List of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary

This is a list of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary from the formation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867 until it was dissolved in 1918.

For a background to the diplomatic service of Austria-Hungary, including the types of diplomatic representation, see Austro-Hungarian Foreign Service.

History

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Austria-Hungary had 110 non-honorary consulates and 364 honorary consulates, for a total of 474, in pre-war 1914. This number declined as a result of World War I; consulates in Italy and the U.S. respectively closed in 1915 and 1917, making up the majority of consulates closed in those years. The number of consulates declined to 307 upon the declaration of war in 1914. This declined to 273 in 1915, 227 in 1916, and 193 in 1917. In 1918, upon the end of the empire, Austria-Hungary had 13 consulates-general, 18 other consulates, a consular agency, and a vice-consulate.[1]

Embassies

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France

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A diplomatic mission was established in 1679; raised to an embassy in 1856.

Main article: List of ambassadors of Austria-Hungary to France

Germany

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A diplomatic mission to Prussia was established in 1665; raised to an embassy of the German Empire in 1871; included also Brunswick (from 1892), Hanseatic cities (Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck) (from 1893), Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Oldenburg.

The consulates-general in Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Hamburg, and Munich closed upon the collapse of Austria-Hungary. In addition Austria-Hungary maintained one or more other consulates in Germany at the time.[1]

Holy See

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A diplomatic mission was established in 1691; raised to an embassy in 1856.

  • 13.12.1867–02.05.1868 Albert Graf von Crivelli (1816–1868)
  • 19.09.1868–25.04.1872 Ferdinand Graf von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg (1825–1896)
  • 25.04.1872–14.05.1873 Alois Freiherr Kübau von Kübeck (1818–1873)
  • 19.11.1873–14.10.1888 Ludwig Graf Paar (1817–1893)
  • 29.11.1888–29.11.1901 Friedrich Graf Revertera von Salandra (1827–1904)
  • 29.11.1901–23.01.1911 Nikolaus Graf Szécsen von Temerin (s.a.)
  • 25.03.1911–11.11.1918 Johann Prinz von Schönburg-Hartenstein (1864–1937)

Italy

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A legation was established in 1866 (although diplomatic missions had been accredited to various city states since much before, e.g. Venice in 1553); raised to an embassy in 1877.

  • 16.12.1866–20.12.1871 Alois Freiherr Kübau von Kübeck (s.a.)
  • 20.12.1871–05.07.1876 Felix Graf von Wimpffen (s.a.)
  • 14.01.1877–08.10.1879 Baron Heinrich Karl von Haymerle (1828–1881)
  • 08.12.1879–05.05.1882 Felix Graf von Wimpffen (s.a.)
  • 25.05.1882–09.11.1886 Emanuel Graf von Ludolf (1823–1898)
  • 07.12.1886–07.10.1895 Karl Freiherr von Brück (1830–1902)
  • 07.10.1895–07.03.1904 Marius Freiherr Pasetti-Angeli von Friedenburg (1841–1913)
  • 07.03.1904–04.03.1910 Heinrich Graf von Lützow zu Drey-Lützow und Seedorf (1852–1935)
  • 04.03.1910–23.05.1915[3] Kajetan Mérey von Kapos-Mére (1861–1931)[4]

The Italian consulates closed in 1915.[1]

Japan

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A legation was established in 1883; raised to an embassy in 1908. The envoy was also accredited to China until 1896.

Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

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Main article: List of Austrian ambassadors to Turkey

A diplomatic mission was established in 1547; raised to an embassy in 1867.

The consulates-general in Beirut, Smyrna (now İzmir), and Trebizond (now Trabzon), closed when Austria-Hungary collapsed. In addition it maintained one or more other consulates and a consular agency in the Ottoman Empire at that time.[1]

Russia

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A diplomatic mission was established in 1700; raised to an embassy in 1874.

Spain

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A diplomatic mission was established in 1564; raised to an embassy in 1888.

The consulate-general in Barcelona closed upon the collapse of the empire. In addition it maintained one or more other consulates in this country at the time.[1]

United Kingdom

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Main article: List of ambassadors of Austria-Hungary to the United Kingdom

A diplomatic mission was established in 1677; raised to an embassy in 1860.

