Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago

Archdiocese of Chicago

Archidiœcesis Chicagiensis
Holy Name Cathedral
Coat of arms
Flag
Location
CountryUnited States
TerritoryCounties of Cook and Lake
Ecclesiastical provinceChicago
Statistics
Area1,411 sq mi (3,650 km2)
Population
- Total
- Catholics		(as of 2017)
5.94 million
2,079,000[1] (35%)
Parishes216[1] (As of 1/2024)
Schools154 archdiocesan-run[1]
34 non-archdiocesan-run[1]
Information
DenominationCatholic Church
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
EstablishedNovember 28, 1843; 181 years ago (1843-11-28)
CathedralHoly Name Cathedral
Patron saintImmaculate Conception[citation needed]
Secular priests672[1]
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
ArchbishopBlase J. Cupich
Auxiliary Bishops
Vicar GeneralRobert Gerald Casey[2]
Bishops emeritus
Map
Website
archchicago.org

The Archdiocese of Chicago (Latin: Archidiœcesis Chicagiensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction, an archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in Northeastern Illinois, in the United States. The Vatican erected it as a diocese in 1843 and elevated it to an archdiocese in 1880. Chicago is the see city for the archdiocese.

As of November 2024, Cardinal Blase Cupich is the archbishop of Chicago. The cathedral parish for the archdiocese, Holy Name Cathedral, is in the Near North Side area of Chicago.

The archdiocese serves over 2 million Catholics in Cook and Lake counties, an area of 1,411 square miles (3,650 km2). The archdiocese is divided into six vicariates and 31 deaneries. An episcopal vicar administers each vicariate. The archdiocese is the metropolitan see of the Province of Chicago. Its suffragan dioceses are the other Catholic dioceses in Illinois: Belleville, Joliet, Peoria, Rockford, and Springfield.

Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, archbishop of Chicago from 1982 to 1996, was arguably one of the most prominent figures in the American Catholic church in the post-Vatican II era, rallying progressives with his "seamless garment ethic" and his ecumenical initiatives.[3]

History

[edit]
See also: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore § History

1600 to 1800

[edit]

The first Catholic presence in present-day Illinois was that of a French Jesuit missionary, Reverend Jacques Marquette, who landed at the mouth of the Chicago River on December 4, 1674. A cabin he built for the winter became the first European settlement in the area. Marquette published his survey of the new territories and soon more French missionaries and settlers arrived.[4]

In 1696, a French Jesuit, Reverend Jacques Gravier, founded the Illinois mission among the Illinois, Miami, Kaskaskia and others of the Illiniwek confederacy in the Mississippi River and Illinois River valleys.[5] During this period, the French-Canadian and Native American Catholics in the region were under the jurisdiction of the bishop of the Diocese of Quebec in New France.

With the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, the British took control of Illinois. Their rule ended after the American Revolution in 1783 when the British ceded Illinois and other Midwestern territories to the new United States.[6] In 1795, the Potawatomi nation signed the Treaty of Greenville that ended the Northwest Indian War, ceding to the United States its land at the mouth of the Chicago River.[7]

1800 to 1840

[edit]
Reverend Marquette

In 1804, Pope Pius VI erected the Diocese of Baltimore, covering the entire United States. In 1822, Alexander Beaubien became the first person to be baptized as a Catholic in Chicago.[8] By 1826, the Vatican had created the Diocese of St. Louis, covering Illinois and other areas of the American Midwest.[9]

In 1833, Jesuit missionaries in Chicago wrote to Bishop Joseph Rosati of St. Louis, pleading for a priest to serve the 100 Catholics in the city. In response, Rosati appointed Reverend John Saint Cyr. a French priest, as the first resident priest in Chicago. Saint Cyr celebrated his first mass in a log cabin on Lake Street in 1833.[8] At a cost of $400, Saint Cyr constructed St. Mary, a small wooden church near Lake and State Streets. The first Catholic church in the city, it was dedicated in 1833.[10] The next year, Bishop Simon Bruté of the new Diocese of Vincennes in Indiana, visited Chicago. He found only one priest serving over 400  Catholics. Brulé asked permission from Rosati to send several priests from Vincennes to Chicago.

