Automotive industry in India

The automotive industry in India is the world's fourth-largest by production and valuation as per 2022 statistics.[1][2][3] As of 2023, India is the 3rd largest automobile market in the world in terms of sales.[4]

As of April 2022, India's auto industry is worth more than US$100 billion and accounts for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of India's GDP.[5] According to the 2021 National Family Health Survey, barely 8% of Indian households own an automobile.[6][7] According to government statistics, India has barely 22 automobiles per 1,000 people.[8][9]

India's major automobile manufacturing companies include Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai Motor India, Tata Motors, Ashok Leyland, Mahindra & Mahindra, Force Motors, Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited, Eicher Motors, Royal Enfield, Sonalika Tractors, Hindustan Motors, Hradyesh, ICML, Kerala Automobiles Limited, JSW MG Motor India, Tara International and Vehicle Factory Jabalpur.

History

[edit]
A pre-Independence car showroom in Secunderabad, showing Fiat Topolino and Fiat 1100
Kolkata street traffic in 1945

In 1897, the first car ran on an Indian road. Through the 1930s, cars were imports only, and in small numbers.

An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Hindustan Motors was launched in 1942 building Morris products, long-time competitor Premier in 1944, building Chrysler Corporation products such as Dodge and Plymouth, and beginning in the 1960s, Fiat products.[10] Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers in 1945 and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles. In the same years, J. R. D. Tata, the chairman of Tata Group founded TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company (now Tata Motors) in Jamshedpur. Following independence in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. In 1953, an import substitution programme was launched, and the import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted.[10]

1947–1970

[edit]
The Hindustan Ambassador dominated India's automotive market from the 1960s until the mid-1980s and was manufactured until 2014.
Fiat 1100D, built under license by Premier Automobiles, later re-christened 'Premier Padmini', was the Ambassador's only true competitor.

The 1952 Tariff Commission

[edit]

In 1952, the Indian government appointed the first Tariff Commission, whose purpose was to come out with a feasibility plan for the indigenization of the Indian automobile industry. In 1953, the commission submitted its report, which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure, under a licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles, with capacity increases allowable, as per demands, in the future. The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly, as well as those with no Indian partner. In 1954, following the Tariff Commission implementation, General Motors, Ford, and Rootes Group, which had assembly-only plants in Mumbai, decided to move out of India.[11]

The Tariff commission policies, including similar restrictions that applied to other industries, came to be known as the Licence Raj, which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry, where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply, with month-long waiting periods for cars, scooters, and motorcycles.

Passenger cars
Utility and light commercial vehicles
  • Vehicle Factory Jabalpur – started manufacturing Jonga Light Utility Vehicles and Vahan 1 Ton (Nissan 4W73 Carriers) in India, under license from Nissan of Japan. They were the main troop carriers of the Indian Armed Forces and much more powerful than any other vehicle of their class.Also, Nissan Power Wagon was added to their line.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra plant established in Mumbai – technical collaboration with Willys to manufacture CJ Series Jeep.
  • Bajaj Tempo, Pune, now Force Motors – entered into technical collaboration with Tempo to manufacture Tempo Hanseat, a three-wheeler and Tempo Viking and Hanomag, later known as Tempo Matador in India.
  • Standard Motor Products of India – entered into technical collaboration from Standard and had licence to manufacture the Standard Atlas passenger van with panel van and one-tonne pickup variants.
Medium and heavy commercial vehicles
Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles

Many of the two-wheelers manufacturers were granted licenses in the early 1960s, well after the tariff commission was enabled.

However, growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s, due to nationalisation and the license raj, which hampered the growth of the Indian private sector.

1970 to 1983

[edit]

The beginning of the 1970s didn't see growth potential; and most of the collaboration license agreements came to an end, but with the option to continue manufacturing with renewed branding. Cars were still meant for the elite and Jeeps, now owned by American Motors Corporation, were largely used by government organizations and in some rural regions. By the end of the decade, some developments were made in commercial vehicle segments to facilitate the movement of goods. The two-wheeler segment remained unchanged except for increased sales to the middle class in urban areas. There was an emphasis on having more farm tractors, as India was embarking on a new Green Revolution; and Russian and Eastern bloc imports were brought in to meet the demand.

But after 1970, with restrictions on the import of vehicles set, the automotive industry started to grow; but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles, and scooters. Cars still remained a major luxury item. In the 1970s, price controls were finally lifted, inserting a competitive element into the automobile market.[13] However, by the 1980s, the automobile market was still dominated by Hindustan and Premier, who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers.[14] The rate of car ownership in 1981 was about one in every thousand citizens – understandable when the annual road tax alone cost about half the average income of an Indian at the time.[15]

During the eighties, a few competitors began to arrive on the scene. Of the 30,487 cars built in India in 1980, all but six came from the two main players Hindustan and Premier: Standard had led a shadow existence in the latter half of the 1970s, producing only a handful of cars to keep their license active.[15] A new contender was tiny Sipani, which had tried building locally developed three-wheeled vehicles since 1975 but introduced the Reliant Kitten-based Dolphin in 1982. Nonetheless, all eyes were on Maruti, which caused a major upheaval to the Indian automobile industry.[15]

The OPEC oil crisis saw increased need to install or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle. Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on Petrol and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options. The Defence sector too had most trucks on Petrol engines.

1984 to 1992

[edit]
Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance Vehicle (CBRN-RV) manufactured by the AVANI

From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s India saw no new models, the country continuing to depend on two decades-old designs. The Sipani Dolphin, which arrived in 1982, was not a serious contender, with its plastic body and without rear doors - essential to Indian car buyers. This situation forced the government to encourage and let more manufacturers into fray.

In 1984 AVANI was established in Medak near Hyderabad. It started manufacturing Infantry Combat Vehicles christened as Sarath, the backbone of India's mechanised infantry. AVANI is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India. To manufacture the high-power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks, the Engine Factory was set up in 1987 in Avadi, near Chennai. In 1986, to promote the auto industry, the government established the Delhi Auto Expo. The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies, promoting indigenous research and development, and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India.

Post-1992 liberalisation

[edit]
Tata Indica, launched in 1998

Eventually multinational automakers such as Suzuki and Toyota of Japan and Hyundai of South Korea were allowed to invest in the Indian market, furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India. Maruti Suzuki was the first and the most successful of these new entries, in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s.[14] As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991, a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies. The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties, whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class. By 2000, there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market, most of them offshoots of global companies.[16]

Slow export growth

[edit]

Exports were slow to grow. Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early, and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe (Hungary). After some growth in the mid-nineties, exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive.[17] This was not to last, and today India manufactures low-priced cars for markets across the globe. As of 18 March 2013, global brands such as Proton Holdings, PSA Group, Kia, Mazda, Chrysler, Dodge and Geely Holding Group were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market, as well as the global economic crisis.

Emission norms

[edit]

In 2000, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government unveiled standards titled "India 2000", with later, upgraded guidelines to be known as Bharat Stage emission standards. These standards are quite similar to the stringent European emission standards and have been implemented in a phased manner.

Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV) was first implemented in 13 cities — Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi (NCR), Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Surat, Solapur — in April 2010, and then in the rest of the nation in April 2017.

In 2019, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government of India announced the introduction of BS-VI norms to control air pollution, taking effect from 1 April 2020.[18]

Local manufacture encouraged

[edit]
Auto Expo 2014, Noida

India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax on components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles is 10%. The taxes are intended to encourage cars to be assembled in India rather than be imported as completely built units.[19]

Sub-4-metre rule

[edit]

In 2006, the government of India imposed a new tax structure, which massively impacted the segment. It enables vehicles shorter than 4.0 metres (157.5 in) to qualify for a significantly lower excise duty, which is 8 percent as opposed to 20 percent for longer vehicles.[20] Tata Motors was the first to exploit the new tax structure, which redesigned the rear portion of the Indigo sedan, dropping its length to 3,988 mm (157.0 in) and renamed it as the Indigo CS.[21] The model became significantly cheaper, becoming one of the largest selling three-box cars in the country.[22] Other manufacturers quickly adapted, which led to the release of the shorter Suzuki Swift Dzire, the Honda Brio Amaze, and others.[23]

Manufacturing facilities

[edit]
Isuzu's manufacturing plant at Sri City, Andhra Pradesh

The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters". In the year 2010,around Chennai was the largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of the country's automotive exports, and home of the operations of Heavy Vehicles Factory, Engine Factory Avadi, Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Nissan, BMW, Hindustan Motors, Daimler, Caparo, Mini, Citroën and Datsun.[24][25]

Near Mumbai, Maharashtra, along the Chakan corridor near Pune, is the western cluster, with a 33% share of the market. Audi, Volkswagen, and Škoda are located in Aurangabad. Mahindra and Mahindra has an SUV and engine assembly plant at Nashik. General Motors, Tata Motors, Mercedes-Benz, Land Rover, Jaguar, Fiat, and Force Motors have assembly plants in the area.[26][27]

The northern cluster is around the National Capital Region, and contributes 30%. Gurgaon, Manesar and Kharkhoda in Haryana, are where the country's largest car manufacturer, Maruti Suzuki, is based.

An emerging cluster is the state of Gujarat, with a manufacturing facility of MG Motors in Halol, Atul Auto in Rajkot, Ford, Oculus Auto in Sabarkantha,[28] Maruti Suzuki, and Peugeot-Citroën plants are also planned for Gujarat.[29]

Uttarakhand with Tata Motors, Telangana with Hyundai, Ordnance Factory Medak, Hyderabad Allwyn and Mahindra & Mahindra, Noida with Honda, and Bengaluru - Karnataka region with Toyota, Volvo and Scania, Andhra with Isuzu and Kia and Kolkata - Jamshedpur belt also known as East India belt with companies such as Hindustan Motors, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery, TIL Tractos, Tata Daewoo and Tata Motors are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.[30][31][32]

Andhra Pradesh

[edit]
Commercial and passenger vehicles
Two wheelers
Off-highway vehicles

Gujarat

[edit]
Automotive Companies in Gujarat
Company Name Location Refs
Tata Motors [33][34][35]
JSW MG Motor India [36][37][38][39]
Mahindra & Mahindra [40]
Atul Auto [41][42][43]
Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
  • Vithalapur
 [44][45][46][47]
Hero Motocorp [48][49][50]
Suzuki Motor Gujarat
  • Hansalpur Becharaji
 [51][52][53]
Matter EV [54][55][56]
DreamEV (Joy e-bike) [57]
JCB India [58][59]

Haryana

[edit]
Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles
Agricultural Vehicles

Himachal Pradesh

[edit]
Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Jharkhand

[edit]
Commercial vehicles

Karnataka

[edit]
Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Kerala

[edit]
Commercial vehicles

Madhya Pradesh

[edit]
Two wheelers
Commercial vehicles

Maharashtra

[edit]
Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Punjab

[edit]
Commercial vehicles

Rajasthan

[edit]
Two Wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Tamil Nadu

[edit]
Two wheelers
Passenger vehicles
Commercial vehicles

Telangana

[edit]
Defence
Commercial vehicles

Uttar Pradesh

[edit]
Two wheelers
Commercial vehicles

Uttarakhand

[edit]
Commercial vehicles
Two wheelers

West Bengal

[edit]
Commercial vehicles

Exports

[edit]
2007 Mahindra Scorpio in service with Italy's CNSAS

India's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009, with the United Kingdom being India's largest export market, followed by Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and South Africa.[131]

According to The New York Times, India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Maruti Suzuki.[132]

In 2008, South Korean multinational Hyundai Motors alone exported 240,000 cars made in India. Nissan Motors planned to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011.[133] Similarly, US automobile company, General Motors had announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011.[134]

In September 2009, Ford Motors announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars, for US$500 million. The cars were manufactured both for the Indian market and for export.[135] The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business.[136] Fiat Motors had announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India.[137]

A Tata Safari on display in Poznań, Poland

In 2009, India (0.23m) surpassed China (0.16m) as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars after Japan (1.77m), Korea (1.12m) and Thailand (0.26m).[138]

In July 2010, The Economic Times reported that PSA Peugeot Citroën was planning to re-enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100,000 vehicles, investing €700M in the operation.[139] Citroën entered the market in 2021 with their first offering being the Citroën C5 Aircross.[140]

In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai are the two biggest exporters of cars from the country. Nissan also exports small cars from its Indian assembly line. Tata Motors exports its passenger vehicles to several Asian and African markets. In the 2000s, Mahindra & Mahindra prepared to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U.S. market, but canceled its plans. As of 2019, it is assembling and selling an off-road vehicle (Mahindra Roxor; not certified for road use) in limited numbers in the U.S.[141] It is also sold in Canada. While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens.[142]

Top 10 export destinations

[edit]

India exported $14.5 billion worth of automobiles in 2014. The 10 countries below imported 47.8% of that total.[143]

Rank Country Value (US$) Share
1 United States 1.2 billion 8.4%
2 Mexico $1 billion 6.9%
3 South Africa $888.8 million 6.1%
4 United Kingdom $637.4 million 4.4%
5 Sri Lanka $596.9 million 4.1%
6 Bangladesh $592.1 million 4.1%
7 Turkey $580.4 million 4%
8 Nigeria $546.8 million 3.8%
9 United Arab Emirates $433.6 million 3%
10 Colombia $428.9 million 3%

Exports of Vehicles in India decreased to US$1478.68 Million in 2020 from US$11332.49 Million in 2019.