United States

[edit]
Main article: List of ambassadors of Austria to the United States

A legation was established in 1838; raised to an embassy in 1903.

The U.S. consulates closed in 1917.[1]

For Austrian ambassadors after 1918, see Austrian Ambassador to the United States.

Legations

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Albania

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The legation was established in 1914 and closed in the following year.

  • 25.02.1914–15.08.1915 Heinrich Ritter Löwenthal von Linau (1870–1915)[citation needed]

Prior to the 1912 independence of Albania, Austria-Hungary maintained missions in the Ottoman Empire which served Albania. There was a consulate in Scutari (Shkodër) which closed upon the collapse of the empire in 1918.[1]

Argentina

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The legation in Buenos Aires was established in 1872. The envoy was also accredited to Asunción, Paraguay, and Montevideo, Uruguay.

  • 15.12.1872–26.01.1879 Maximilian Ritter Hoffer von Hoffenfels (s.a.)
  • 26.01.1879–07.04.1884 Otto Freiherr Mayer von Gravenegg
  • 08.12.1884–18.12.1896 Emanuel Freiherr von Salzberg
  • 18.12.1896–30.04.1900 Raoul Fürst von Wrede (1843–1914)
  • 30.04.1900–08.02.1903 Leopold Graf Bolesta-Koziebrodzki (1855–1939)
  • 08.02.1903–06.11.1903 Otto Freiherr Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld (1859–1946)
  • 06.11.1903–09.07.1908 Hugo Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barensfeld (1861–1929)
  • 18.11.1908–26.07.1911 Norbert Ritter von Schmucker
  • 26.07.1911–11.11.1918 Otto (from 1911, Freiherr) von Hoenning O'Carroll (1861–1926)

The consulate-general in Buenos Aires closed upon the collapse of the empire.[1]

Bavaria

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A diplomatic mission was established in 1745.

Belgium

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The legation was established in 1833.

Brazil

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The legation was established in 1816.

  • 09.06.1847–12.05.1868 Hippolyt Freiherr von Sonnleithner (1814–1897)
  • 12.05.1868–10.01.1872 Emanuel Graf von Ludolf (s.a.)
  • 10.01.1872–01.12.1874 Hippolyt Freiherr von Sonnleithner (s.a.)
  • 06.02.1875–30.10.1881 Gustav Freiherr von Schreiner
  • 30.10.1881–31.12.1888 Alois Freiherr von Seiller (1833–1918)
  • 31.12.1888–30.12.1890 Rudolf Graf von Welsersheimb (s.a.)
  • 04.03.1891–07.05.1893 Ladislaus Hengelmüller von Hengervár (s.a.)
  • 11.10.1894–29.10.1896 Ernst Ritter Schmit von Tavera (s.a.)
  • 29.10.1896–15.12.1898 Alexander Mezey von Szathmár
  • 03.02.1899–10.09.1905 Eugen Ritter von Kuczyński (1852–1938)
  • 29.10.1905–19.06.1907 Johann Graf Forgách von Ghymes und Gács (1870–1935)
  • 06.10.1907–30.06.1911 Franz Freiherr Riedl von Riedenau (1868–1943)
  • 22.05.1912–11.11.1918 Franz Kolossa

The consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro closed upon the collapse of the empire. In addition Austria-Hungary maintained one or more consulates in this country at the time.[1]

Bulgaria

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A consulate general was established in 1879 at the Principality of Bulgaria, which became a legation in 1909 when the independence of the Tsardom of Bulgaria was recognised.

At the time of the collapse of Austria-Hungary, it maintained one or more consulates and one vice-consulate in Bulgaria.[1]

Chile

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The legation in Santiago was established in 1902. The envoy was also accredited to La Paz, Bolivia, and Lima, Peru.

China

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The legation was established in 1896. From 1883 to 1896, the envoy to Tokyo, Japan, was also accredited to Peking.

  • 26.12.1896–27.06.1905 Moritz Freiherr Czikann von Wahlborn (1847–1909)
  • 10.09.1905–25.03.1911 Eugen Ritter von Kuczyński (s.a.)
  • 25.03.1911–08.09.1917[14] Arthur Edler von Rosthorn (1862–1945)

Denmark

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The legation was established in 1691; the envoy to Copenhagen was also accredited to Oslo, Norway, from 1906 to 1917.

