Aubrey de Grey

Aubrey de Grey
De Grey in 2018
Born
Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey

(1963-04-20) 20 April 1963 (age 61)
London, England
NationalityBritish
EducationHarrow School
Alma materTrinity Hall, Cambridge
(BA, PhD)
Occupation(s)President and CSO of LEVF[1]
Known for
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1991; div. 2017)​
[2]
Transhumanism
Issues
People
Influential works
Variants
Related topics

Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey (/dəˈɡreɪ/; born 20 April 1963) is an English biomedical gerontologist. He is the author of The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (1999) and co-author of Ending Aging (2007). De Grey is known for his view that medical technology may enable human beings alive today not to die from age-related causes. As an amateur mathematician, he has contributed to the study of the Hadwiger–Nelson problem in geometric graph theory, making the first progress on the problem in over 60 years.

De Grey is an international adjunct professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.[3] In August 2021, he was removed as the Chief Science Officer of the SENS Research Foundation after he had allegedly attempted to interfere in a probe investigating sexual harassment allegations against him. In September 2021, an independent investigation concluded that he had made offensive remarks to two women.

Early life and education

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De Grey was born on 20 April 1963[4][5] and brought up in London, England.[6] He told The Observer that he never knew his father, and that his mother Cordelia, an artist, encouraged him in the areas in which she herself was weakest: science and mathematics.[7] De Grey was educated at Sussex House School[8] and Harrow School.[9] He attended university at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, graduating with a BA in computer science in 1985.[10]

Career

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After graduation in 1985, de Grey joined Sinclair Research as an artificial intelligence (AI) researcher and software engineer. In 1986, along with SRL colleague Aaron Turner, he co-founded Man-Made Minions Ltd. in order to pursue the development of an automated formal program verifier.[11] At a graduate party in Cambridge, de Grey met fruit fly geneticist Adelaide Carpenter,[12] whom he would marry in 1991.[13] Through her, he was introduced to the intersection of biology and programming when her boss needed someone who knew about computers and biology to take over the running of a database on fruit flies.[14] In the early 1990s, he switched fields from AI research to biomedical gerontology, after realising that "biologists by and large were not terribly interested in doing anything about aging".[15] He educated himself in biology by reading journals and textbooks, attending conferences, and being tutored by Professor Carpenter.[16][17] From 1992 to 2006, he was in charge of software development at the university's Genetics Department for the FlyBase genetic database.[18]

Cambridge awarded de Grey a Ph.D. by publication in biology on 9 December 2000.[10][19] The degree was based on his 1999 book The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging, in which de Grey wrote that obviating damage to mitochondrial DNA might by itself extend lifespan significantly, though he said it was more likely that cumulative damage to mitochondria is a significant cause of senescence, but not the single dominant cause.[citation needed]

Strategies

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In 2005, de Grey argued that most of the fundamental knowledge needed to develop effective anti-aging medicine already exists, and that the science is ahead of the funding. He described his work as identifying and promoting specific technological approaches to the reversal of various aspects of aging, or, as he puts it, "... the set of accumulated side effects from metabolism that eventually kills us."[20]

Aubrey de Grey explaining the SENS approach in a talk in 2010

As of 2005, de Grey's work centered on a detailed plan called strategies for engineered negligible senescence (SENS), which is aimed at preventing age-related physical and cognitive decline. In March 2009, he co-founded the SENS Research Foundation (named SENS Foundation until early 2013), a non-profit organisation based in California, United States, where he served until 2021 as Chief Science Officer. The foundation "works to develop, promote and ensure widespread access to regenerative medicine solutions to the disabilities and diseases of aging",[21] focusing on the strategies for engineered negligible senescence. Before March 2009, the SENS research program was mainly pursued by the Methuselah Foundation, co-founded by de Grey.

A major activity of the Methuselah Foundation is the Methuselah Mouse Prize,[22] a prize designed to incentivize research into effective life extension interventions by awarding monetary prizes to researchers who stretch the lifespan of mice to unprecedented lengths. De Grey stated in March 2005 "if we are to bring about real regenerative therapies that will benefit not just future generations, but those of us who are alive today, we must encourage scientists to work on the problem of aging." The prize reached US$4.2 million in February 2007.