In 1837, Saint Cyr retired as pastor of St. Mary and was replaced by Reverend James O'Meara. He moved St. Mary to another wooden structure at Wabash Avenue and Madison Street. When O'Meara left Chicago, Saint Palais demolished the wooden church and replaced it with a brick structure.[11]

1840 to 1850

[edit]

Pope Gregory XVI erected the Diocese of Chicago on November 28, 1843. It included all of the new State of Illinois, taking territory from the Dioceses of St. Louis and Vincennes.[12] In 1844, Gregory XVI named Reverend William Quarter of Ireland as the first bishop of Chicago.[8] On his arrival in Chicago, Quarter summoned a synod of the 32 priests to begin the organization of the diocese.[8]

Quarter secured the passage of a state law in 1845 that declared the bishop of Chicago an incorporated entity, giving him the power to hold real estate and other property in trust for religious purposes.[13] This law would allow Quarter and future prelates to construct churches, colleges, and universities in the archdiocese.

Quarter invited the Sisters of Mercy to come to Chicago in 1846. Over the next six years, the sisters founded schools, two orphanages and an academy. One of their projects was the St. Xavier Female Seminary, a secondary school that attracted students from wealthy Catholic and Protestant families.[14] St. Mary of the Lake University, the first university or college in Chicago, opened in 1846.[15] Quarter died on April 10, 1848.[16]

On October 3, 1848, Pope Pius IX appointed Reverend James Van de Velde of the Society of Jesus as the second bishop of Chicago.[17] During his brief tenure in Chicago, Van de Velde built two elementary schools, a night school for adults, an employment office, and a boarding house for working women.[14] After the 1849 cholera outbreak in Chicago, he established residences for the many children orphaned by the epidemic.[14]

1850 to 1860

[edit]
Bishop Van De Velde

Van De Velde opened the Illinois Hospital of the Lakes in 1851, the first hospital in Chicago.[14] Suffering from severe rheumatism during the harsh Chicago winters, Van De Velde persuaded the pope in 1852 to appoint him as bishop of the Diocese of Natchez in Mississippi.[18][19][20] The Vatican erected the Diocese of Quincy in 1853, taking Southern Illinois from the Diocese of Chicago. The Diocese of Quincy later became the Diocese of Alton and then the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois.[12]

In December 1853, Reverend Anthony O'Regan was appointed as the third bishop of Chicago by Pius IX. During his tenure, O'Regan purchased property for the construction of several churches and Calvary Cemetery in Chicago. A systematic administrator and strong disciplinarian, O'Regan generated significant dissatisfaction among his clergy.[21] Many French-speaking congregants accused him of stealing their property.[22][23] In 1855, the Sisters of the Holy Cross founded an industrial school in Chicago for girls, both Catholic and non-Catholic.[14]

Frustrated by the opposition he faced in the diocese, O'Regan submitted his resignation in 1857 to the Vatican, which accepted it in June 1858.[24] The pope appointed Bishop James Duggan of St. Louis as the apostolic administrator of the diocese.

On January 21, 1859, Pius IX named Duggan as the fourth bishop of Chicago.[25] Duggan faced challenges in Chicago: the legacy of the decade-long lack of leadership in the diocese, the aftereffects of the financial panic of 1857, and of the American Civil War. German Catholics were hostile to an Irish bishop. Irish-born priests were hostile to Dugan's stand against the Fenian Brotherhood: he denied the sacraments to anyone tied to this secret society. Some clergy faulted Duggan for failing to support the University of St. Mary of the Lake, which closed in 1866 due to financial problems and low enrollment.[26] In 1859, Dugan founded the House of the Good Shepherd in Chicago as a residence for "delinquent women".[14]

1860 to 1880

[edit]
St. Mary's Cathedral, Chicago. Destroyed by fire in 1871.