  • 16.12.1866–20.12.1869 Ludwig Graf Paar (s.a.)
  • 20.12.1869–10.01.1872 Karl Freiherr von Eder
  • 10.01.1872–19.11.1873 Ludwig Graf Paar (s.a.)
  • 06.02.1874–27.12.1879 Gustav Graf Kálnoky von Köröspatak
  • 26.01.1880–17.09.1888 Karl Freiherr von und zu Franckenstein (1831–1898)
  • 02.11.1888–15.08.1899 Konstantin Freiherr von Trauttenberg (1841–1914)
  • 05.10.1899–06.10.1907 Christoph Graf von Wydenbruck (s.a.)
  • 22.02.1908–23.11.1917 Dionys Graf Széchényi von Sárvár und Felsövidék (1866–1934)

Greece

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The legation was established in 1834.

1849–1853: Vacant
  • 1853–1854: Franz Werner von Leykam
  • 1854–1856: Hector von Walter
  • 1856–1860: Adolph von Brenner-Felsach
  • 07.11.1860–18.12.1868 Heinrich Freiherr von Testa (1807–1876)
  • 18.12.1868–10.12.1869 Karl Freiherr von Eder (s.a.)
  • 10.12.1869–10.01.1872 Heinrich Ritter von Haymerle (s.a.)
  • 10.01.1872–22.10.1874 Nikolaus Zulauf Freiherr von Pottenburg (1822–1884)
  • 22.10.1874–19.06.1877 Joachim Freiherr von Münch-Bellinghausen
  • 04.07.1877–21.10.1880 Viktor Graf Dubsky von Trebomislyc (s.a.)
  • 21.10.1880–26.11.1883 Nikolaus Fürst Wrede (s.a.)
  • 26.11.1883–26.08.1887 Konstantin Freiherr von Trauttenberg (s.a.)
  • 26.08.1887–01.02.1897 Gustav Freiherr von Kosjek (1838–1897)
  • 16.02.1897–24.07.1903 Stephan (from 1900, Freiherr) Burián von Rajecz (s.a.)
  • 06.11.1903–18.11.1908 Karl Freiherr von Macchio (1859–1945)
  • 25.01.1909–07.11.1913 Karl Freiherr von Braun (s.a.)
  • 07.11.1913–21.11.1916[15] Julius Szilassy von Szilas und Pilis (1870–1935)

Mexico

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The legation was established in 1864, but closed following the execution of Emperor Maximilian in 1867; re-opened in 1901.

  • 18.06.1901–10.09.1905 Gilbert Graf von Hohenwart zu Gerlachstein
  • 23.10.1906–21.03.1909 Dr. Karl Freiherr von Giskra (s.a.)
  • 21.03.1909–30.06.1911 Maximilian Graf Hadik von Futak (1868–1921)
  • 30.06.1911–01.10.1913 Franz Freiherr Riedl von Riedenau (s.a.)
  • 15.10.1913–11.11.1918 Kálmán Kánya

Montenegro

[edit]
Former Austro-Hungarian legation in Cetinje, Montenegro

The legation was established in 1879.

  • 18.02.1879-03.10.1883 Gustav Freiherr von Thömmel (1829–1902)
  • 07.10.1883–09.11.1895 Theodor von Millinkovic (1841–1903)
  • 16.11.1895–03.02.1899 Eugen Ritter von Kuczyński (s.a.)
  • 03.02.1899–06.11.1903 Karl Freiherr von Macchio (s.a.)
  • 06.11.1903–10.12.1909 Otto Freiherr Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld (1859–?)
  • 10.12.1909–13.11.1913 Wladimir Freiherr Giesl von Gieslingen (1860–1936)
  • 13.11.1913–05.08.1914[16] Eduard Otto

Netherlands

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A diplomatic mission was established in 1658; the envoy to The Hague was also accredited to Luxembourg.

At the time of the collapse of Austria-Hungary it maintained one or more consulates in this country.[1]

Norway

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The legation was established in 1917.

Persia

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The legation was established in 1872.

