Alexander, son of Herod

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Alexander
Alexander, depicted in the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle
heir of Judea
Born	c. 35 BC
Died	c. 7 BC
Spouse	Glaphyra
Issue	Tigranes V of Armenia Alexander prince of Judea
Dynasty	Herodian dynasty
Father	Herod the Great
Mother	Mariamne I

Alexander, son of Herod was born about 35 BC; died about 7 BC. His mother was the Hasmonean princess Mariamne.

The unfortunate fate which persistently pursued the Hasmonean house overtook this prince also. As heir presumptive to the throne by right of descent on his mother's side, he was sent to Rome for his education in the year 23 BC. He remained there in the household of Asinius Pollio until about the year 17 BC, when Herod himself brought him and his younger brother Aristobulus, who had been with him, home to Jerusalem. Shortly afterward Alexander received in marriage the Cappadocian Princess Glaphyra, the daughter of King Archelaus of Cappadocia. Glaphyra bore Alexander three children, two sons: Tigranes, Alexander and an unnamed daughter.^{[not verified in body]}

Alexander's handsome appearance and sincerity endeared him to the public, who supported the house of the Maccabees for the throne instead of the half-Jewish Herod. However, he became marked by a certain degree of vanity and a spirit of vindictiveness, which rendered him extremely unpopular with the partisans of Herod, who began to fear retribution should he become King. One concern about this account is Josephus' potential bias towards his Roman audience; his criticism may not be genuine and merely an attempt to discredit Judea after a major rebellion.

Salome repeatedly warned Herod of danger threatening him from Alexander and his brother Aristobulus. The king felt that it was not impossible that his sons meditated revenge for Mariamne's execution; and on the other hand, the open antipathy expressed by them against their father combined to open the king's ear to the calumnies of Salome and her fellow-plotters. Herod's attempt to humiliate Alexander by restoring to honor Antipater, an older son by another wife, resulted disastrously. Antipater's insidious plotting and the open enmity to Herod shown by Alexander widened the breach between father and son to such an extent that in the year 12 BC, Herod felt himself constrained to bring charges against his sons before Augustus. A reconciliation was brought about, but it was of short duration; and shortly afterward (about 10 BC) Alexander was thrown into prison upon the evidence of a tortured witness who accused him of planning the murder of Herod. Intercepted letters were produced which revealed Alexander's bitterness against his father. In vain did Archelaus, Alexander's father-in-law, endeavor to bring about better relations between them; the reconciliation was again a brief one, so that once more the intrigues of Antipater and Salome succeeded in securing the incarceration of Alexander and Aristobulus (about 8 BC).^{[citation needed]} This was dynastic conflict, in the key territory bridging West and East and the context was instability erupting across the Roman Empire.

Herod lodged formal complaint of high treason against them with Augustus, who put the matter into Herod's own hands so that he would take charge of this case and have the last word.The attempts of Alexander's friends, by means of petition to King Herod, to avert the execution of the sentence, resulted in the death of Tero — an old and devoted servant of Herod who openly remonstrated with the king for the enormity of the proposed judicial crime — and of 300 others who were denounced as partisans of Alexander. The sentence was carried out without delay; about the year 7 BC, at Sebaste (Samaria) — where thirty years before Mariamne's wedding had been celebrated — her sons suffered death by the cord.^{[citation needed]}

There are three princes by the name Phasael in the Herodian dynasty, all three mentioned by Josephus in "War" (BJ) and "Antiquities" (AJ):^[1]

• Phasael I, son of Antipater and Cypros (BJ 1.181; AJ 14.121)^[1]
• Phasael II, son of Phasael I (BJ 1.266; AJ 17.196)^[1]
• Phasael III, son of Herod the Great (BJ 1.181; AJ 14.121)^[1] and father of Cypros/Kypros, wife of Agrippa I^[2]

• Josephus, Ant. xv. 10, § 1; xvi. 1, § 2; 3, §§ 1-3; 4, §§ 1-6, etc.;
• Schürer, Gesch. i. (see index);
• Grätz, Gesch. d. Juden, ii. (see index)