India Exports by Country Last Previous
United States 485.03 469.28 INR Billion Nov/22
United Arab Emirates 211.45 179.69 INR Billion Nov/22
Netherlands 146.98 118.23 INR Billion Nov/22
Israel 122.55 44.07 INR Billion Nov/22
Brazil 91.30 72.88 INR Billion Nov/22
China 86.57 83.21 INR Billion Nov/22
Germany 66.84 63.42 INR Billion Nov/22
Saudi Arabia 60.38 66.42 INR Billion Nov/22
Indonesia 58.89 51.32 INR Billion Nov/22
Singapore 55.63 63.31 INR Billion Nov/22
Hong Kong 51.40 62.34 INR Billion Nov/22
Belgium 51.05 53.36 INR Billion Nov/22
Nepal 50.69 36.95 INR Billion Nov/22
Italy 49.29 45.34 INR Billion Nov/22
France 45.78 41.27 INR Billion Nov/22
South Africa 43.83 47.85 INR Billion Nov/22
Malaysia 40.15 42.70 INR Billion Nov/22
Japan 37.21 33.27 INR Billion Nov/22
Australia 34.64 44.76 INR Billion Nov/22
Nigeria 33.16 38.53 INR Billion Nov/22
Thailand 32.57 37.15 INR Billion Nov/22
Sri Lanka 27.95 35.21 INR Billion Nov/22
Canada 26.50 22.95 INR Billion Nov/22
Spain 25.97 30.04 INR Billion Nov/22
Russia 24.72 23.06 INR Billion Nov/22
Egypt 22.94 20.94 INR Billion Nov/22
Kenya 20.10 11.64 INR Billion Nov/22
Iraq 16.64 15.62 INR Billion Nov/22
Taiwan 13.58 15.32 INR Billion Nov/22
Philippines 12.80 13.78 INR Billion Nov/22
Portugal 9.58 4.35 INR Billion Nov/22
Switzerland 8.82 12.34 INR Billion Nov/22
Iran 8.33 6.05 INR Billion Nov/22
Denmark 6.03 4.59 INR Billion Nov/22
Sweden 5.60 5.49 INR Billion Nov/22
Ireland 4.26 3.12 INR Billion Nov/22
Greece 3.91 3.65 INR Billion Nov/22
Pakistan 3.70 3.20 INR Billion Nov/22
New Zealand 2.81 2.85 INR Billion Nov/22
Finland 2.78 2.45 INR Billion Nov/22
Luxembourg 0.24 0.25 INR Billion Nov/22

Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India

[edit]
Main article: List of vehicle plants in India

India is the 4th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world. In 2018–19, it produced 4.06 million cars.[144] Currently, there are an estimated 30 million cars in India.[145]

This list is of cars that are officially available and serviced in India.

Indian brands

[edit]

Models currently manufactured by Indian brands

[edit]
Mahindra XUV700
Tata Safari

Defunct Indian brands

[edit]

Joint-venture (JV) brands

[edit]

Foreign-owned brands

[edit]

MG, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, Citroën, Jeep, Honda, Toyota, KIA, Volkswagen, Škoda, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and MINI are the foreign automotive companies that manufacture and market their products in India.

Vehicles currently manufactured in India

[edit]

Foreign-owned makes that were officially marketed in India after 1991

[edit]
  • Peugeot stopped selling passenger cars in India in 1997.
  • Daewoo Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in 2003.
  • Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2013, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.
  • General Motors India stopped producing Chevrolet passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2017.
  • Fiat left the Indian market in 2018.
  • Mitsubishi Motors stopped selling passenger cars in India in the late 2010s.
  • Ford India stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2021.
  • Nissan stopped selling Datsun passenger cars in India in 2022.

