Alfonso I d'Este

Alfonso d'Este
Alfonso by Titian; Alfonso leans on a cannon, holding his sword
Duke of Ferrara
Duke of Modena and Reggio
Reign25 January 1505 – 31 October 1534
PredecessorErcole I d’Este
SuccessorErcole II d'Este
Born21 July 1476
Subiaco, Papal States
Died31 October 1534(1534-10-31) (aged 58)
Ferrara, Duchy of Ferrara
SpouseAnna Sforza
(m. 1491; died 1497)
Lucrezia Borgia
(m. 1501; died 1519)
Laura Dianti
(m. 1534)[a]
Issue
Detail		Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
Ippolito II d'Este
Leonora d'Este
Francesco d'Este, Marchese di Massalombarda
Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio (illegitimate, father of Cesare d'Este)
HouseEste
FatherErcole I d'Este
MotherEleanor of Naples

Alfonso d'Este (21 July 1476 – 31 October 1534) was Duke of Ferrara from 1504 to 1534, during the time of the War of the League of Cambrai.

Biography

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Alfonso d'Este as Knight of the Order of Saint Michael, by Dosso Dossi
Lucrezia Borgia
Titian: Portrait of Laura Dianti, 1523

He was the son of Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Eleanor of Naples and became duke on Ercole's death in January 1505. In the first year of his rule he uncovered a plot by his brother Ferrante and half-brother Giulio d'Este, directed against him and his other brother Ippolito.[3] In September 1506 a trial for lèse majesté and high treason was held and, as expected, the death sentence was passed, but just as Ferrante and Giulio were about to mount the gallows they were informed that the duke had commuted their sentence to life imprisonment. They were led away to two cells in the Torre dei Leoni. Ferrante died in his cell after 34 years of imprisonment, while Giulio held on until he was pardoned in 1559, after 53 years of imprisonment. After his release, Giulio was ridiculed in the streets of Ferrara for his outdated clothes and died in 1561.

In the Italian Wars Alfonso preserved his precarious position among the contending powers by flexibility and vigilance and the unrivalled fortifications of Ferrara; he entered the League of Cambrai against Venice and remained an ally of Louis XII of France even after Pope Julius II had made peace with Venice; when the Bolognesi rebelled against Julius and toppled Michelangelo's bronze statue of the Pope from above the gate, Alfonso received the shards and recast them as a cannon named La Giulia, which he set on the ramparts of the castello: in 1510 Julius excommunicated him and declared his fiefs forfeit, thereby adding Ferrara to the Papal States; Alfonso then fought successfully against the Venetian and Papal armies, winning the Battle of Polesella, capturing Bologna, and playing a major part in the French victory at the Battle of Ravenna (1512). These successes were based on Ferrara's artillery, produced in his own foundry, which was the best of its time.[4][5] In both of his portraits by Titian, (Compare illustration above) he poses with his arm across the mouth of one of his cannon.

Confrontation of the Este brothers' medals: Isabella, Alfonso, Ferrante, Ippolito and Sigismondo had inherited the typical Este nose of their father; Beatrice the slightly upturned one of her mother. Furthermore, all were dark-haired, except Ferrante and Sigismondo, who had recovered, as it seems, the traditional blond of the Este.

In 1526–1527 Alfonso participated in the expedition of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain, against Pope Clement VII, and in 1530 the pope again recognized him as possessor of the forfeited duchies of Modena and Reggio.

Marriages and issue

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In January 1491, Alfonso married Anna Maria Sforza, the niece of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. In the same ceremony, Ludovico married Alfonso's younger sister, Beatrice d'Este, the double wedding orchestrated by Leonardo da Vinci.

Politically, the wedding was designed to cement ties between the two families. Anna Sforza's death on 30 November 1497 marked the end of those ties, as Beatrice d'Este had died in January of that same year.

In 1501, Alfonso married Lucrezia Borgia. Their children were:

  1. A stillborn daughter (1502);
  2. Alessandro d'Este (1505–1505);
  3. Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (5 April 1508 – 3 October 1559);
  4. Ippolito II d'Este (25 August 1509 – 1 December 1572). Archbishop of Milan and later Cardinal;
  5. Alessandro d'Este (1514–1516);
  6. Leonora d'Este (3 July 1515 – 15 July 1575), a nun and composer;
  7. Francesco d'Este, Marquess of Massalombarda (1 November 1516 – 2 February 1578);
  8. Isabella Maria d'Este (born and died on 14 June 1519).[6]

After Lucrezia's death on 24 June 1519, he married Laura Dianti by whom he had had two illegitimate sons (later legitimized), Alfonso and Alfonsino d'Este.