  • 04.09.1872–04.07.1877 Viktor Graf Dubsky von Trebomislyc (s.a.)
  • 13.06.1878–04.03.1883 Karl Graf Załuski (s.a.)
  • 04.03.1883–26.08.1887 Gustav Freiherr von Kosjek (s.a.)
  • 26.08.1887–30.07.1889 Gustav Freiherr von Thömmel (s.a.)
  • 19.10.1890–02.08.1893 Sigismund von Rosty
  • 06.01.1894–10.09.1895 Franz Freiherr Schiessl von Perstorff (1844–1932)
  • 10.09.1895–14.03.1901 Albert Eperjesy von Szászváros und Tóti (1848–1916)
  • 14.03.1901–29.10.1905 Arnold Freiherr von Hammerstein-Gesmold
  • 29.10.1905–25.03.1911 Arthur Edler von Rosthorn (s.a.)
  • 25.03.1911–22.05.1912 Eduard Otto (s.a.)
  • 22.05.1912–03.08.1918 Hugo Graf von Logothetti (1852–1918)

Portugal

[edit]

A diplomatic mission was established in 1700.

  • 18.04.1857–27.08.1867 Eduard Freiherr von Lebzeltern-Collenbach
  • 25.02.1869–08.07.1884 Alois Freiherr von Dumreicher
  • 22.10.1884–03.03.1887 Ernest Freiherr von Brenner
  • 10.04.1887–26.08.1888 Arthur Weber Edler von Webenau (1840–1889)
  • 01.04.1889–10.09.1895 Emil Freiherr von Gödel-Lannoy (1845–?)
  • 10.09.1895–28.04.1902 Otto Graf und Herr zu Brandis (s.a.)
  • 28.04.1902–10.09.1905 Albert Eperjesy von Szászváros und Tóti (s.a.)
  • 10.09.1905–21.03.1909 Gilbert Graf von Hohenwart zu Gerlachstein (1854–1931)
  • 21.03.1909–10.12.1909 Leopold Graf Bolesta-Koziebrodzki (1855–1939)
  • 10.12.1909–16.03.1916[17] Otto Freiherr Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld (1859–?)

Romania

[edit]

A consulate general was established in 1861 at the United Romanian Principalities, which became a legation in 1878 when the independence of Romania was recognised.

Saxony

[edit]

A diplomatic mission was established in 1665; included Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Anhalt, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen and the elder and younger branches of Reuss.

Serbia

[edit]

A consulate general was established in 1868 at the Principality of Serbia, which became a legation in 1878 when the independence of Serbia was recognised.

  • 27.01.1868–16.05.1875 Benjamin Kállay von Nagy-Kálló (1839–1903)
  • 26.06.1875–08.10.1878 Nikolaus Fürst von Wrede (s.a.)
  • 08.10.1878–26.09.1881 Gabriel Freiherr Herbert von Rathkeal (s.a.)
  • 24.10.1881–28.11.1886 Rudolf Graf von Khevenhüller-Metsch (s.a.)
  • 21.02.1887–30.07.1889 Ladislaus Hengelmüller von Hengervár (s.a.)
  • 30.07.1889–10.09.1895 Gustav Freiherr von Thömmel (s.a.)
  • 10.09.1895–18.12.1899 Franz Freiherr Schiessl von Perstorff (s.a.)
  • 09.01.1900–07.01.1903 Karl Freiherr Heidler von Egeregg und Syrgenstein (1848–1917)
  • 07.01.1903–27.06.1905 Dr. Konstantin Dumba (s.a.)
  • 27.06.1905–19.06.1907 Moritz Freiherr Czikann von Wahlborn (s.a.)
  • 19.06.1907–30.04.1911 Johann Graf Forgách von Ghymes und Gács (s.a.)
  • 30.04.1911–13.11.1913 Stephan von Ugron zu Ábránfalva (1862–1948)
  • 13.11.1913–25.07.1914[19] Wladimir Freiherr Giesl von Gieslingen (s.a.)

Siam

[edit]

The legation was established in 1912.

  • 01.11.1912–22.07.1917[20] Rudolf Wodianer von Maglód

Sweden

[edit]

A diplomatic mission was established in 1682.