After Duggan returned from the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, he began to exhibit sign of mental instability. When he left Chicago for a European trip, several diocesan priests wrote to the Vatican, questioning Dugan's mental health.[27] Three years later, in 1869, Pius IX sent Duggan to a sanitarium in St. Louis and appointed Monsignor Thomas Foley as coadjutor bishop to operate the diocese. In 1870, a Jesuit educator, Reverend Arnold Damen, established St. Ignatius College in Chicago.[28]

In October 1871, the diocese suffered nearly a million dollars in property damage in the Great Chicago Fire, including the destruction of St. Mary's Cathedral.[29][30] In 1875, Foley dedicated the new Cathedral of the Holy Name in Chicago, designed by architect Patrick Keely.[31] Foley invited the Franciscans, Vincentians, Servites, Viatorians, and Resurrectionist religious orders to establish parishes and schools in the diocese. In 1876, disagreements between Foley and Mother Mary Alfred Moes of the Sisters of St. Francis of Mary Immaculate of Joliet led her to relocate her order to Minnesota.[32]

In 1877, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Peoria, taking several counties in Central Illinois from the Diocese of Chicago. Foley died in 1879,

1880 to 1900

[edit]
Archbishop Feehan

In 1880, the Vatican elevated the Diocese of Chicago to the Archdiocese of Chicago. At that time, it transferred five more counties to the Diocese of Peoria.[13] Pope Leo XIII named Bishop Patrick Feehan from the Diocese of Nashville as the first archbishop.[33]

From 1880 to 1902, the Catholic population of Chicago nearly quadrupled to 800,000, mainly due to immigration. While the existing Irish and German communities expanded, Polish, Bohemian, French-Canadian, Lithuanian, Italian, Croatian, Slovak and Dutch Catholics arrived in the archdiocese, bringing their own languages and cultural traditions.[34]

During his tenure as archbishop, Feehan founded 140 new parishes. Fifty-two of them were national parishes serving particular ethnic communities, staffed by religious orders from their home countries. The parishes provided the new immigrants with familiar fraternal organizations, music, and language, safe from xenophobia and anti-Catholic discrimination.[34]

In 1881, Feehan established the St. Vincent Orphan Asylum and in 1883 the St. Mary's Training School for Boys. They were followed in 1887 with the founding of St. Paul's Home for Working Boys.[35] A strong supporter of Catholic education, Feehan promoted it with an exhibition at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago[36] "Archbishop Feehan believed a strong system of Catholic education would solve the problem of inconsistent religious instruction at home, and unify a rapidly diversifying Catholic America."[37] He also brought the Vincentians to Chicago to start what is now DePaul University.

1900 to 1930

[edit]
Archbishop Quigley

After Feehan died in 1902, Leo XIII in 1903 named Bishop James Quigley from the Diocese of Buffalo as the next archbishop of Chicago.[24] In 1905, Quigley asked Reverend John De Schryver, a professor at St. Ignatius College Prep in Chicago, to organize St. John Berchmans Parish for Belgian Catholics.[38] Quigley also established parishes for Italian and Lithuanian immigrants. "Chicago's urban parishes flourished as an important spiritual, cultural, and educational component of Chicago's life."[39]

Pope Pius X erected the Diocese of Rockford in 1907, with 12 counties transferred from the Archdiocese of Chicago.[40] In 1910, Quigley approached Reverend Francis X. McCabe, president of DePaul University, about the lack of higher education opportunities for Catholic women in the archdiocese. DePaul began admitting women the following year.[41] Quigley died in 1915.[42]

The next archbishop of Chicago was Auxiliary Bishop George Mundelein from the Diocese of Brooklyn, appointed by Pope Benedict XV on December 9, 1915.[43] Almost half the Chicago population was Catholic by the 1920s. For decades, the parishes had been building and running their own schools, employing religious sisters as inexpensive teachers. The languages of instruction were often German or Polish. On taking office, Mundelein centralized control of the parish schools. The archdiocesan building committee now picked the locations for new schools while its school board standardized the school curricula, textbooks, teacher training, testing, and educational policies.[44]

In 1926, the archdiocese hosted the 28th International Eucharistic Congress.