Art

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The Tribute Money painted by Titan for Alfonso
Via Coperta

Like his brother Ippolito I, Cardinal d'Este, he was one of the great patrons of art of his time: for him the elderly Giovanni Bellini painted The Feast of the Gods in 1514, Bellini's last completed painting. He turned to Bellini's pupil, Titian, for a sequence of paintings. In 1529 Alfonso created the most magnificent gallery of his time, his studiolo or camerino d'alabastro ("small alabaster room"), now usually known as his "Camerino", in order to better display his works of art against white marble-veneered walls under a gilded ceiling.[7] The pallor of the marble led to the name of this room as the chamber of alabaster. There are documents from Mario Equicola on 9 October 1511, noting plans for painting of a room in Ferrara, in which six fables (fabule) or histories (istorie) shall be placed. I have already found them and have presented them in writing." A letter from Alfonso, dated 14 November 1514, authorized payment to Giovanni Bellini, the first painting completed for the chamber. Titian is known to have painted two portraits of Alfonso: the first was widely acclaimed, singled out by Michelangelo and coerced as a diplomatic gift by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; Alfonso induced Titian to paint a free replica, which the artist of the painting illustrated above has adapted for his model.[8] Over the next two decades, Titian added three more paintings: The Worship of Venus (Museo del Prado, Madrid), The Bacchanal of the Andrians (Prado, Madrid), and Bacchus and Ariadne (National Gallery, London). Dosso Dossi produced another large bacchanal, and he also contributed ceiling decorations and a painted frieze for the cornice, depicting scenes from the Aeneid, which gained immediacy by showing the heroes in contemporary dress (illustration, left). All the bacchanals in the Alabaster Chamber dealt with love, and some refer to marriage. After the Este family lost control of Ferrara in 1598, the Alabaster Chamber's paintings and sculptures were dispersed.

  • The Feast of the Gods by Giovanni Bellini and Titian
    The Feast of the Gods by Giovanni Bellini and Titian
  • The Worship of Venus by Titan
    The Worship of Venus by Titan
  • Bacchanal of the Andrians by Titian
    Bacchanal of the Andrians by Titian
  • Bacchus and Ariadne by Titan
    Bacchus and Ariadne by Titan
  • Aeneas and Achates on the Libyan shore, painted by Dosso Dossi for Alfonso's camerino d'alabastro (National Gallery of Art, Washington).
    Aeneas and Achates on the Libyan shore, painted by Dosso Dossi for Alfonso's camerino d'alabastro (National Gallery of Art, Washington).
  • Trimph of Baccus by Dosso Dossi for Alfonso's camerino d'alabastro'
    Trimph of Baccus by Dosso Dossi for Alfonso's camerino d'alabastro'

Alfonso inherited from Cardinal d'Este the poet Ariosto. Following in the lead of his father Ercole, who had made Ferrara into one of the musical centres of Europe, Alfonso brought some of the most famous musicians of the time to his court to work as composers, instrumentalists and singers. Musicians from northern Europe who worked at Ferrara during his reign included Antoine Brumel and Adrian Willaert, the latter of whom was to become the founder of the Venetian School, something which could not have happened without Alfonso's patronage.

History

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When Alfonso's grandson Alfonso II d'Este—Robert Browning's duke of "My Last Duchess"[9]—produced no male heir, the main d'Este line died out. A grandson of Alfonso I and cousin of Alfonso II, Cesare d'Este had been born out of wedlock. He was recognized by the Emperor but not by the Pope, who took the Duchy of Ferrara by force. Nevertheless, the House of Este continued in Modena and Reggio.

Ancestors

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8. Alberto d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara
4. Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara
9. Isotta Albaresani
2. Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
10. Thomas III, Marquis of Saluzzo
5. Ricciarda, Marquise of Saluzzo
11. Marguerite de Pierrepont
1. Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
12. Alfonso V of Aragon
6. Ferdinand I of Naples
13. Giraldona Carlino
3. Eleanor of Naples
14. Tristan, Count of Copertino
7. Isabella of Clermont
15. Caterina del Balzo Orsini

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The marriage between Alfonso I and Laura Dianti probably took place shortly before the Duke's death in 1534.[1] The historian Muratori tried to prove that the marriage had taken place, collecting a considerable amount of documentation,[2] but there does not seem to be any official document of a marriage that actually took place. Even in the absence of absolute documentary proof, "there can be no doubts about the public, official nature of the union".[2]

References

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  1. ^ Bertoni, Luisa. "ESTE, Alfonso d' | Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 43 (1993)". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b Pellizzer Sonia. "DIANTI, Laura | Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 39 (1991)". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  3. ^ "House of Este | Italian Renaissance, Politics & Art | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  4. ^ Murrin, Michael (1994). History and warfare in Renaissance epic (Pbk. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0226554037.
  5. ^ Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2005). The Italian Wars, 1494–1559 : War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe (1st ed.). Harlow: Pearson. p. 107. ISBN 978-0582057586.
  6. ^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand (14 August 2012). Lucrezia Borgia. dearbooks. in Europäischer Literaturverlag GmbH. p. 292. ISBN 9783954554195.
  7. ^ "Reconstructing the Duke's private gallery". www.webexhibits.org.
  8. ^ Bryson Burroughs, "The Portrait of Alfonso d'Este by Titian" The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 22.4 (April 1927), pp. 97–101.
  9. ^ "Browning's Portrait of a Renaissance Man: Alphonso II D' este, Duke of Ferrara, in "My Last Duchess" (1842)". Archived from the original on 29 September 2005. Retrieved 6 July 2005.

Bibliography

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  • Taylor, Frederick Lewis (1973). The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-5025-6.
  • Prignano, Gaia (2020). "Music Theories and Identity Issues: Depicting Canons chez Alfonso I d'Este". Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography. 45 (1–2): 53–71. ISSN 1522-7464.
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Media related to Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara at Wikimedia Commons


Alfonso I d'Este
Born: 21 July 1476 Died: 31 October 1534
Regnal titles
Preceded by Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio
1505–1534
forfeit 1510–1530 		Succeeded by
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