  • 26.12.1863–23.03.1868 Ladislaus Graf Karnicki von Karnice (1820–1883)
  • 14.06.1868–10.01.1872 Rudolf Graf von Mülinen (s.a.)
  • 10.01.1872–12.08.1874 Otto Freiherr von Walterskirchen (s.a.)
  • 22.10.1874–10.06.1879 Nikolaus Zulauf Freiherr von Pottenburg (s.a.)
  • 16.06.1879–14.10.1894 Karl Freiherr von Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein (1826–1904)
  • 26.10.1894–28.04.1902 Josef Graf Wodzicki von Granow (s.a.)
  • 28.04.1902–10.09.1905 Otto Graf und Herr zu Brandis (s.a.)
  • 10.09.1905–21.03.1909 Albert (from 1909, Freiherr) Eperjesy von Szászváros und Tóti (s.a.)
  • 21.03.1909–16.10.1912 Dr. Konstantin Dumba (s.a.)
  • 16.10.1912–11.11.1918 Maximilian Graf Hadik von Futak (s.a.)

Switzerland

[edit]

A diplomatic mission was established in 1687.

  • 14.08.1868–06.01.1887 Moritz Freiherr von Ottenfels-Gschwind (1820–1907)
  • 26.08.1887–02.11.1888 Konstantin Freiherr von Trauttenberg (s.a.)
  • 31.12.1888–30.04.1895 Alois Freiherr von Seiller (s.a.)
  • 19.05.1895–07.01.1903 Karl Graf von Küfstein (1838–1925)
  • 07.01.1903–10.12.1909 Karl Freiherr Heidler von Egeregg und Syrgenstein (s.a.)
  • 10.12.1909–24.01.1917 Maximilian Freiherr von Gagern (1858–1942)
  • 24.01.1917–11.11.1918 Alexander Freiherr Musulin von Gomirje (1868–1947)

The consulate-general in Zürich closed upon the collapse of the empire. In addition it maintained one or more consulates in this country at the time.[1]

Württemberg

[edit]

A diplomatic mission was established in 1716; included Baden and Hesse from 1872.

  • 16.12.1866–14.10.1869 Boguslaw Graf Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin (s.a.)
  • 10.12.1869–10.01.1872 Otto Freiherr von Walterskirchen (s.a.)
  • 10.01.1872–10.06.1879 Karl Freiherr von Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein (s.a.)
  • 10.06.1879–18.02.1884 Nikolaus Zulauf Freiherr von Pottenburg (s.a.)
  • 24.03.1884–28.10.1888 Nikolaus Fürst Wrede (s.a.)
  • 28.10.1888–03.03.1889 Gabriel Freiherr von Herbert-Rathkeal (s.a.)
  • 26.05.1889–26.10.1894 Alexander Okolicsányi von Okolicsna (s.a.)
  • 26.02.1894–24.06.1896 Theodor Graf Zichy zu Zich und von Vásonykeö (s.a.)
  • 24.06.1896–16.02.1897 Stephan Burián von Rajecz (s.a.)
  • 06.06.1897–13.11.1899 Siegfried Graf von Clary und Aldringen (s.a.)
  • 13.11.1899–26.02.1907 Alfons Freiherr von Pereira-Arnstein (1845–1931)
  • 26.02.1907–21.03.1909 Ludwig von Callenberg (1.3.1866–10.8.1945 Teplitz-Böhmen)
  • 21.03.1909–30.06.1916 Thaddäus Graf Bolesta-Koziebrodzki (1860–1916)
  • 11.09.1916–11.11.1918 Albert Graf Nemes von Hidweg (1866–1940)

Uruguay

[edit]

At the time of the collapse of Austria-Hungary it maintained one or more consulates in this country.[1]

Diplomatic Agencies

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]

The diplomatic agency ('diplomatische Agentie') in Cairo, previously based in Alexandria, was dissolved in 1914. The diplomatic representative, although a member of the diplomatic corps, bore the title of diplomatic agent rather than minister.[citation needed]

  • 1883–1886 Maximilian Ritter Hoffer von Hoffenfels (s.a.)
  • 1887–1890 Sigismund von Rosty (s.a.)
  • 1891–1900 Karl Freiherr Heidler von Egeregg und Syrgenstein (s.a.)
  • 1900–1902 Dr. Ludwig Velics von Lászlófalva (s.a.)
  • 1902–1904 Karl Freiherr von Braun (s.a.)
  • 1904–1909 Thaddäus Graf Bolesta-Koziebrodzki (s.a.)
  • 1909–1914 Ludwig Graf Széchényi von Sárvár und Felsövidék (s.a.)

