Vaduz.[5][6]
Characteristics
[edit]- The diminutive is used frequently in all Alemannic dialects. Northern and eastern dialects use the suffix -le; western varieties (e.g. northern Alsace) uses the suffix -el /l̩/; southern dialects use the suffix -li (Standard German suffix -lein or -chen). As in standard German, these suffixes cause umlaut. Depending on dialect, 'little house' may be Heisle, Hiisel, Hüüsle, Hüüsli or Hiisli (Standard German Häuslein or Häuschen). Some varieties have plural diminutives in -ler, -la or -lich.
- Northern variants of Alemannic (Swabian and Low Alemannic), like standard German, pronounce ch as a uvular or velar [χ] or [x] (Ach-Laut) after back vowels (a, o, u) and as a palatal [ç] consonant (Ich-Laut) elsewhere. High Alemannic, Lake Constance Alemannic and Highest Alemannic dialects exclusively use the Ach-Laut.
- In most Alemannic dialects, the past participle of the verb meaning to be (sein in standard German, with past participle gewesen) derives from a form akin to gesein (gsi, gsìnn, gsei etc.).
![]() | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: "Allgäuerisch" – compare de:Allgäuerisch, it's not a single dialect, so something more is needed (a further specification if it is Alemannic proper or Swabian, or of the location, ...). (October 2021) |
English (standard German) | Low Swabian | Alsatian Lower High Alsace | Allgäuerisch | Lower Markgräflerland | Upper Swabian | Eastern Swiss German | Western Swiss German | Sensler |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I am (ich bin) | I ben | Ìch bì | I bi | Ich bi | I bee | I bi | I(g) bi [ɪɡ̊ b̥ɪ] | I bü/bi |
you (sg.) are (du bist) | du bisch | dü bìsch | du bisch | du bisch | d(o)u bisch | du bisch | du bisch [d̥ʊ b̥ɪʒ̊] | du büsch/bisch |
he is (er ist) | er isch | är ìsch | är isch | är isch | är isch | är isch | är isch [æɾ ɪʒ̊] | är isch |
she is (sie ist) | sia isch | sa ìsch | sia isch | sie isch | si isch | si isch | si isch [sɪ ɪʒ̊] | sia isch |
it is (es ist) | es isch | äs ìsch | as isch | as isch | äs isch | äs isch | äs isch [æz̊ (əʒ̊) ɪʒ̊] | as isch |
we are (wir sind) | mr sen(d) | mìr sìn | mir send/sönd | mir sin | mr send | m(i)r send/sön/sinn | mir sy [mɪɾ si] | wier sy |
you (pl.) are (ihr seid) | ihr sen(d) | ìhr sìn | ihr send | ihr sin | ihr send | i(i)r sönd/sind | dir syt [d̥ɪɾ sit] | ier syt |
they are (sie sind) | se sen(d) | sa sìn | dia send | si sin | dia send | si sind/sönd | si sy [sɪ si] | si sy |
I have been (ich bin ... gewesen) | i ben gwäa | ìch bì gsìì | i bi gsi | ich bi gsi | i bee gsei | i bi gsi | i bi gsy [ɪ(ɡ̊) b̥ɪ ksiː] | i bü/bi gsy |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Colonia Tovar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Alsatian & Swiss German at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Swabian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Walser at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ "Swiss German / Alemannic / Alsatian". IANA language subtag registry. 8 March 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ Jordioechsler (5 November 2013). "Alemannic German and other features of language". WordPress. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017.
- ^ Jacobs, Stefan. "Althochdeutsch (700–1050)". stefanjacob.de. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 Oct 2017.
- ^ Phaf-Rheinberger, Ineke (2021-01-12). Ricardo Porros Architektur in Vaduz und Havanna (in German). Books on Demand. p. 76. ISBN 978-3-7526-8278-6.
- ^ Allmende (in German). J. Thorbecke. 1998. p. 7.
External links
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png)
Media related to Alemannic language at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Alemannic German at Wiktionary
- Alemannic encyclopedia -German-