In 2007, de Grey wrote the book Ending Aging with the assistance of Michael Rae.[23]

In a 2008 broadcast on Franco-German TV network Arte, de Grey claimed that the first human to live 1,000 years was probably already alive, and might even be between 50 and 60 years old already.[24]

In 2012, de Grey inherited more than US$16 million, US$13 million of which he donated to the SENS Research Foundation.[25]

Aubrey de Grey during an interview with Stephen Sackur at the St. Gallen Symposium in 2014

In 2022, de Grey started the Longevity Escape Velocity Foundation, which funded and launched a project focusing on robust mouse rejuvenation.[26]

Mathematics

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On 8 April 2018, de Grey posted a paper to arXiv explicitly constructing a unit-distance graph in the plane that cannot be colored with fewer than five colors, increasing the previously known lower bound by one and making the first progress on the problem in over 60 years.[27] The previous lower bound of four was due to the problem's original proposal in 1950 by Hugo Hadwiger and Edward Nelson.[28] De Grey's graph has 1581 vertices, but it has since been reduced to 510 by independent researchers.[29][30][31]

AgeX Therapeutics

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De Grey was formerly Vice President of New Technology Discovery at AgeX Therapeutics, a startup in the longevity space helmed by Michael D. West. He was appointed to the position within the company in July 2017.[32][33][34]

Xenocatabolism

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Xenocatabolism is a concept in medical bioremediation that relies upon introducing into the body microbial enzymes that break down pathogenic lysosomal, cytosolic and extracellular aggregates. The term, also called xenohydrolysis, was coined by de Grey, building upon the work of others.[35][36] De Grey posited that there are microbes that feed on substances such as amyloid, cholesterol and other related substances in places that are full of human remains, such as graveyards. This was based on the microbial infallibility hypothesis. He states that "the biomedical approach would be to identify the genetic basis for that capacity, and to put one or two genes into ourselves, thereby enhancing our own ability to break things down, and to thereby get rid of things that we cannot naturally break down".[37] In order to add credibility to the concept, de Grey created an experiment using soil from a graveyard and took the bacteria from it. He used lipofuscin, "one of the major things that accumulates indigestibly in the body" – which some of the bacteria broke down, lending credibility to the hypothesis. De Grey presented this theory on May 29, 2007, at the Googleplex Google TechTalks.[citation needed]

Views

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Future of anti-aging medicine

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De Grey believes that medical technology may enable human beings alive today not to die from age-related causes.[38]

He coined the term Methuselarity, which he defines as the moment when medical therapies will rejuvenate people enough to continue living healthily until the next improved generation of rejuvenation biotechnology, and so on, indefinitely. According to de Grey, that is synonymous with the point where science achieves longevity escape velocity–the minimum rate at which those therapies need to be improved in order to allow people not to suffer from age-related ill-health at any age.[39] In 2022, he stated that there is a 50% chance that this breakthrough was only 15 years away.[40]

However, de Grey views the fatalistic attitude toward aging in society, as he sees it, as a hurdle in the rapid development of anti-aging medicine, which he calls "pro-aging trance".[41]

Technology Review debate

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In 2005, MIT Technology Review, in cooperation with the Methuselah Foundation, announced a US$20,000 prize for any molecular biologist who could demonstrate that SENS was "so wrong that it is unworthy of learned debate." The judges of the challenge were Rodney Brooks, Anita Goel, Vikram Sheel Kumar, Nathan Myhrvold, and Craig Venter. Five submissions were made, of which three met the terms of the challenge. De Grey wrote a rebuttal to each submission, and the challengers wrote responses to each rebuttal. The judges concluded that none of the challengers had disproved SENS, but the magazine opined that Preston Estep's submission was particularly eloquent and well written, and awarded the contestant US$10,000. The judges also noted "the proponents of SENS have not made a compelling case for SENS", and wrote that many of its proposals could not be verified with the current level of scientific knowledge and technology, concluding that "SENS does not compel the assent of many knowledgeable scientists; but neither is it demonstrably wrong."[42] The critics single out three proposed therapies for criticism: somatic telomerase deletion, somatic mitochondrial genome engineering, and the use of transgenic microbial hydrolase.[43]

Later in 2005, he was the subject of an associated critical editorial article in the MIT Technology Review, which viewed his theories as oversimplifying anti-aging as a scientific goal, and expressed concern at a lack of ethical and moral considerations towards anti-aging research.[44]

EMBO Reports

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A 2005 article about SENS published in the viewpoint section of EMBO Reports by 28 scientists concluded that none of de Grey's hypotheses "have ever been shown to extend the lifespan of any organism, let alone humans".[45] The SENS Research Foundation, of which de Grey was a co-founder, acknowledged this, stating, "If you want to reverse the damage of aging right now I'm afraid the simple answer is, you can't."[46] Moreover, de Grey argued that this reveals a serious gap in understanding between basic scientists and technologists and between biologists studying aging and those studying regenerative medicine.[47]