Previously Egypt was a part of the Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian missions serving Egypt were within the Empire.[1] The British took control of Egypt in 1882, and in 1914 Egypt de jure left the Ottoman Empire.[21]

Morocco

[edit]

The diplomatic agency ('diplomatische Agentie') was established in 1885 (although there was only a chargé d'affaires from 1885 to 1896) and accredited to the Sultan of Morocco in Tangier; it was dissolved in 1913. The diplomatic representative, although a member of the diplomatic corps, bore the title of diplomatic agent rather than minister.

  • 23.07.1896–18.06.1901 Gilbert Graf von Hohenwart zu Gerlachstein (s.a.)
  • 18.06.1901–13.06.1904 Viktor Graf von Folliot
  • 25.01.1907–21.03.1909 Leopold Graf Bolesta-Koziebrodzki (s.a.)
  • 21.03.1909–30.12.1913 Ludwig von Callenberg (Württemberg-26.02.1907–21.03.1909 -Ludwig von Callenberg (1.3.1866–10.8.1945 Teplitz-Böhmen)

Consulates in Morocco closed in August 1914.[1]

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Agstner, Rudolf. Austria (-Hungary) and Its Consulates in the United States of America Since 1820. LIT Verlag Münster, 2012. ISBN 3643901917, 9783643901910. p. 28.
  2. ^ France declared war on Austria-Hungary on 12 August 1914 but diplomatic relations were broken off already on 10 August.
  3. ^ Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  4. ^ Due to Mérey's illness, Karl Freiherr von Macchio was in charge of a special mission (in außerordenlicher Mission) to support the diplomatic corps in Rome from 11 August 1914 to 23 May 1915. Although Mérey was formally in charge until diplomatic relations were broken off, Baron von Macchio was de facto ambassador with the title 'außerordentlicher und bevollmächtigter Botschafter mit Titel und Charakter'.
  5. ^ Austria-Hungary declared war on Japan on 24 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  6. ^ Count von Ludolf served as envoy (in außerordenlicher Mission mit der Leitung der Botschaft betraut).
  7. ^ Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on 6 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  8. ^ United Kingdom declared war on Austria-Hungary on 12 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  9. ^ "An Old Washington Mansion" by Maud Burr Morris, 1917
  10. ^ Katz, Irving (1968). August Belmont; a political biography. New York/London: Columbia University Press.
  11. ^ Dr. Dumba was declared persona non grata by the U.S. government on 8 September 1915 and left the United States on 5 October; however, his appointment ended formally first a month later.
  12. ^ Count Tarnowski von Tarnów was named ambassador following Dumba's expulsion and arrived in 1916 to Washington D.C., but never presented his credentials to President Wilson. His name therefore does not appear in the U.S. records where the legation was led by Erich Freiherr Zwiedinek von Südenhorst as chargé d'affaires until the embassy was closed and diplomatic relations were broken off on 8 April 1917. However, United States did not formally declare war on Austria-Hungary until 7 December 1917.
  13. ^ Austria-Hungary declared war on Belgium on 28 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  14. ^ China declared war on Austria-Hungary on 14 August 1917 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  15. ^ Greece declared war on Austria-Hungary on 27 June 1917 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  16. ^ Montenegro declared war on Austria-Hungary on 5 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  17. ^ Austria-Hungary declared war on Portugal on 15 March 1916 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  18. ^ Romania declared war on Austria-Hungary on 27 August 1916 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  19. ^ Austria-Hungary formally declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914, but diplomatic relations were broken off already on 25 July.
  20. ^ Siam declared war on Austria-Hungary on 22 July 1917 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  21. ^ https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne "The renunciation by Turkey of all rights and titles over Egypt and over the Soudan will take effect as from the 5th November, 1914."
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