Statistics

[edit]
Top 10 best-selling automobile models in India (new passenger and commercial vehicles), 1985–2023
Source:[151][152][153][154]
Year Models and Ranking
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
1985 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Hindustan Ambassador Mahindra Jeep Maruti Van Mahindra FJ/XJ Force Matador Force Trax Hindustan Contessa Hindustan Trekker
1986 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Van Mahindra Jeep Mahindra FJ/XJ Force Matador Maruti Gypsy Tata 407/608/609 Force Trax
1987 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Van Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Force Matador Tata 407/608/609 Mahindra FJ/XJ Premier NE118 Maruti Gypsy
1988 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407/608/609 Force Matador Mahindra FJ/XJ Maruti Gypsy Premier NE118
1989 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407/608/609 Maruti Gypsy Force Matador Premier NE118 Mahindra FJ/XJ
1990 Maruti 800 Premier Padmini Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Hindustan Ambassador Tata 407/608/609 Maruti Gypsy Force Matador Premier NE118 Mahindra FJ/XJ
1991 Maruti 800 Maruti Omni Premier Padmini Mahindra Jeep Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier NE118 Force Matador Maruti Gypsy Force Trax
1992 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Premier NE118 Force Trax Maruti Gypsy
1993 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Maruti 1000 Premier NE118 Force Trax
1994 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Omni Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Premier Padmini Force Matador Maruti 1000 Force Trax Premier NE118
1995 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Tata 407/608/609 Maruti Esteem Maruti Omni Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Zen Premier Padmini Tata Sumo Force Matador
1996 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Tata 407/608/609 Maruti Omni Maruti Zen Tata Sumo Maruti Esteem Hindustan Ambassador Daewoo Cielo Force Trax
1997 Maruti 800 Mahindra Jeep Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Tata Sumo Tata 407/608/609 Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Esteem Daewoo Cielo Opel Astra
1998 Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Tata 407/608/609 Tata Sumo Hindustan Ambassador Maruti Esteem Hyundai Santro Honda City
1999 Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Mahindra Jeep Tata Indica Tata 407/608/609 Daewoo Matiz Tata Sumo Maruti Esteem
2000 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Tata Indica Daewoo Matiz Tata 407/608/609 Tata Sumo Toyota Qualis
2001 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Tata Indica Mahindra Jeep Maruti Alto Toyota Qualis Tata 407/608/609 Tata Sumo
2002 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Maruti Wagon R Tata 407/608/609 Fiat Palio Maruti Alto
2003 Maruti 800 Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Maruti Wagon R Maruti Alto Mahindra Jeep Toyota Qualis Tata 407/608/609
2004 Maruti 800 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Maruti Zen Maruti Omni Mahindra Jeep Toyota Qualis Tata Indigo
2005 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti 800 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Omni Maruti Zen Mahindra Jeep Maruti Swift Tata Indigo
2006 Maruti Alto Hyundai Santro Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Maruti 800 Maruti Omni Maruti Swift Tata Ace Honda City Mahindra Jeep
FY07-08 Maruti Alto Tata Indica Maruti Wagon R Hyundai Santro Maruti Swift Maruti Omni Maruti 800 Maruti Zen Estilo Hyundai i10 Toyota Innova
2008 data unavailable
2009 Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Tata Indica Maruti Swift Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Maruti Swift Dzire Mahindra Bolero Honda City
2010 Maruti Alto Hyundai i10 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Tata Indica Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Omni Hyundai Santro Tata Indigo Mahindra Bolero
2011 Maruti Alto Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Maruti Swift Tata Indica/Vista Maruti Swift Dzire Mahindra Bolero Maruti Omni Hyundai i20 Tata Indigo/Manza
2012 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Mahindra Bolero Hyundai i10 Tata Indica/Vista Hyundai Eon Hyundai i20 Tata Nano
2013 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Mahindra Bolero Hyundai Eon Hyundai i10 Hyundai i20 Toyota Innova Maruti Ertiga
2014 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Mahindra Bolero Hyundai Eon Honda City Maruti Omni Hyundai i20
2015 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i20 Hyundai i10 Mahindra Bolero Maruti Celerio Honda City Hyundai Eon
2016 Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Dzire Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Hyundai i10 Hyundai i20 Maruti Baleno Renault Kwid Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio
2017 Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Maruti Baleno Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i10 Maruti Vitara Brezza Hyundai i20 Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio
2018 Maruti Dzire Maruti Alto Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Vitara Brezza Maruti Wagon R Hyundai i20 Hyundai i10 Hyundai Creta Maruti Celerio
2019 Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Wagon R Maruti Vitara Brezza Hyundai i20 Maruti Eeco Hyundai i10 Hyundai Creta
2020 Maruti Swift Maruti Alto Maruti Baleno Maruti Wagon R Maruti Dzire Maruti Eeco Hyundai Creta Kia Seltos Hyundai i10 Maruti Vitara Brezza
2021 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Swift Maruti Baleno Maruti Alto Hyundai Creta Maruti Dzire Maruti Vitara Brezza Maruti Eeco Maruti Ertiga Tata Nexon
2022 Maruti Wagon R Maruti Baleno Maruti Swift Tata Nexon Maruti Alto Maruti Dzire Hyundai Creta Maruti Ertiga Maruti Brezza Tata Punch
2023 Maruti Swift Maruti Wagon R Maruti Baleno Maruti Brezza Tata Nexon Maruti Dzire Hyundai Creta Tata Punch Maruti Eeco Maruti Ertiga
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
  Indigenous manufacturer     Local listed-foreign manufacturer (ex- foreign JV)      Foreign manufacturer
See also : Best-selling models in
2022 passenger car sales data[155]
Rank OEM 2022 sales Share 2021 sales Share
1 Maruti Suzuki Increase 1,576,026 Decrease 41.6% 1,364,788 44.4%
2 Hyundai Increase 552,511 Decrease 14.6% 505,033 16.4%
3 Tata Motors Increase 526,821 Increase 13.9% 331,182 10.8%
4 Mahindra Increase 333,054 Increase 8.8% 201,454 6.5%
5 Kia Increase 254,556 Increase 6.7% 181,543 5.9%
6 Toyota Increase 160,375 Steady 4.2% 130,749 4.2%
7 Honda Increase 95,022 Decrease 2.5% 89,153 2.9%
8 Renault Decrease 87,118 Decrease 2.3% 95,878 3.1%
9 Škoda Increase 53,721 Increase 1.4% 23,849 0.8%
10 MG Motor Increase 48,063 Steady 1.3% 40,273 1.3%
11 Volkswagen Increase 42,452 Increase 1.1% 26,930 0.9%
12 Nissan Decrease 34,565 Decrease 1.2% 35,956 0.9%
13 Jeep Increase 13,499 Steady 0.4% 11,863 0.4%
14 Citroën Increase 6,066 Increase 0.2% 624 0.0%
15 Datsun Decrease 512 Decrease 0.0% 4,296 0.1%
2022 best-selling cars in India[153]
Rank Model 2022 sales 2021 sales
1 Maruti Suzuki Wagon R 217,317 183,851
2 Maruti Suzuki Baleno 185,665 172,237
3 Maruti Suzuki Swift 176,424 175,052
4 Tata Nexon 168,278 108,577
5 Maruti Suzuki Alto 162,548 166,233
6 Maruti Suzuki Dzire 159,919 116,222
7 Hyundai Creta 140,895 125,437
8 Maruti Suzuki Ertiga 133,814 114,408
9 Maruti Suzuki Brezza 130,563 115,962
10 Tata Punch 129,895 22,571
11 Maruti Suzuki Eeco 125,074 114,524
12 Hyundai Venue 120,703 108,007
13 Hyundai Grand i10 Nios 106,222 95,515
14 Kia Seltos 101,569 98,147
15 Mahindra Bolero 94,332 65,313
16 Kia Sonet 86,251 79,289
17 Hyundai i20 75,572 72,292
18 Maruti Suzuki Celerio 72,729 32,853
19 Tata Tiago 67,259 64,994
20 Mahindra XUV700 65,371 11,964
21 Maruti Suzuki S-Presso 65,276 65,478
22 Mahindra Scorpio 64,179 36,945
23 Kia Carens 62,756 0
24 Mahindra XUV300 60,260 47,432
25 Tata Altroz 58,590 69,744
26 Maruti Suzuki Ignis 56,986 32,735
27 Toyota Innova 56,569 55,250
28 Tata Tigor 48,349 18,900
29 Hyundai Aura 47,076 37,584
30 Honda Amaze 46,528 39,697

Auto companies

[edit]

Indian brands

[edit]

Joint-venture (JV) brands

[edit]

Foreign-owned brands

[edit]

Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India

[edit]
  • Automobile Products of India or API - founded in 1949 at Bombay (now Mumbai), by the British company Rootes Group,[172] and later bought by M. A. Chidambaram of the MAC Group from Madras (now Chennai).[172] The company manufactured Lambretta scooters, API Three Wheelers under licence from Innocenti of Italy and automobile ancillaries, notably clutch and braking systems. API's registered offices were earlier in Mumbai, later shifted to Chennai, in Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing facilities were located in Mumbai and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and in Ambattur, Chennai.[173] The company has not been operational since 2002.
  • Escorts Yamaha - in 1984 Escorts formed a joint venture with Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles. In 2008, it became India Yamaha Motor.
  • Hero Motors is a former moped and scooter manufacturer based in Delhi, India. It is a part of multinational company Hero Group, which also currently owns Hero Motocorp (formerly Hero Honda) and Hero Cycles, among others. Hero Motors was started in the 1960s to manufacture 50cc two-stroke mopeds but gradually diversified into making larger mopeds, mokicks and scooters in the 1980s and the 1990s. Noteworthy collaborators and technical partners were Puch of Austria and Malaguti of Italy. Due to tightening emission regulations and poor sales, Hero motors have discontinued the manufacture of all gasoline powered vehicles and transformed itself into an electric two-wheeler and auto parts manufacturer.
  • Ideal Jawa - motorcycle company based in Mysore, sold licensed Jawa and ČZ motorcycles beginning in 1960 under the brand name Jawa and later Yezdi.
  • Kinetic Honda - a joint venture between Kinetic Engineering Limited, India and Honda Motor Company, Japan. The joint venture operated during 1984 - 1998, manufacturing 2-stroke scooters in India. In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which Kinetic Engineering continued to sell the models under the brand name Kinetic until 2008[174] when the interests were sold to Mahindra.
  • Mopeds India Limited - produces the Suvega range of Mopeds under technical collaboration with Motobécane of France.
  • Standard - produced by Standard Motor Products in Madras from 1949 to 1988. Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the U.K. by Standard-Triumph.Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (SMPI) was incorporated in 1948,[175] and their first product was the Vanguard, which began to be assembled in 1949. The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant torn down.
  • Tatra Vectra - Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra. Replaced by KamAZ. Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with Bharat Earth Movers Limited.
  • AMW[176]

Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry

[edit]
Further information: Electric vehicle industry in India

During April 2012, the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country.[177] A discussion between the various stakeholders, including Government, industry, and academia, was expected to take place during 23–24 February.[177] The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport, and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries, auto industry executives, such as Anand Mahindra (Vice Chairman and managing director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-chairman, Toyota Kirloskar), were involved in this task.[177] The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan during 2012–17.[177] The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor, and to develop such capabilities locally. In the year 2017, An Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh based Electric Vehicles manufacturing company called AVERA[178] New & Renewable Energy started electric scooters manufacturing[179] and are ready to launch their two models of scooters by the end of December 2018.[180]

Electric cars are seen as economical long-term investments, as one doesn't need to purchase gas, but needs only to recharge the battery, using renewable energy sources. According to the United States Department of Energy, electric cars produce half as much CO2 emissions as compared to a gas-powered car.[181] According to The Economic Times, 60% of Indian customers expect fuel prices to go up in the next 12 months and 58% expect to buy a new car in the same time frame. Most consumers are looking to buy a car which gives good mileage. According to the same source, 68% of Asian drivers expect higher mileage from their cars due to the higher fuel prices. This has encouraged 38% of Indian automobile consumers to switch to electric or hybrid cars.[182] Due to this change in the market, many companies, such as Toyota, have planned to introduce electric vehicles in India; and Suzuki has tested almost 50 electric prototypes in India already, according to Mashable.In 2019, Hyundai launched India's first electric car, the Kona Electric .[183]

Electric vehicle manufacturers in India

[edit]

Growth initiatives

[edit]

Automotive Research Association of India and standards

[edit]

The Government of India felt the need for a permanent agency to expedite the publication of standards and development of test facilities[193] in parallel with the work of the preparation of the standards - as the development of improved safety critical parts could be undertaken only after the publication of the standard and commissioning of test facilities. The Ministry of Surface Transport (MoST) constituted a permanent Automotive Industry Standards Committee (AISC) . The Standards prepared by AISC will be approved by the permanent CMVR Technical Standing Committee (CTSC). After approval, the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)[194] will publish this standard.[citation needed]

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are globally proven systems to optimize the utilization of existing transport infrastructure and improve transportation systems in terms of efficiency, quality, comfort and safety. Having realized the potential of ITS, Government bodies and other organizations in India are presently working towards implementing various components of ITS across the country.[citation needed]

The first step taken for creation and implementation of ITS was holding a National Workshop titled "User Requirements for Interactive ITS Architecture",[195] which was conducted as a collaboration between SIAM and ASRTU on 26 & 27 February 2015. This was primarily focused on ITS in Public Bus Transportation. Nonetheless, the workshop helped to create the outline for "National Intelligent Transport System Architecture and Policy for Public Transport (Bus)", which was submitted by ASRTU and SIAM to the government[citation needed]

In the 44th & 45th CMVR-TSC, Chairman had directed - standardization activities to be initiated on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - Vehicle Location Tracking, Camera Surveillance System and Emergency Request Button. The committee intended to extend the above user requirements to all public transportation namely –buses, taxis, etc. The current document covers the requirements for Vehicle Location Tracking and Emergency Button. The other ITS components like PIS, CCTV system, Fare collection etc. are deliberated and would be addressed in later phase and could be added as separate parts to the current document.[citation needed]

Based on these directions, the AISC Panel on ITS has prepared this AIS-140 titled,"Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - Requirements for Public Transport Vehicle Operation". The panel also deliberated and identified the necessary elements for an effective implementation of vehicle level ITS system.[citation needed]

For AIS-140 Devices, in India, connectivity to report location, and Emergency Panic Button signal is though wireless cellular connectivity. There are device focused Cellular Connectivity Offerings like 'eSIM4Things[196]' available in India, which cater to connectivity requirements of AIS-140 devices.[197] eSIM4Things[196] is fully compatible with all AIS-140 devices and with a connectivity manager and a range of tariff plans.

Driverless Technology in India

[edit]

While there is controversy on possibility of driverless cars in India,[198][199] many startups are working on this technology:

  • Flux Auto
  • FishEyeBox
  • Hi Tech Robotic Systemz
  • EC Mobility Pvt. Ltd.
  • ATImotors
  • Netradyne
  • Swaayat Robots
  • Auro Robotics
  • OmniPresent Robotics
  • Mahindra & Mahindra
  • SeDrica 1.0[200]

In Auto Expo 2018, Hi Tech Robotic Systemz launched an artificial intelligence-based driver behaviour sensor technology called Novus Aware in partnership with Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV).[201][202]

Performance-linked incentives scheme for future tech

[edit]

