Anguidae

Anguidae
Temporal range: Campanian–Recent
Anguis fragilis (slow worm)
Gerrhonotus parvus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Clade: Anguioidea
Family: Anguidae
Gray, 1825
Subfamilies

Anguidae refers to a large and diverse family of lizards native to the Northern Hemisphere. Common characteristics of this group include a reduced supratemporal arch, striations on the medial faces of tooth crowns, osteoderms, and a lateral fold in the skin of most taxa.[1] The group is divided into two living subfamilies, the legless Anguinae, which contains slow worms and glass lizards, among others, found across the Northern Hemisphere, and Gerrhonotinae, which contains the alligator lizards, native to North and Central America. The family Diploglossidae (which contains the galliwasps) was also formerly included. The family contains about 87 species in 8 genera.

Morphology and reproduction

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Anguids have hard osteoderms beneath their scales giving them an armored appearance. Members of the subfamily Anguinae have reduced or absent limbs, giving them a snake-like appearance, while members of Gerrohonotinae are fully limbed.[2] Body type varies among species, with sizes ranging from 10 cm to 1.5 m. The group includes oviparous and viviparous species, both of which can be observed in a single genus at times.[2][1]

Feeding and habitat

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Anguids are known carnivorous or insectivorous foragers, feeding primarily on insects, although larger species have been known to feed on small reptiles and amphibians. They inhabit a wide range of different habitats across the globe, from arid to tropical environments. Most known species are terrestrial or semifossorial, with the exception of one arboreal genus: Abronia.[1]

Evolution

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Helodermoides tuberculatus fossil

Anguids have a relatively good fossil record and are relatively common as fossils in the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene of western North America. The oldest known anguid, with the most complete fossil record of any lizard, is Odaxosaurus, a member of the extinct anguid subfamily Glyptosaurinae, from the late Campanian of Canada, about 75 million years ago. Odaxosaurus and other Late Cretaceous anguids already exhibit many features found in living anguids, including chisel-like teeth and armor plates in the skin, suggesting a long evolutionary history for the group. Anguids were particularly diverse during the Paleocene and Eocene in North America; some species, such as those belonging to Glyptosaurinae,[1] grew to large size and evolved a highly specialized crushing dentition. The long fossil record for the Anguidae in North America suggests that the group probably evolved in North America during the Cretaceous before dispersing to Europe in the Paleogene.

This figure shows a former phylogeny of the anguid subfamilies based on maximum-likelihood analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data.[3] Diploglossinae and Anniellinae are now considered distinct families.

Classification

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Family ANGUIDAE

  • Subfamily Anguinae
    • Genus Anguis - slowworms (five species)
    • Genus Dopasia - Asian glass lizards (seven species)
    • Genus Hyalosaurus - North African glass lizard (one species)
    • Genus Ophisaurus - American glass lizards (five species)
    • Genus Pseudopus - scheltopusik (one extant species)
  • Subfamily Gerrhonotinae - alligator lizards
    • Genus Barisia - alligator lizards (seven species)
    • Genus Gerrhonotus - alligator lizards (seven species)
    • Genus Abronia - arboreal alligator lizards (37 species)
    • Genus Elgaria - western alligator lizards (seven species)
  • Subfamily †Glyptosaurinae

Genetic evidence indicates that Diploglossinae lies outside the clade containing Anguinae, Gerrhonotinae, and the family Anniellidae, Therefore, it has been placed in own separate family Diploglossidae.[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Anguidae". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  2. ^ a b Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 152–155. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  3. ^ Wiens, J. J.; Slingluff, J. L. (2001-11-11). "How lizards turn into snakes: a phylogenetic analysis of body-form evolution in anguid lizards". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 55 (11): 2303–2318. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00744.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 11794789. S2CID 2235211.
  4. ^ Burbrink, Frank T; Grazziotin, Felipe G; Pyron, R Alexander; Cundall, David; Donnellan, Steve; Irish, Frances; Keogh, J Scott; Kraus, Fred; Murphy, Robert W; Noonan, Brice; Raxworthy, Christopher J (2020-05-01). Thomson, Robert (ed.). "Interrogating Genomic-Scale Data for Squamata (Lizards, Snakes, and Amphisbaenians) Shows no Support for Key Traditional Morphological Relationships". Systematic Biology. 69 (3): 502–520. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz062. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 31550008.
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