Archibald Gracie III

Archibald Gracie III
Personal details
Born	(1832-12-01)December 1, 1832 New York City, New York
Died	December 2, 1864(1864-12-02) (aged 32) Petersburg, Virginia
Resting place	Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, New York City
Spouse	Josephine Mayo ​ (m. 1856)​
Children	2, including Archibald Gracie IV
Relatives	Archibald Gracie (grandfather)
Alma mater	University of Heidelberg West Point
Occupation	Soldier Businessman
Military service
Allegiance	United States of America  Confederate States of America
Branch/service	United States Army  Confederate States Army
Years of service	1854–56 (USA) 1861–64 (CSA)
Rank	Second Lieutenant (USA) Brigadier General (CSA)
Battles/wars	American Civil War Battle of Yorktown (1862) Battle of Perryville Tullahoma Campaign Battle of Chickamauga Battle of Bean's Station Siege of Petersburg †

Archibald Gracie III (December 1, 1832 – December 2, 1864) was a career United States Army officer, businessman, and a graduate of West Point. He is well known for being a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War and for his death during the Siege of Petersburg.

Archibald Gracie III was born on December 1, 1832, to Archibald Gracie II (1795–1865),^[1] who married Elizabeth Davidson Bethune (d. 1864).^[2] He was born into a wealthy New York City family^[3] with interests in exporting cotton from Mobile, Alabama.^[4] After his elementary education, Gracie traveled to Germany for five years of further studying at the University of Heidelberg.^[5] After arriving back in the United States Archibald started his education at West Point, at the time of Robert E. Lee's superintendency. Gracie came to Lee's attention when, after intentionally stepping on fellow cadet Wharton J. Green's heels while marching, he was challenged to a fight on the parade grounds. When a teacher broke up the fight, which Gracie was losing badly, Green fled, and Gracie refused to tell who he'd been fighting. Days later, Green went into Lee's office to admit his role and demand an equal punishment. Lee decided to punish neither of them, and Gracie and Green became fast friends.^[6]

After graduating in 1854, he was appointed a second lieutenant and set off as an escort to Governor Isaac Stevens, who was on the way to the Walla Walla Council of 1855.^[7]

In 1857, Gracie resigned his post to join his father's firm, established during the 1840s in Mobile, Alabama, as agents of the London banking firm of Baring brothers.^[7] Later Gracie became the President of the Barings Bank of Mobile.^[8] It was here in Mobile that he joined the Washington Light Infantry and became its captain. By the orders of Governor Andrew B. Moore, Archibald and his men took the Mount Vernon Arsenal in Mount Vernon, Alabama.^[7]

When Alabama seceded in 1861, Gracie enlisted in the Confederate States Army. In June 1861, he was created a major of the 11th Alabama Regiment. From March to April 1862, he commanded a small company of sharpshooters, who were some of the first to reinforce General Magruder during the Battle of Yorktown.^[7] In July of that year, Gracie was put in command of a brigade near Chattanooga, Tennessee, consisting of the 43rd Alabama Infantry, 55th Georgia Infantry, 12th Georgia Infantry, 1st Georgia Artillery, and 1st Florida Dismounted Regiment.^[7] Through his successes in Huntsville, Tennessee, he was promoted to brigadier general on November 4, 1862, at the age of 29.^[7] His company was the guard of the rear of General Bragg's army in Harrodsburg during his retreat from the Battle of Perryville, and during his retreat after the Tullahoma Campaign. General Gracie's command took an active role during the Battle of Chickamauga, where he lost over 700 men.^{[citation needed]}

Gracie and his unit then joined General James Longstreet's army at the Battle of Bean's Station. During this battle, Gracie was shot in the arm, causing temporary paralysis of his little and ring fingers.^[9] After his recovery, he was sent to Richmond to join General Beauregard.^[10] While there, he had a horse shot out from under him, but came away relatively unscathed.^[7] During the Siege of Petersburg, General Robert E. Lee was at "Gracie's Mortar Hell" inspecting Gracie's defenses. When Lee raised his head over the wall to glance at the Union position, Gracie climbed the wall in front of him. Lee then stated, "Why, Gracie, you will certainly be killed." Gracie replied, "It is better, General, that I be killed than you. When you get down, I will."^[11]

Between July and December 1864, Gracie served in the trenches of Petersburg, Virginia, during the Siege of Petersburg. On December 1, Gracie's 32nd birthday, his second child, a girl, was born, and he was to take a leave to see the baby on December 3.^[11] On December 2, however, Archibald Gracie was looking out at the Union lines through his telescope when an artillery shell exploded in front of him, killing him instantly.^[11]

Because of his actions at the Battle of Chickamauga, Gracie's name was put into consideration for a promotion to a major general, but his death caused the consideration to be suspended.^[5] Francis "Frank" Orray Ticknor eulogized Gracie's death in the poem "Gracie, of Alabama," which he sent to General Robert H. Chilton.^[12]

On November 19, 1856, Gracie married Josephine Mayo (1836–1901), daughter of Edward Carrington Mayo (1791–1852) and Adeline Marx (1808–1879). Josephine was the niece of General Winfield Scott through her father's sister, Maria D. Mayo (1789–1862), and was the great great granddaughter of Major William Mayo, who laid out the city of Richmond in 1737.^[13][14] Together, the couple had a son and a daughter, who was born the day before Gracie's death. Their children were:

• Archibald Gracie IV (1858–1912), the famous survivor of the Titanic.^[11]
• Adeline Gracie (1864–1948)

Gracie is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

New York City's historic Sons of Confederate Veterans Camp, Archibald Gracie Camp #985, is named in his honor.^{[citation needed]}

• List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
• Gracie Mansion
• Archibald Gracie IV

Notes

Sources

• Biddle, Ellen McGowan, "Recollections" (1920) pg. 20
• Daly, Maria Lydig; Harold Earl Hammond, and Jean V. Berlin, Diary of a Union Lady, 1861-1865 (2000) pg. 33
• Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
• Owen, Thomas McAdory and Marie Bankhead Owens, History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography (1921) pg. 686
• Patterson, Gerard A., Rebels from West Point: The 306 U.S. Military Academy Graduates Who Fought for the Confederacy (2002) pg. 126
• Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
• Smith, Derek, The Gallant Dead: Union and Confederate Generals Killed in the Civil War (2005) pg. 303
• Ticknor, Francis Orray and Kate Mason Rowlands, The Poems of Frank O. Ticknor, M.D. (1879) pp. 39–40
• Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
• Welsh, Jack D., Medical Histories of Confederate Generals (1999) pg. 85