1930 to 1960

[edit]

Mundelein died in 1939.[43] To replace him, Pope Pius XII named Archbishop Samuel Stritch from the Archdiocese of Milwaukee.[45] After Stritch died in May 1958, Pius Xll appointed Archbishop Albert Meyer of Milwaukee as archbishop of Chicago on September 19, 1958.[46]

Pius XII erected the Diocese of Joliet in 1948, taking four counties from the Archdiocese of Chicago along with counties from the Dioceses of Rockford and Peoria.[47] This created the current territory of the archdiocese.

On December 1, 1958, a fire at Our Lady of the Angels School in Chicago destroyed part of the school and killed 92 students and three nuns. While visiting survivors in the hospital and viewing the deceased in the city morgue, Meyer was overcome with grief. In 1959, the National Fire Protection Association report on the fire criticized the archdiocese for "housing their children in fire traps". The report noted that the archdiocese continued to operate schools with inadequate fire safety standards. The archdiocese faced $44 million in lawsuits from the families of fire victims and survivors. After six years of negotiations, Meyer agreed to a financial settlement with the victims and survivors.[15]

1960 to 1980

[edit]

In 1960, Meyer banned parishes from hosting bingo games in response to reports of corruption.[15] In January 1961, during riots in the African-American Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, Meyer made this statement:

We must remove from the church on the local scene any possible taint of racial discrimination or racial segregation, and help provide the moral leadership for eliminating racial discrimination from the whole community.[15]

After Meyer died in 1965. Pope Paul VI appointed Archbishop John Cody from the Archdiocese of New Orleans as the next archbishop of Chicago. During his tenure in Chicago, many priests and lay people criticized Cody for an autocratic management style. The Association of Chicago Priests censured Meyer in 1971 for failing to advance the Second Vatican Council reforms in the archdiocese. Cody closed 27 schools as well as several parishes in inner city Chicago.[48]

1980 to 1990

[edit]

In September 1981, the US Attorney's Office in Chicago announced an investigation of Cody over the diversion of over $1 million archdiocesan funds to Helen Dolan Wilson, whom Cody described as his step-cousin. That same week, the Chicago Sun-Times revealed that Wilson was on the archdiocesan payroll, but had no discernable duties. Cody denied all charges of wrongdoing.[49] When Cody died in 1982, the official investigation was terminated.

Pope John Paul II in 1982 chose Archbishop Joseph Bernardin of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati as Cody's replacement. Bernardin found an archdiocese in disarray, its priests disheartened by arbitrary administration and charges of financial misconduct under Cody. "With his patient charm and willingness to listen, Bernardin won back the confidence of the clergy and the laity."[50] Within a few months of his arrival in Chicago, Bernadin had spoken personally to every priest in the archdiocese. He also prepared and released an audit of the archdiocesan finances.[51]

During the 1983 mayoral election campaign in Chicago, the African-American Congressman Harold Washington faced bitter opposition from the Chicago political machine. Bernadin urged Chicago Catholics to reject racist attacks against Washington; when he was elected, Bernadin met with Washington the day after the election.[51]

In 1984, Bernadin began the Council of Religious Leaders of Metropolitan Chicago,[52][53] the successor group to the Chicago Conference on Religion and Race.[54] The archdiocese also established covenants with the Episcopal Diocese of Chicago in 1986 and with the Metropolitan Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in 1989.[52]

1990 to 2020

[edit]
Cardinal George

In 1990, Bernadin announced that the archdiocese was closing 37 churches and schools.[55] After Bernadin died in 1996, John Paul II appointed Archbishop Francis George from the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon as the eighth archbishop of Chicago,[56] George was the first native Chicagoan to become its archbishop.