Automotive sector is part of 13 sectors that GoI has introduced Rs 1.97 lakh cr (US$28 b) performance-linked incentives (PLI) schemes for five years in 2021-22 budget.[203] In Sept 2021, to boost the automotive industry with the newer and green technology the Government of India (GoI) launched 3 PLI schemes, a Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) scheme for production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles (PEVHV), the Rs 18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) "Advanced Chemistry Cell" (ACC) scheme for new generation advance storage technologies which are useful for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000 crore (US$1.4 b) "Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles" (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles.[204] The Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to boost the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750,000 direct jobs in auto sector.[203] These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation and economy.[204] Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth.[203]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2022 Statistics". www.oica.net. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  2. ^ "Automobile Industry in India, Indian Automobile Industry, Sector, Trends, Statistics".
  3. ^ Rais, Ahlam. "India is the next manufacturing hub for automobiles".
  4. ^ www.ETAuto.com. "India surpasses Japan to become 3rd largest auto market globally, Auto News, ET Auto". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  5. ^ "Invest in Indian Automobile Industry, Auto Sector Growth Trends". www.investindia.gov.in. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  6. ^ Rampal, Nikhil (27 May 2022). "Only 8% Indian families own cars, NFHS finds. Over 50% still use bicycles, bikes & scooters". The Print. India. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  7. ^ Sunilkumar, Singh Rahul (27 December 2022). "Only 1 in 12 Indian households have a car, Mahindra asks netizens for conclusion". Hindustan Times. India. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  8. ^ Neelakantan, Anand (8 October 2022). "The long road to building roads for humans, not cars in India". The New Indian Express. India. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  9. ^ Minda, N. K. (18 October 2019). "How car ownership trends will pan out in the future". The Hindu Businessline. India. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  10. ^ a b Piplai, p. 2892
  11. ^ The rise of the automobile in free India, Mumbai (Bombay): Autocar Professional India
  12. ^ "An opportunity missed". The Hindu. 9 June 2014. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  13. ^ Bhaktavatsala Rao, C. (20 February 1993). "Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (8/9). Mumbai, India: Sameeksha Trust: M21.
  14. ^ a b "Automobile Industry: Unconvincing Explanations". Economic and Political Weekly. XX (16). Mumbai, India: Sameeksha Trust: 669. 20 April 1985.
  15. ^ a b c Robinson, Vaughan (5 June 1982). "Motoring for the millions". Autocar. Vol. 156, no. 4459. IPC Business Press Ltd. p. 22.
  16. ^ Piplai, p. 2893
  17. ^ Piplai, pp. 2894-2895
  18. ^ "Amid lockdown, India switches to BS-VI emission norms". The Hindu. 2 April 2020.
  19. ^ Mondal, Dipak (5 July 2015). "Going Native". Business Today. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  20. ^ "Why Everyone is going below 4-Meters". Spinny Blog. 25 January 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  21. ^ Rawuther, Afzal (7 May 2020). "The impact of lower taxation on sub-four meter cars". Evo India. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  22. ^ Kotwal, Shapur (21 July 2011). "The four-metre race". Livemint. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  23. ^ "The four-meter curse: How the compact sedan segment evolved". Cartoq. 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 8 August 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  24. ^ Jayashankar Menon (11 December 2010). "South emerges largest auto cluster in India". Sulekha.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  25. ^ "CII launches Chennai zone". The Hindu Business Line. 19 October 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  26. ^ "Mahindra Chakan - News". Zigwheels. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  27. ^ "Volkswagen Inaugrates [sic] Chakan Plant!". cubi[CC]apacity. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  28. ^ a b "Oculus". Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  29. ^ Pearson, David (1 September 2011). "Peugeot-Citroen to Invest €650 Million in Indian Assembly Plant". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  30. ^ "Skoda plant commissioned near Aurangabad". Autonews.indiacar.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  31. ^ "Cars in India, Compare Cars, Upcoming Cars in India". Carcrox.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  32. ^ "New Cars in India - Compare Cars - Latest Cars in India". sagmart.com. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  33. ^ "Tata Motors Agrees to Buy Ford's Gujarat Plant for $92 Million". Bloomberg.com. 7 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  34. ^ "Tata Group to set up Rs 4,000 crore lithium-ion battery plant". Dholera Prime. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  35. ^ "Gujarat: Tata Motors to produce 2 lakh electric vehicles at Ford plant". The Times of India. 15 April 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  36. ^ Livemint (11 April 2022). "MG Motor to invest ₹4,000 cr for 2nd plant to take capacity to 3L units". www.livemint.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  37. ^ "MG Motor India to invest $100 million to expand capacity, eyes 70 percent growth in 2023". Autocar Professional. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  38. ^ "MG Motor to invest Rs 4k cr in its second facility - The New Indian Express". www.newindianexpress.com. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  39. ^ "MG Motor Eyes Profits in 2023, To Explore Options Going Forward". Mobility Outlook. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  40. ^ "Vibrant Gujarat 2011: Mahindra to invest Rs 3,000 cr". The Economic Times. 12 January 2011. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  41. ^ Mishra, Piyush (27 March 2014). "Atul Auto to set up new unit near Ahmedabad". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  42. ^ "Atul Auto net up 23 pc; to double capacity at Rajkot plant". The Economic Times. 19 November 2012. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  43. ^ Dave, Vimukt (16 September 2014). "Atul Auto's new facility near A'bad to produce 60,000 units per annum". Business Standard. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  44. ^ PTI (30 September 2014). "Honda Motorcycle to invest Rs1,100 crore to set up two-wheeler plant in Gujarat". www.livemint.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  45. ^ "HMSI to invest Rs 1,100 cr to set up 2-wheeler plant in Gujarat". The Economic Times. 1 October 2014. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  46. ^ "Honda to Invest Rs 1,100 Crore to Set Up Two-Wheeler Plant in Gujarat". NDTV.com. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  47. ^ "Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India to invest Rs 630cr to ramp up capacity". The Times of India. 4 October 2018. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  48. ^ Raj, Amrit (18 August 2015). "Hero MotoCorp plans to develop Gujarat plant into an export hub". www.livemint.com. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  49. ^ "Hero MotoCorp to invest Rs 1,200 cr in Gujarat unit". Business Today. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  50. ^ "Hero MotoCorp to invest Rs 2,575 cr in new plants, R&D centre". NDTV.com. 4 June 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  51. ^ "Suzuki to invest Rs 30,000 cr on 2 new plants, PM Modi lays foundation stone". The Economic Times. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  52. ^ "Gujarat government extends Maruti benefits to parent firm". The Times of India. 25 December 2015. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  53. ^ "japan: Suzuki announces Rs 10,440 crore investment in Gujarat for EV and battery manufacturing". The Economic Times. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  54. ^ Umarji, Vinay (6 December 2021). "EV start-up Matter signs MoU with Gujarat govt for Rs 1,500 crore". www.business-standard.com. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  55. ^ "EV startup Matter unveils geared electric motorcycle, plans 200 dealerships in next 12 months". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  56. ^ Rudra, Tapanjana (24 June 2022). "Matter Closes $10 Mn Funding Round To Build Products, Launch EV Two-Wheeler In 2022". Inc42 Media. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  57. ^ "About Us". Joy e-bike. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  58. ^ "JCB opens new factory in Gujarat with 100 mn pound investment". The Times of India. 21 April 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  59. ^ Thakkar, Ketan (21 April 2022). "vadodara: JCB invests Rs 1000 crore in Vadodara aimed at exports market". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  60. ^ [1] Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ^ a b c "HMSI Factory". .honda2wheelersindia.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  62. ^ "About us | India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd". Yamaha-motor-india.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  63. ^ [2] Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ^ [3] Archived 2 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ "Company | JCB - Earthmoving and Construction Equipments".