The 31-member Research Advisory Board of de Grey's SENS Research Foundation have signed an endorsement of the plausibility of the SENS approach.[48] In 2021, the National Institute on Aging (NIA), a division of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), showcased a SENS research project and provided a grant for the research.[49][50]

Future of work

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According to de Grey, automation will take over most jobs in the future.[51] He also believes that the introduction of a universal basic income will be necessary to find "some new way to distribute wealth that doesn’t depend on being paid to do things we wouldn’t otherwise do".[51]

Cryonics

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De Grey is a cryonicist, having signed up with Alcor.[52] When asked in an interview about his views on cryonics, he answered that "[...] it's an absolute tragedy that cryonics is still such a backwater publicly and that a large majority of people still believe that it has no chance of ever working", arguing "If people understood it better, there would be more research done to develop better cryopreservation technologies, and more people would have a chance at life."[53]

Sexual harassment allegations and aftermath

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In August 2021, following allegations of sexual harassment by two women, de Grey was put on administrative leave by the SENS Research Foundation (SRF).[54]

Both women describe situations in which he, {...} explicitly spoke with them about sex. According to Halioua’s account, he told her that it was her responsibility to sleep with SENS donors to encourage financial contributions. Deming was 17 when, she alleges, de Grey told her he wanted to speak with her about his “adventurous love life.” Deming says that when she recently became aware that this was not a one-off incident, she was “angry to realize that Aubrey inappropriately propositioned more than one woman, many in the community knew about it, and no one did anything,” she writes.[55]

The SRF board of directors decided to remove de Grey from his position as chief science officer, severing all ties with him following the report that he had allegedly attempted to interfere with the investigation.[56]

The independent investigator determined that de Grey made inappropriate remarks to Deming and Halioua.[57] The investigator also decided de Grey's attempt to communicate with Halioua via a third party constituted interference, although de Grey stated he believed that phase of the investigation had concluded. The investigator found that various other allegations against de Grey were not substantiated.[58][59]

In March 2022, SRF released a statement regarding de Grey's employment affirming that while his actions "did substantiate instances of poor judgment and boundary-crossing behaviors, Dr. de Grey is not a sexual predator."[60]

De Grey's removal from SRF led three major donors to sue SRF for fraud, where they alleged that at the time they had donated (July 2021) the SRF board was already engineering de Grey’s removal but had concealed this from the wider world.[61][62] The donors said that had they known that de Grey would not be substantially responsible for disbursing donated funds they would not have donated. The suit was settled within three months and did not proceed to a discovery phase.[62] The nature of the settlement was not made public, but de Grey has stated that the LEV Foundation, his new organization, was formed "as a result".[63] Another lawsuit making similar accusations was filed by donor April Okita on November 21st, 2024.[64]

Bibliography

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  • de Grey, Aubrey (1999). The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging. Austin: R.G. Landes Company. ISBN 1-57059-564-X.
  • de Grey, Aubrey, ed. (2004). Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence: Why Genuine Control of Aging May Be Foreseeable. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-1573314961.
  • de Grey, Aubrey; Rae, Michael (2007). Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-36706-0. OCLC 132583222.
  • Polymath, D. H. J. (April 2018). "Hadwiger-Nelson problem (Polymath project page)".