In 2011, George terminated the foster care program of Catholic Charities in the archdiocese. The State of Illinois had ruled that it would not fund any charities that refused to consider same-sex couples as foster care providers or adoptive parents. George refused to comply with this requirement.[57]

In 2011, the City of Chicago proposed a new route for the June 2012 Chicago Pride Parade, a celebration by the LGBTQ community. However, the archdiocese objected to the new route, saying the parade would pass by Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church during Sunday morning mass. George told an interviewer: "you don't want the Gay Liberation Movement to morph into something like the Ku Klux Klan, demonstrating in the streets against Catholicism."[58] In response, LGBTQ advocates called for George's resignation, but George said:

"When the pastor's request for reconsideration of the plans was ignored, the organizers invited an obvious comparison to other groups who have historically attempted to stifle the religious freedom of the Catholic Church."[59][60]

City administrators negotiated a compromise plan that delayed the parade start by two hours, allowing it to pass by Our Lady after its mass concluded. Two weeks later, George apologized for his remarks.[61] George died in 2014.

Pope Francis named Bishop Blaise Cupich from the Diocese of Spokane as the next archbishop of Chicago. Cupich announced a major reorganization of the archdiocese in 2015. Approximately 50 archdiocesan employees accepted early retirement packages offered by the archdiocese.[62] In 2016, increasing costs, low attendance at mass and priest shortages prompted the archdiocese to close or consolidate up to 100 parishes and schools over the next 15 years.[63]

2020 to present

[edit]
Cardinal Cupich

On December 27, 2021, following the issuing of the motu proprio Traditionis custodes in July and the subsequent issuing of guidelines released by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments in December, Cupich imposed restrictions on the celebration of the traditional Latin mass in the archdiocese. He banned the usage of the Traditional Rite on the first Sunday of every month, Christmas, the Triduum, Easter Sunday, and Pentecost Sunday.[64] In 2021, the archdiocese announced plans to combine 13 parishes into five clusters, to minister to regions south of Chicago.[62]

On August 1, 2022, the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest (ICKSP) announced the celebration of public masses and sacraments at Shrine of Christ the King Church, its headquarters in Chicago.[65] The archdiocese had sent the ICKSP in 2021 its new regulations on the use of the traditional Latin Mass.[66]

As of 2024, 39 churches in Chicago and 21 in the surrounding suburbs have closed and the number of parishes has reduced from 344 to 216.[67][68]

Sexual abuse

[edit]
Main article: Sexual abuse scandal in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago

Churches

[edit]
Main article: List of churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago

In the 1950s, Chicago-area Catholics spoke of which churches they attended and identified themselves via these churches. University of Notre Dame professor Kathleen Sprows Cummings stated that knowing one's church revealed demographic information and that it "was an identifier, almost more identifiable than the particular neighborhood that they lived in."[69]

Archbishop's residence

[edit]
Archbishop's residence, Chicago (now a guesthouse)

The archbishop's residence in Chicago is a private guesthouse owned by the Archdiocese of Chicago. It served as the official residence of the archbishops until 2014, when incoming Archbishop Blaise Cupich decided to live in the rectory of Holy Name Cathedral.[70]

Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the archbishop's residence was built in 1885 by Bishop Feehan. A three-story, red brick building, it is one of the oldest structures in the Astor Street District, according to the Landmarks Preservation Council. Before its construction, the bishops of Chicago resided at a home on LaSalle Street and North Avenue. When John Paul II visited Chicago in 1979, he became the first pontiff to stay at the residence. However, both Pius XII and Paul VI resided there during their visits to Chicago as cardinals.[71]

Bishops

[edit]

Since 1915, the Vatican has designated each archbishop of Chicago as a cardinal priest, with membership in the College of Cardinals. As such, they also have responsibilities in the dicasteries of the Roman Curia.

