French
DeutschBattle of Gorizia (1916)
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (February 2013) |
| Sixth Battle of the Isonzo | |||||||||
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| Part of Italian Front of the First World War | |||||||||
 9 August 1916 Italian cavalry enters Gorizia | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Kingdom of Italy |  Austria-Hungary | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Luigi Cadorna (Chief of Staff of the Italian Army) Settimio Piacentini (Commander of Second Army) Luigi Capello (Commander of VI Corps of Second Army) Emanuele Filiberto di Savoia (Commander of Third Army) | Archduke Friedrich (Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army) Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (Chief of the General Staff) Svetozar Boroević von Bojna (Commander of Fifth Army) Erwin Zeidler von Görz (Commander of 58th Division) | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 203 battalions[1] | 106 battalions[1] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 51,221[2][nb 1] 6,310 killed 32,784 wounded 12,127 missing | 37,458[2][nb 2] 3,719 killed 19,910 wounded 13,829 missing | ||||||||
The Sixth Battle of the Isonzo, better known as the Battle of Gorizia, was the most successful Italian offensive along the Soča (Isonzo) River during World War I.
Background
[edit]Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf had reduced the Austro-Hungarian forces along the Soča front to reinforce his Trentino Offensive and also to assist with the defense of the Russian Brusilov Offensive taking place on the Eastern front. Italian Chief-of-Staff Luigi Cadorna, along with Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta – Commander of the Italian Third Army, turned his attention to the Isonzo front and particularly, the city of Gorizia. They planned a heavy bombardment in a very restricted zone between Podgora Hill (Monte Calvario) and Monte San Michele – two heights overlooking the city. Bombardment would be followed by ground actions to obtain control of the left bank of the Isonzo River. Moreover, this battle would start with an advantage because Italians had already succeeded in advancing towards the top of Sabotin (Monte Sabotino), another height overlooking Soča valley and Gorizia, and Italian sappers had built several tunnels behind Austro-Hungarian positions.[5]
Cadorna also made good use of railroads to quickly shift troops from Trentino back to the Isonzo frontline for this offensive against the weakened Austro-Hungarian defenses.
Battle
[edit]On 6 August the offensive was launched against Gorizia. The attack was concentrated in two zones: the hilly area west of the Soča river near Gorizia and the westernmost edge of the Karst Plateau near Doberdò del Lago (Doberdob). Italians managed to conquer the main transport road leading from Duino to Gorizia in the Battle of Doberdò after bloody hand-to-hand combat, thus securing their advance to Gorizia from the south. Austro-Hungarian forces had to retreat on the line east of Gorizia (Mount Škabrijel), leaving the heavily damaged town to Italians.
Bombardment of Gorizia was extremely heavy and effective.[citation needed] Borojević unsuccessfully asked for reinforcements. In the afternoon Cadorna ordered the 45th division to attack Sabotin. Italian infantry with support of heavy artillery reached the peak in less than an hour.
Simultaneously the attack on Monte San Michele also commenced. Italian infantry successfully reached the summit while Austro-Hungarian soldiers retreated waiting for a later counterattack. In the absence of reserve forces, which had been deployed to Sabotin, that counterattack failed.
With the conquest of Sabotin and Monte San Michele, the previously strong Austro-Hungarian defensive line around Gorizia rapidly disintegrated. Later that night Italians also captured Monte Calvario. On 8 August the last Austro-Hungarian regiment from right bank of Soča River withdrew to the east. The first platoons of the Pavia Brigade began to enter the city. Gorizia fell to Cadorna and a bridgehead was finally established across the Soča River. Austro-Hungarians shifted troops to the Gorizia sector to prevent a breakthrough.
Borojević had already ordered his men to retreat further to the east into Vallone Valley north of Monfalcone (Tržič) thus abandoning strategic positions on the western Carso such as Monte Sei Busi, the zone around Doberdò del Lago and Monte Cosich to the north of Monfalcone.
Austro-Hungarian defenses in the north and east of Gorizia still included an uninterrupted series of heights – including ridges from Sveta gora (Monte Santo), Škabrijel (Monte San Gabriele), Sveti Danijel (Monte San Daniele, and Hill 383. Austro-Hungarian artillery and artillery observatories were, placed on these peaks after the fall of Gorizia. These peaks had been prepared for defense purposes to block Italian offensives towards Trieste and Vienna.[6]
The new Austro-Hungarian front line now passed from Nad Logom (Hill 212), Hill 187 (near Devetachi, Devetaki), Opacchiasella (Opatje selo), Nova Vas (Novavilla), Hill 208,[7] Hill 144 and Hill 77 from north to south.[8] Austro-Hungarian troops engaged the Italians in a series of heavy defensive firefights.
With the bridgehead being established, capturing Gorizia and the western Karst, and having suffered heavy losses, Cadorna ended the offensive on 17 August.
The attack on Gorizia was the most successful Italian offensive along the Isonzo and greatly boosted Italian morale - especially since Gorizia had been promoted as a desirable objective, unattainable in earlier battles. Italy finally declared war against Germany on 28 August.[clarification needed] [clarification needed].
See also
[edit]- First Battle of the Isonzo - 23 June–7 July 1915
- Second Battle of the Isonzo - 18 July–3 August 1915
- Third Battle of the Isonzo - 18 October–3 November 1915
- Fourth Battle of the Isonzo - 10 November–2 December 1915
- Fifth Battle of the Isonzo - 9–17 March 1916
- Seventh Battle of the Isonzo - 14–17 September 1916
- Eighth Battle of the Isonzo - 10–12 October 1916
- Ninth Battle of the Isonzo - 1–4 November 1916
- Tenth Battle of the Isonzo - 12 May–8 June 1917
- Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo - 19 August–12 September 1917
- Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo - 24 October–7 November 1917 also known as the Battle of Caporetto
References
[edit]- Tucker, Spencer The Great War:1914-18 (1998)
- ^ a b Oberleutnant, Thanner, Wilfried (2009). Analyse des Stellungskrieges am Isonzo von 1915-1917 Darstellung der Eskalation des Waffeneinsatzes an der Isonzofront am Beispiel einer Division. Universität Wien, Vienna. pp. 88, 301.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Tucker, Spencer (1996). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, New York. p. 369.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ivan Bruno Zabeo, Dolesi al fronte. La prima guerra mondiale, p. 318
- ^ Wilfried Thanner, Analyse des Stellungskrieges am Isonzo von 1915-1917, p. 301
- ^ Gooch, John, The Italian Army and the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 183
- ^ Consociazione Turistica Italiana – Sui Campi di Battaglia – Il Medio e Basso Isonzo, quinta edizione, 1939, Milano
- ^ "Bonetti e basso Vallone / Itinerario delle quote 208". Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ Turistica Italiana, 1939
Footnotes
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Schindler, John R. (2001). Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War. Praeger. ISBN 0275972046. OCLC 44681903.
External links
[edit]- Sixth Battle of the Isonzo
- FirstWorldWar.Com: The Battles of the Isonzo, 1915-17
- Battlefield Maps: Italian Front
- 11 Battles at the Isonzo
- The Walks of Peace in the Soča Region Foundation. The Foundation preserves, restores and presents the historical and cultural heritage of the First World War in the area of the Isonzo Front for the study, tourist and educational purposes.
- The Kobarid Museum (in English) Archived 19 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- Društvo Soška Fronta (in Slovenian)
- Pro Hereditate - extensive site (in En/It/Sl)
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