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Team". Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  2. ^ Cox, Hugo. Aubrey de Grey: scientist who says humans can live for 1,000 years, Financial Times, 8 February 2017.
  3. ^ "Doctor Aubrey de Grey an MIPT Adjunct Professor". Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University). 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013.
  4. ^ Bushko, Renata G., ed. (2005). Future of Intelligent and Extelligent Health Environment, volume 118. IOS Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-58603-571-6.
  5. ^ de Grey, A.; Jacobsen, S.D. (8 June 2014). "Dr. Aubrey de Grey: SENS Research Foundation, Co-founder; Rejuvenation Research, Editor-in-Chief". In-Sight (5.A): 29–33.
  6. ^ Stripp, David (14 June 2004). "This Man Would Have You Live A Really, Really, Really, Really Long Time. If a mouse can survive the equivalent of 180 years, why not us? Or our kids? Scientific provocateur Aubrey de Grey has a plan". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  7. ^ Templeton, Tom (16 September 2007). "Holding back the years". The Observer. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  8. ^ "About Us". Sussex House School. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012.
  9. ^ Cox, Hugo (8 February 2017). "Aubrey de Grey: scientist who says humans can live for 1,000 years". Financial Times. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  10. ^ a b "Executive Team". sens.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  11. ^ "Aubrey de Grey on "The Singularity" and "The Methuselarity"". h+ Media. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  12. ^ Hooper, Joseph (2 January 2005). "The Prophet of Immortality". Popular Science. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  13. ^ Chen, Ingfei. Wake-Up Call, Sciencemag.org, 19 February 2003.
  14. ^ Aubrey de Grey Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Methuselah Foundation, accessed 9 February 2010.
  15. ^ "Big Think Interview with Aubrey de Grey". Big Think. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  16. ^ Tom Templeton (16 September 2007). "Tom Templeton on biomedical theorist Aubrey de Grey". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  17. ^ "The Prophet of Immortality". Popular Science. 2 January 2005. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  18. ^ Misra, S.; Crosby, M.; Mungall, C.; Matthews, B.; Campbell, K.; Hradecky, P.; Huang, Y.; Kaminker, J.; Millburn, G.; Prochnik, S. E.; Smith, C. D.; Tupy, J. L.; Whitfied, E. J.; Bayraktaroglu, L.; Berman, B. P.; Bettencourt, B. R.; Celniker, S. E.; De Grey, A. D.; Drysdale, R. A.; Harris, N. L.; Richter, J.; Russo, S.; Schroeder, A. J.; Shu, S. Q.; Stapleton, M.; Yamada, C.; Ashburner, M.; Gelbart, W. M.; Rubin, G. M.; Lewis, S. E. (2002). "Annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome: A systematic review". Genome Biology. 3 (12): research0083.research0081–83.research0081. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-12-research0083. PMC 151185. PMID 12537572.
  19. ^ Congregation of the Regent House on 9 December 2000, Cambridge University Reporter, 13 December 2000. Special regulations available only to Cambridge degree holders (of whatever discipline) permit the submission of "...a significant contribution to scholarship" instead. Though the awardee has not been registered as a PhD student, the degree is not honorary; applicants are evaluated by the usual methods, with examiners appointed and an oral defense of the submitted work.
  20. ^ Than, Ker (11 April 2005). "Hang in There: The 25-Year Wait for Immortality". Live Science. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  21. ^ "A Brief History". SENS Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010.
  22. ^ "Methuselah Foundation". mprize.org. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  23. ^ de Grey, Aubrey; Rae, Michael. September 2007. Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York, NY: Saint Martin's Press, 416 p. ISBN 0-312-36706-6.
  24. ^ Aux frontières de l'immortalité, 16 November 2008, 23:10. Director: Gerald Caillat
  25. ^ Bagalà, Nicola (27 July 2018). "Dr. Aubrey de Grey – SENS Research Foundation". www.lifespan.io. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021. I inherited 16.5 million dollars of which I donated 13 million. That was back in 2012 before we had any projects that we could spin out into companies. That inheritance was very timely, but the point is that I would still do it even now. If my mother died today, I'd probably do the same thing, ... every donor is different; some donors are more philanthropically inclined than others.
  26. ^ "Aubrey de Grey on LEVF and rejuvenation| Lifespan.io".
  27. ^ "Decades-Old Graph Problem Yields to Amateur Mathematician | Quanta Magazine". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  28. ^ de Grey, Aubrey D.N.J (8 April 2018), The chromatic number of the plane is at least 5, arXiv:1804.02385, Bibcode:2018arXiv180402385D
  29. ^ Lamb, Evelyn (17 April 2018). "Decades-Old Graph Problem Yields to Amateur Mathematician".
  30. ^ Dockrill, Peter (19 April 2018). "An Amateur Solved a 60-Year-Old Maths Problem About Colours That Can Never Touch". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021.
  31. ^ Mixon, Dustin G. (8 July 2019). "Polymath16, thirteenth thread: Bumping the deadline?". Short, Fat Matrices. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  32. ^ "Agex to develop powerful regenerative and anti-aging treatments". Next Big Future. 16 December 2017.