  • All but two of the bishops and archbishops of Chicago previously served as diocesan priests.
  • Bishop Van de Velde belonged to the Society of Jesus and Archbishop George was a member of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate.[8]

Bishops of Chicago

[edit]
  1. William J. Quarter (1844–1848)
  2. James Oliver Van de Velde (1848–1853), appointed Bishop of Natchez
  3. Anthony O'Regan (1854–1858)
  4. James Duggan (1859–1880)

Archbishops of Chicago

[edit]
  1. Patrick Augustine Feehan (1880–1902)
  2. James Edward Quigley (1903–1915)
  3. Cardinal George Mundelein (1915–1939)
  4. Cardinal Samuel Stritch (1939–1958), appointed Pro-Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
  5. Cardinal Albert Gregory Meyer (1958–1965)
  6. Cardinal John Cody (1965–1982)
  7. Cardinal Joseph Bernardin (1982–1996)
  8. Cardinal Francis George (1997–2014)
  9. Cardinal Blase J. Cupich (2014[72] present)

Current auxiliary bishops

[edit]

Former auxiliary bishops

[edit]

Other archdiocesan priests who became bishops

[edit]

Structure of the archdiocese

[edit]
Map of vicariates in the Archdiocese of Chicago

Pastoral centers

[edit]
Archbishop Quigley Pastoral Center, Chicago

The archdiocese operates the Archbishop Quigley and Cardinal Meyer pastoral centers in Chicago.

Departments

[edit]

As of 2024, the archdiocese has the following departments, agencies and offices:

  • Amate House
  • Archdiocesan Council of Catholic Women
  • Archives and Records
  • Assistance Ministry
  • Catechesis and Youth Ministry
  • Catholic Cemeteries
  • Catholic Charities
  • Chicago Airports Catholic Chaplaincy
  • Catholic Schools
  • Chancellor's Office
  • Communications and Public Relations
  • Conciliation
  • Diaconate
  • Divine Worship
  • Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs
  • Family Ministries
  • Financial Services
  • Lay Ecclesial Ministry
  • Legal Services
  • Liturgy Training Publications
  • Metropolitan Tribunal
  • Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs
  • Evangelization and Missionary Discipleship
  • Information Technology
  • Human Dignity and Solidarity
  • Persons with Disabilities
  • Parish Vitality and Mission
  • Protection of Children and Youth
  • Planning and Construction
  • Respect Life
  • Stewardship and Development
  • Vocations
  • Young Adult Ministry
  • Youth Ministry[73]

Office of Catholic Schools

[edit]
Monument to victims of the 1958 Our Lady of the Angels School Fire in Chicago. It is located at Queen of Heaven Cemetery
See also: List of schools of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago

The Office of Catholic Schools operates a system of primary and secondary schools in the archdiocese. A 2015 article in the Chicago Tribune described the archdiocesan schools as the largest private school system in the United States.[74]

The first school in the archdiocese was a boy's school, opened in Chicago in 1844. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the archdiocese established schools serving Germans, Poles, Czechs, Bohemians, French, Slovaks, Lithuanians, Puerto Rican Americans, African Americans, Italians, and Mexicans. Many of these schools were founded by religious sisters.[75] The school construction boom in the archdiocese ended when Cardinal Cody freezed school construction in Lake County and suburban Cook County.

