Battle of Poljana

Battle of Poljana
Part of World War II in Yugoslavia
Captured Germans, Ustaše, Chetnik, Slovene soldiers and civilians in Maribor after the battle
Date May 14–15, 1945 Location Poljana, near the village of Prevalje, Yugoslavia Result Allied victory Axis forces surrender Beginning of the Bleiburg repatriations
Belligerents
Axis and collaborationist forces:  Germany  Independent State of Croatia Slovenia Chetniks Cossacks	Allies: Partisans  United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Alexander Löhr  August Schmidhuber  Helmuth von Pannwitz  Erwin Rösener  Desiderius Hampel  Ante Pavelić Vjekoslav Luburić Rafael Boban (MIA) Kosta Mušicki  Sekula Drljević † Leon Rupnik	Kosta Nađ Petar Drapšin
Units involved
Army Group E 104th Jäger Division 369th (Croatian) Infantry Division 373rd (Croatian) Infantry Division 392nd (Croatian) Infantry Division 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps Croatian Armed Forces Ustaše Militia Domobrans Montenegrin National Army Chetniks Serbian Volunteer Corps Slovenia SD	Yugoslav Army 3rd Army 4th Army
Strength
Mixed column of 30,000 Axis soldiers and civilians	Unknown
Casualties and losses
350 killed, wounded or missing	100 killed and wounded
Approximately 70,000 to 80,000 German, NDH, Montenegrin, Chetnik, Slovene Home Guard soldiers and civilians massacred around Maribor

The Battle of Poljana took place outside of Poljana, near the town of Prevalje in Yugoslavia (modern-day Slovenia) between the Yugoslav Army and a column of 30,000 retreating Axis soldiers, which consisted of the German Wehrmacht, the Croatian Armed Forces (which consisted of Home Guard and Ustaše soldiers), the Montenegrin People's Army (which was of former Chetniks and survivors of the Battle of Lijevče Field), the Serbian Volunteer Corps, the Slovene Home Guard, the 15th Waffen SS Cossack Cavalry Corps and other collaborationist forces who were on their way to surrender to the British in Austria. The battle was one of the last confrontations of World War II in Europe taking place on 14 and 15 May 1945, 6 days after Germany unconditionally capitualated.

Yugoslavia was invaded by Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria on 6 April 1941. Poorly prepared and overrun, the Yugoslav army capitulated after 11 days of fighting on 17 April. Following the invasion, Yugoslavia was split between the Axis powers with annexed and occupied territories. The Italians and Germans supported the proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), a puppet state led by dictator Ante Pavelić who was also the leader of the ultranationalist Ustaše movement. The country was founded on the territories of modern-day Croatia and all of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Within weeks of its creation, NDH authorities implemented genocidal policies against its Serb, Romani, and Jewish populations living within the new borders.

Armed resistance broke out almost immediately within the territories following the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia. Initial resistance lacked a centralized ideology and was largely based around survival, particularly Serbs who took up arms against the Ustaše. However, two main forms of opposition emerged in importance and size, the Serbian monarchist Chetniks led by Draža Mihailović and the multi-ethnic communist Partisans led by Josip Broz Tito. Both groups initially collaborated against the Axis, however ideological differences and ethnic tensions led to a guerrilla insurgency between the two movements.

The Chetniks were based on the objective of establishing a Greater Serbia, ethnically cleansing regions with Bosnian Muslims and Croats while also collaborating with the Italian and German forces in destroying the Partisans. On the other hand, the Partisans welcomed everyone regardless of ethnic and religious differences, even declaring amnesty for those who were involved with the Axis. Consequently due to the Chetnik’s decision on cooperation with the Axis, the Allies recognized the Partisans by 1943 as the official Allied forces in Yugoslavia.

End of the war

Several Croat officials staged a coup against Pavelić in August 1944, in an attempt to get the NDH on the side of the Allies. The Lorković-Vokić plot was discovered before it could be carried out and resulted in the imprisonment and execution of conspirators Mladen Lorković and Ante Vokić, well as those involved with the planning. By the beginning of 1945, the European Axis powers had been defeated. As the Partisans began approaching the capital of Zagreb, the government of the Independent State of Croatia began preparations to flee the country. In a vain gesture to gain the trust of the Allies, the NDH government revoked their racial policies on 5 May, in which the Ustaše exterminated the majority of Serbs, Jews, and Roma during the course of the war.

The next day, Pavelić and the NDH government left Zagreb. That same day, a column of 30,000 soldiers from Army Group E (German: Heeresgruppe E) began their retreat north to Austria, seeking an opportunity to surrender to the British and evade Partisan reprisals. Most of the soldiers within the column were those in the German Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, the NDH Armed Forces (the Ustaše and Home Guard), Slovene Home Guard, Montenegrin National Army (Chetniks from Montenegro), and the Axis-aligned Cossack Cavalry Corps. Despite assurances from Tito that all Axis prisoners would be treated accordingly, some Partisans began rounding up and summarily executing Volksdeustche and Ustaše soldiers in the thousands. Tito eventually gave orders to two divisions: the 3rd and 4th in Carinthia to cut off the route into Austria and to capture the prisoners.

On May 14 shortly before 9:00 am, the 30,000 strong column of German, Croat, Chetnik, and Slovene soldiers smashed through the defense of Poljana, which was a small town close to the Austrian border. The dire situation rapidly deteriorated into a bloodbath with artillery being exchanged by both sides which went on into the night. Large number of skirmishes took place around the field surrounding Poljana, with individuals and small groups fleeing to the hills to make their own way towards Austria while others fell to complete confusion and chaos.

Finally on the morning of May 15, around 20 British tanks arrived and both sides made negotiations. The white flag of surrender was finally raised at 4:00 pm.^[1] The Axis suffered 350 dead, while the Yugoslav Army only suffered 100 losses. It was one of the last battles of World War II in Europe and would be the culmination of the Axis retreat out of Yugoslavia.

Much to the horror of the column of Axis soldiers, the British made it harshly clear that they would not accept their surrender and instead they unconditionally surrendered to the Yugoslav Army. Britain, which at this point had tens of thousands of German, Ustaše, Chetnik, Cossack, Slovene soldiers and civilians in custody, handed the rest of their prisoners at gunpoint to the Yugoslav forces who began massacring the column in what became known as the Bleiburg repatriations.^[2]

• Bleiburg massacre

Notes

Bibliography

• Thomas, N., Mikulan, K. and Pavelic, D. Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45, Osprey, London, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-473-3

Media related to Final operations in Slovenia at Wikimedia Commons

• Franci Strle: Veliki Finale na Koroškem (Grand Finale in Carinthia) (2nd edition, 1977) (in Slovene)
• extract from Franci Strle: Veliki Finale na Koroškem (Grand Finale in Carinthia) (2nd edition, 1977) (in Slovene)