  66. ^ a b c d "TVS Motor Company". Tvsmotor.in. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  67. ^ [4] Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  68. ^ a b c d e f [5] Archived 5 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  69. ^ a b "Tata Motors Limited - India's Largest Automobile Company". Tatamotors.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  70. ^ "Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles". Mahindra.com. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  71. ^ [6] Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  72. ^ "Scania to set up assembly plant in India". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  73. ^ "VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd". www.vecv.in. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  74. ^ "Welcome to Mahindra". Mahindra2wheelers.com. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  75. ^ "Eicher :: Eicher Motors Limited :: Home". Eicherworld.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  76. ^ "Hindustan Motors". Hindmotor.com. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  77. ^ "Force Motors LTD". Forcemotors.com. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  78. ^ "Case CE Equipment". www.casece.com. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  79. ^ a b "Bajaj". Bajajauto.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  80. ^ "Vespa opens up its first Indian plant". Topgear India. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  81. ^ "Aprilia RS 457 production commenced - Overdrive". Overdrive. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  82. ^ "Mahindra Vehicle Manufacturers | Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs)". Mahindra.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  83. ^ "Mahindra & Mahindra-Automotive Division". Mahindra.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  84. ^ "Know Us : Manufacturing". Tata Motors. 13 March 2000. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  85. ^ "Jaguar Land Rover Inaugurates New Vehicle Assembly Plant in Pune". ZigWheels.com. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  86. ^ "Mercedes-Benz India - Mercedes World - Contact Us". Mercedes-benz.co.in. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  87. ^ "Volkswagen India < Volkswagen World < Welcome to Volkswagen India". Volkswagen.co.in. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  88. ^ [7] Archived 12 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ "About Audi India > Audi India". Audi.in. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  90. ^ "Hyundai signs deal to acquire General Motors' Talegaon manufacturing plant". Business Standard. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  91. ^ "After Mitsubishi, Hyundai to invest Rs 7,000 crore in Pune's Talegaon area". Indian Express. 14 January 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  92. ^ a b c [8] Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  93. ^ [9] Archived 27 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  94. ^ "Mahindra Navistar Automotives Ltd. - Indian Lorry and Commercial Truck Manufacturer in India". Mahindranavistar.com. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  95. ^ "Contact Us". Piaggio. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  96. ^ "Construction Equipment". India: Hyundai. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  97. ^ "Contact Us". Chandigarh: SML Isuzu Limited. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  98. ^ "Okinawa to invest ₹150 crore to set up new manufacturing unit in Rajasthan". HT Auto. 24 January 2021.
  99. ^ [10] Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  100. ^ Special Correspondent (15 December 2020). "17% of BMW bikes produced at TVS Motor's plant: Stoll". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 July 2022. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  101. ^ "Contact Us". Royalenfield.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  102. ^ "Ola commences construction of mega factory on 500-acre site in Tamil Nadu, eyes production soon". www.cnbctv18.com. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  103. ^ "Ola's Bhavish Aggarwal Looks To Disrupt India's EV Market By Mass Producing Vehicles". Moneycontrol. 7 March 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  104. ^ "Ather Energy offers a peek into its new production facility at Hosur". Autocar India. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  105. ^ "Simple Energy plans million e-scooters capacity plant in Hosur". www.autocarpro.in. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  106. ^ "Ampere Electric to invest Rs 700 crore in new EV plant in Tamil Nadu". www.autocarpro.in. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  107. ^ "SVM Prana Electric Motorcycle Launch Price Rs 1.99 L - 126 Kms Range". RushLane. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  108. ^ "EV start-up Boom Motors launches moto-scooters at Rs 89,999". www.autocarpro.in. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  109. ^ "Raptee Energy Inc". rapteemotors.com. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  110. ^ ANI (30 June 2021). "Aventose Energy's electric two-wheeler enters pre-production stage". Business Standard India. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  111. ^ Jagannathan, K. T. (30 March 2007). "Business : BMW Chennai facility goes on stream". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  112. ^ "BMW India : Careers : Job Offers". Bmw.in. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  113. ^ "2018 Mini Countryman production begins at Chennai plant". Overdrive. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  114. ^ [11] Archived 11 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  115. ^ "Nissan India | Corporate Information". Nissan.in. 17 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  116. ^ [12] Archived 7 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  117. ^ Datsun GO Production at Chennai Plant, 8 June 2016, archived from the original on 13 November 2021, retrieved 4 September 2021
  118. ^ "Schwing Stetter commissions ₹300-cr factory near Chennai". @businessline. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  119. ^ "Komatsu Opens New Factory in India". Dredging Today. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  120. ^ "Contact". bharatbenz.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  121. ^ "Caterpillar sets up new manufacturing plant in India for backhoe loaders". Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  122. ^ "::Kamaz Vectra Motors Ltd::". Kamazvectra.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  123. ^ "SAME Deutz-Fahr to make Ranipet, Vellore its export hub". Business Standard. 5 March 2009.
  124. ^ "Force Motors opens a new plant in Chennai, starts assembly of BMW engines-Auto News, Firstpost". Firstpost. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  125. ^ "M Auto". melectric.in. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  126. ^ "Home". Eroyce. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  127. ^ "Reep Motors". Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  128. ^ "DP AUTOINDIA PRIVATE LIMITED". dpauto.in. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  129. ^ "About us | India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd". Yamaha-motor-india.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  130. ^ "About Us". J. S. Auto (P) Ltd.: Manufacturer of JSA Three Wheelers. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  131. ^ "Britain India's largest automobile export market". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  132. ^ Kurczewski, Nick (26 June 2009). "More Cars Are Coming From India". The New York Times. India. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  133. ^ "Nissan upcoming Chennai plant to be its global small car hub - WheelsUnplugged Automobile Industry News". Wheelsunplugged.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  134. ^ Jose, Darlington (25 June 2009). "GM to make India small car hub". mydigitalfc.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
  135. ^ Bloomberg News (3 September 2009). "India: Ford Plans to Build Small Cars". World Business Briefing | Asia. The New York Times. India. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  136. ^ Choudhury, Santanu (3 September 2009). "Ford Set to Start Production of Small Car in India". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  137. ^ Kuncheria, C.J. (3 September 2009). "Fiat Purchasing to source $1 bln parts from India". Reuters.com. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  138. ^ Nair, Vipin V. (7 September 2009). "Suzuki, Hyundai's Indian Car Exports Beat China's". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  139. ^ "Peugeot may revive India plans, invest $881 mn in new unit". Economic Times: Times of India. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  140. ^ "2021 Citroen C5 Aircross launched in India, prices start from Rs 29.90 lakh". Overdrive. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  141. ^ How Mahindra plans to grow in U.S. with 'India tough' Roxor off-roader
  142. ^ "India Automobiles; Car Industry in India". Thomaswhite.com. 26 February 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  143. ^ "India Exporters - Automobile Exports". World's Richest Countries. 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  144. ^ "Passenger cars - major producing countries 2018". Statista. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