  33. ^ "Biotime unit Agex Therapeutics appoints Aubrey De Grey as VP of new technology discovery". Reuters. 13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021.
  34. ^ "AgeX Therapeutics lands $10 mln". PE HUB. 17 August 2017.
  35. ^ De Grey, Aubrey D.N.J (2002). "Bioremediation meets biomedicine: Therapeutic translation of microbial catabolism to the lysosome". Trends in Biotechnology. 20 (11): 452–5. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(02)02062-0. PMID 12413818.
  36. ^ De Grey, Aubrey D.N.J; Alvarez, Pedro J.J; Brady, Roscoe O; Cuervo, Ana Maria; Jerome, W. Gray; McCarty, Perry L; Nixon, Ralph A; Rittmann, Bruce E; Sparrow, Janet R (2005). "Medical bioremediation: Prospects for the application of microbial catabolic diversity to aging and several major age-related diseases". Ageing Research Reviews. 4 (3): 315–38. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2005.03.008. PMID 16040282. S2CID 26866787.
  37. ^ Prospects for extending healthy life - a lot on YouTube
  38. ^ Hang in There: The 25-Year Wait for Immortality, www.livescience.com.
  39. ^ de Grey, Aubrey (2008). "The singularity and the Methuselarity: similarities and differences" (PDF). Strategy for the Future. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  40. ^ Weiner, Jonathan (20 October 2022). "The bird is fine, the bird is fine, the bird is fine, it's dead". Technology Review. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  41. ^ Corbyn, Zoë (11 January 2015). "Live for ever: Scientists say they'll soon extend life 'well beyond 120'". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  42. ^ Pontin, Jason (11 July 2006). "Is Defeating Aging Only a Dream?". MIT Technology Review. Technology Review. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  43. ^ "Life Extension Pseudoscience and the SENS Plan" (PDF). MIT Technology Review. S2CID 16382681. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2012.
  44. ^ Nuland, Sherwin (1 February 2005). "Do You Want to Live Forever?". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  45. ^ Warner, Huber; Anderson, Julie; Austad, Steven; Bergamini, Ettore; Bredesen, Dale; Butler, Robert; Carnes, Bruce A.; Clark, Brian F. C.; Cristofalo, Vincent; Faulkner, John; Guarente, Leonard; Harrison, David E.; Kirkwood, Tom; Lithgow, Gordon; Martin, George; Masoro, Ed; Melov, Simon; Miller, Richard A.; Olshansky, S. Jay; Partridge, Linda; Pereira-Smith, Olivia; Perls, Tom; Richardson, Arlan; Smith, James; Von Zglinicki, Thomas; Wang, Eugenia; Wei, Jeanne Y.; Williams, T. Franklin (November 2005). "Science fact and the SENS agenda. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research?". EMBO Reports. 6 (11): 1006–1008. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400555. ISSN 1469-221X. PMC 1371037. PMID 16264422.
  46. ^ "SENS Research Foundation FAQ". SENS Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
  47. ^ De Grey, Aubrey (2005). "Like it or not, life-extension research extends beyond biogerontology". EMBO Reports. 6 (11): 1000. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400565. PMC 1371043. PMID 16264420.
  48. ^ "Research Advisory Board". sens.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  49. ^ "NIA Small Business Showcase: Underdog Pharmaceuticals". nia.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  50. ^ "SENS Research Foundation & Underdog Pharmaceuticals jointly awarded $252,000 NIA research grant". sens.org. 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  51. ^ a b Magazine, Smithsonian; Keep, Elmo. "Can Human Mortality Really Be Hacked?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  52. ^ Herbst, Julia (19 December 2018). "The Bitcoiners Who Want to Defeat Death". Breaker Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  53. ^ "Dr. Aubrey de Grey – SENS Research Foundation". www.lifespan.io. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  54. ^ Keane, Daniel (12 August 2021). "Anti-ageing guru Aubrey de Grey accused of harassment". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  55. ^ Aubrey de Grey on Leave After Sexual Harassment Allegations, The-scientist.com
  56. ^ "SENS Research Foundation removes Aubrey de Grey". Statnews.com. 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  57. ^ Antiaging scientist found to have sexually harassed young women (Report). 13 September 2021. doi:10.1126/science.acx9091.
  58. ^ "Executive Summary of Investigative Findings : SENS Research Foundation Executive Summary Concerning Conduct by Dr. Aubrey de Grey" (PDF). 10 September 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  59. ^ "Executive Summary of Investigative Findings : SENS Research Foundation Report Concerning Potential Inappropriate Conduct of a Sexual Nature" (PDF). 25 October 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  60. ^ "Announcement from the SRF Board of Directors". SENS Research Foundation. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  61. ^ "Paul Hastings Reps Crypto Airdrop Donors Claiming Regenerative Research Org Failed to Disclose Founder's Involvement in Jeopardy". The Recorder. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  62. ^ a b ""concerned longevity Donors LLC et al v. Sens Research Foundation" case documents". PacerMonitor. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  63. ^ "PlsConference.live 42-Hour Livestream PulseChain HEX Part 4". YouTube. 6 August 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  64. ^ "Nonprofit Lifespan Research Institution accused of Constructive Fraud by Donor". Northern California Record. 2 December 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
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