Between 1984 and 2004, the archdiocese closed 148  schools and 10  school sites.[76] By 2005, over half of its urban schools had closed.[77] In January 2018, the archdiocese announced the closure of five school and In January 2020 it closed five more schools.[75][26] As of 2022, the archdiocese contained 33 secondary schools; seven were all-girls. seven were all-boys and 19 were co-ed[78] The system had an enrollment of 44,460 students in its primary schools and 19,200 in its secondary schools.[79]

Respect Life Office

[edit]

Cardinal George established the Respect Life Office in the archdiocese. It provides educational resources and a speakers bureau, and sponsors conferences, retreats and rallies. The Office runs Project Rachel Post Abortion Healing, a program for women who have abortion procedures; and the Chastity Education Initiative, which advises youth and young adults on sexuality issues.[80][81]

The office has coordinated the local 40 Days for Life campaign and trips to the March for Life rallies in both Chicago and Washington, DC, for college and high school students.[82][83]

Seminary

[edit]

Province of Chicago

[edit]
Province of Chicago

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Facts and Figures - Archdiocese of Chicago". www.archchicago.org.
  2. ^ "Cardinal Blase J. Cupich Names Bishop Robert G. Casey New Vicar General of Archdiocese of Chicago" (Press release). Archdiocese of Chicago. August 28, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  3. ^ "A Consistent Ethic of Life: Continuing the Dialogue". www.priestsforlife.org. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  4. ^ Monet, J. (1979). "Marquette, Jacques". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. University of Toronto/Laval University. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  5. ^ "Jacques Gravier", Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, accessed 1 Mar 2010
  6. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Treaty of Paris, 1783". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  7. ^ "Summer 1795: The Treaty of Greenville creates an uneasy peace (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e Melody, John (1908). "Archdiocese of Chicago". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  9. ^ "Saint Louis (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  10. ^ "History - Old St. Mary's Chicago". oldstmarys.com. July 24, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  11. ^ "Father O'Meara biography". St. Dennis Church. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2006.
  12. ^ a b "Chicago (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  13. ^ a b Avella, Steven M. (2005). "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society/Newberry Library. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Walch, Timothy (1978). "Catholic Social Institutions and Urban Development: The View from Nineteenth-Century Chicago and Milwaukee". The Catholic Historical Review. 64 (1): 16–32. ISSN 0008-8080. JSTOR 25020237.
  15. ^ a b c d "Albert Cardinal Meyer Is Dead;I Archbishop of Chicago Was 621; Leader of Largest A rchdioces in U.S. Urged Interfaith Ties at Council in Rome". The New York Times. April 10, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  16. ^ "Bishop William Quarter (1806–1848)". Offaly Historical & Archaeological Society. September 2, 2007. Archived from the original on January 5, 2006. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  17. ^ "Bishop James Oliver Van de Velde [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  18. ^ De Smet, Pierre-Jean. Death of Bishop Van de Velde Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, 1855 eulogy to Belgian newsletter by fellow Belgian-born Jesuit; accessed April 12, 2009.
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  23. ^ "Founding Fathers". Hidden Truths: Catholic Cemetery.
  24. ^ a b "Meet the previous leaders of the church in Chicago". Chicago Catholic. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
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  26. ^ a b Hope, Leah; Elgas, Rob; Hickey, Megan (January 19, 2018). "Archdiocese of Chicago to close 5 Catholic schools". ABC7 Chicago.
  27. ^ John J. Treanor, "Chicago's fourth bishop "home" after 102 years" The Catholic New World April 1, 2001 "The Catholic New World - 04/01/01 - Final chapter, final rest: Chicago's fourth bishop "home" after 102 years". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2010.
  28. ^ Young, Kathy. "Research Guides: Archives and Special Collections: History of Loyola University Chicago". libguides.luc.edu. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  29. ^ Avella, Steven M., "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago",Encyclopedia of Chicago, 2005, Chicago Historical Society
  30. ^ "History - Old St. Mary's Chicago". oldstmarys.com. July 24, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  31. ^ Holy Name Cathedral, history
  32. ^ "History of Mayo Clinic Hospital, Saint Marys Campus", Mayo Clinic
  33. ^ "Archbishop Patrick Augustine Feehan [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  34. ^ a b Brachear, Manya A., "Chicago's first archbishop was 'good prelate, good man'" Chicago Tribune, May 19, 2013
  35. ^ Tribune, Chicago (May 19, 2013). "Chicago's first archbishop was 'good prelate, good man'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  36. ^ "From Feehan to Cupich: meet Chicago's Catholic leaders" Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2014
  37. ^ Mercado, Monica. "Archbishop Patrick A. Feehan and Catholic Chicago", Faith in the City
  38. ^ ""Our History", St. John Berchmans School". Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
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  40. ^ "Rockford (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  41. ^ "Into the Archives | Sections | DePaul University Newsline | DePaul University, Chicago". resources.depaul.edu. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
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  43. ^ a b "George William Cardinal Mundelein [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  44. ^ James W. Sanders, The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965 (Oxford UP, 1977) pp. 126-136, 147-160.
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Further reading