  145. ^ "Why carmakers are still betting on India". Live mint.com. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  146. ^ "Mahindra". Mahindra. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  147. ^ "Products". Tata Motors. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  148. ^ Maruti Suzuki Corporate Information Archived 26 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2013-02-01.
  149. ^ "Maruti Suzuki company manufactures the best selling cars in India". Marutisuzuki.com. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  150. ^ "Maruti Suzuki starts production of Jimny SUV in India". www.timesnownews.com. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  151. ^ Gasnier, Matt (11 October 2018). "India 1958-2019: More detailed Historical Data now available". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  152. ^ "Top 10 best-selling cars in India in 2021: Hatchbacks lead SUVs". The Times of India. 10 January 2022. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  153. ^ a b "CY2022 - Top 30 Selling Cars Analysis". Auto Punditz. 13 January 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  154. ^ "Exclusive | Top 10 selling cars in India in 2023: Swift drives past WagonR, Baleno as Brezza beats Nexon". India Today. 3 January 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  155. ^ "CY2022: Indian Mass-Market Passenger Vehicle Manufacturer Analysis". Auto Punditz. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  156. ^ "Ashok Leyland". Ashok Leyland. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  157. ^ "Joint Ventures". Ashok Leyland. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  158. ^ bsmotoring.com (13 November 2010). "Kamaz Vectra plans to invest $60 mn in 5 yrs". Business Standard motoring. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  159. ^ "Company History: Major Milestones". Chandigarh: SML Isuzu Limited. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  160. ^ "VE Commercial Vehicles Limited". VE Commercial Vehicles Limited. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  161. ^ "Unveils BharatBenz – An Exclusive Brand for Its Trucks in India". Daimler AG. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  162. ^ "Caterpillar: India". India.cat.com. 19 March 2010. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  163. ^ "2012 Auto Expo: DAF unveils CF truck". Bsmotoring.com. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  164. ^ "Enters Local Assembly and Sales Collaboration Contract for Medium Duty Busses in India". ISUZU. 3 July 2006. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  165. ^ "Iveco". Web.iveco.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  166. ^ "Mercedes-Benz India - Commercial Vehicles - Bus". Mercedes-benz.co.in. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  167. ^ "Home Page". Piaggio. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  168. ^ "Rosenbauer World - Rosenbauer World Vielseitig im Einsatz. Einzigartig in der Technik". Rosenbauer.com. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  169. ^ "around the world". Scania. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  170. ^ "Tatra, A.S." Tatra.cz. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  171. ^ Volvo Buses (28 May 2010). "Volvo Buses". Volvo Buses. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  172. ^ a b "API and Rootes Group". Commercial Motor archive. 5 June 1953.
  173. ^ "Automobile Products of India Limited". My Iris. 14 July 2008.
  174. ^ International Business Times, 31 July 2008, "Mahindra & Mahindra buys Kinetic Motor for Rs. 110 crore, forays into two-wheeler market" by Surojit Chatterjee.
  175. ^ Bhaktavatsala Rao, C. (20 February 1993). "Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (8/9). Mumbai, India: Sameeksha Trust: M22.
  176. ^ Vyas, Maulik (3 August 2023). "AMW Motors admitted for insolvency as Triton fails to implement revival plan". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  177. ^ a b c d Roudra Bhattacharya (16 February 2012). "Electric vehicles policy rollout likely in April | Business Line". Thehindubusinessline.com. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  178. ^ "AVERA Electric Vehicles". AVERA. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  179. ^ Varma, P. Sujatha (14 April 2018). "AVERA News on The Hindu". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  180. ^ Varma, P. Sujatha (8 October 2017). "City-based firm to launch e-bikes in New Year". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  181. ^ "Electric Vehicles | Department of Energy". www.energy.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  182. ^ www.ETAuto.com. "What Indian consumers prefer the most while buying a car? - ET Auto". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  183. ^ Lekach, Sasha. "Electric cars in India to get a boost with new clean energy policy". Mashable. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  184. ^ "Indian Company to Build Electric Car to Challenge Nano". EVWorld.com. 12 April 2008. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  185. ^ "Hero Electric Plans E-Car Launch in Five Years". Evworld.com. 24 August 2008. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  186. ^ "India's Mahindra Planning E4-Seat Electric Car for 2010". EVWorld.com. 24 August 2008. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  187. ^ "Tara Introduces $2450 Electric Car". EVWorld.com. 17 March 2008. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  188. ^ "Tata Announces It Is Developing Electric Car". EVWorld.com. 26 July 2008. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  189. ^ "Danera technologies information". economic times.
  190. ^ "Vehicles of euler auto". economic times auto.
  191. ^ Singh, Lalit. "PRAVAIG DYNAMICS PRIVATE LIMITED".
  192. ^ Ravichandran, Dhiyanesh. "Pinnacle's EV arm EKA Mobility unveils its first product 'E9' electric bus". Emerging Technology News. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  193. ^ "ARAI Draft AIS 140" (PDF).
  194. ^ "ARAI website".
  195. ^ "National Workshop" (PDF).
  196. ^ a b "eSIM4things". Archived from the original on 1 March 2021.
  197. ^ "BSNL ropes in Plintron to launch pan-India MVNO service".
  198. ^ "Is India Ready for Driverless Cars?". OPEN Magazine. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  199. ^ "Nitin Gadkari is right, driverless cars make no sense in India". The Economic Times. 26 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  200. ^ "9 Startups in India working on Self Driving Technology". analyticsindiamag.com. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  201. ^ "Hi-Tech Robotic Systemz to provide driver state monitoring system to Daimler". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  202. ^ www.ETAuto.com. "Hi-Tech Robotic to expand global footprint for AI-based driver behaviour sensor - ET Auto". ETAuto.com. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  203. ^ a b c Cabinet Clears ₹ 26,000 Crore Scheme For Auto Sector To Boost Production, NDTV, September 15, 2021.
  204. ^ a b India doesn’t need speed breakers. Modi govt right to help automobile, telecom, The Print, 17 September 2021.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Black, Anthony, et al. "The political economy of automotive industry development policy in middle income countries: A comparative analysis of Egypt, India, South Africa and Turkey." (2020). online
  • Dhawan, Rajat, et al. "The auto component industry in India: Preparing for the future." (McKinsey & Company, (Sep 2018). online
  • Gupta, Sadanand (2012), Automobile Industry in India: A Cluster Approach, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-81-922182-6-7
  • Haneesh, Gaddipati Raama, and Abhishek Venkteshwar. "The Impact of Covid-19 on the Automotive Industry in India." International Journal of Management (IJM) 12.4 (2021). online[dead link‍]
  • Kamala, T.N. & Doreswamy, A.G. (2007). Strategies for Enhancing Competitiveness of Indian Auto Component Industries Archived 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode.
  • Piplai, Tapas (28 July 2001). "Automobile Industry: Shifting Strategic Focus". Economic and Political Weekly. 36 (30). Mumbai, India: Sameeksha Trust: 2892–2897.
  • Remesh, Babu P. "Re-reading the ‘Auto-revolution’in India with a Labour Lens: Shifting Roles and Positions of State, Industry and Workers." in Changing Contexts and Shifting Roles of the Indian State (Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 175-189.
  • Rengamani, J. "A Study On The Factors Influencing The Job Stress Of Production Engineers In The Automobile Companies In Chennai." International Journal of Mechanical and ProductionEngineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) 8#5 (2018) pp. 427-436 online[dead link‍]
  • Saha, Priya, And Aruna Sharma. "Creating Value Through Customer Relationship Management In The Automotive Industry In India." CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management 11.9 (2020).
  • Shrestha, Shahadave. "Supplier development in Indian auto industry: Case of Maruti Suzuki India Limited." The Bulletin of the Graduate School, Soka University 39 (2019): 1-15. online
  • Sureshkrishna, G., and D. Simanchala. "Occupational stress and job satisfaction: A Study of Automotive Industry in India." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) 9.2 (2018): 690-97.
  • Tiku, Pran (2008). Six Sizzling Markets: How to Profit from Investing in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Korea, and Mexico. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-17888-1.
  • Uppal, Nishant. "CEO narcissism, CEO duality, TMT agreeableness and firm performance: An empirical investigation in auto industry in India." European Business Review (2020). online
[edit]