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  • Coughlin, Roger J. Charitable Care in the Archdiocese of Chicago (Chicago: The Catholic Charities, 2009)
  • Dahm, Charles W. Power and Authority in the Catholic Church: Cardinal Cody in Chicago (University of Notre Dame Press, 1981)
  • Faraone, Dominic E. "Urban Rifts and Religious Reciprocity: Chicago and the Catholic Church, 1965–1996." (2013, PhD, Marquette University); Bibliography pages 359–86. online
  • Garrathan, Gilbert J. The Catholic Church in Chicago, 1673–1871 (Loyola University Press, 1921)
  • Greeley, Andrew M. Chicago Catholics and the struggles within their Church (Transaction Publishers, 2011)
  • Hoy, Suellen. Good Hearts: Catholic Sisters in Chicago's Past (University of Illinois Press, 2006)
  • Kantowicz, Edward R. Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism (University of Notre Dame Press, 1983)
  • Kantowicz, Edward R. The Archdiocese of Chicago: A Journey of Faith (Ireland: Booklink, 2006)
  • Kelliher, Thomas G. Hispanic Catholics and the Archidiocese of Chicago, 1923–1970 (PhD Diss. UMI, Dissertation Services, 1998)
  • Kennedy, Eugene. This Man Bernardin (Loyola U. Press, 1996)
  • Koenig, Rev. Msgr. Harry C., S.T.D., ed. Caritas Christi Urget Nos: A History of the Offices, Agencies, and Institutions of the Archdiocese of Chicago (2 vols. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 1981)
  • Koenig, Rev. Msgr. Harry C., S.T.D., ed. A History of the Parishes of the Archdiocese of Chicago. (2 vols. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 1980)
  • McMahon, Eileen M. What Parish Are You From?: A Chicago Irish Community and Race Relations (University Press of Kentucky, 1995)
  • Neary, Timothy B. "Black-Belt Catholic Space: African-American Parishes in Interwar Chicago." US Catholic Historian (2000): 76–91. in JSTOR
  • Parot, Joseph John. Polish Catholics in Chicago: 1850–1920: a Religious History (Northern Illinois University Press, 1981.)
  • Reiff, Janice L. et al., eds. The Encyclopedia of Chicago (University of Chicago Press, 2004) online
  • Sanders, James W. The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833–1965 (Oxford University Press, 1977)
  • Shanabruch, Charles. Chicago's Catholics: The evolution of an American identity (Univ of Notre Dame Press, 1981)
  • Skerrett, Ellen. "The Catholic Dimension." in Lawrence J. McCaffrey et al. eds. The Irish in Chicago (University of Illinois Press, 1987)
  • Skerrett, Ellen. Chicago's Neighborhoods and the Eclipse of Sacred Space (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994)
  • Skerrett, Ellen. et al. eds., Catholicism, Chicago Style (Loyola University Press, 1993)
  • Skok, Deborah A. More Than Neighbors: Catholic Settlements and Day Nurseries in Chicago, 1893–1930 (Northern Illinois University Press, 2007)
  • Wall, A.E.P. The Spirit of Cardinal Bernardin (Chicago: Thomas More Press, 1983)
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