French
DeutschBattle of the San river (1914)
| Battle of the San river | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Eastern Front during World War I | |||||||||
 Eastern Front, September 1914. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Austria-Hungary German Empire |  Russian Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Viktor Dankl von Krasnik Svetozar Boroević Joseph Ferdinand Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli | Alexei Brusilov[a] Radko Dimitriev Dmitry Shcherbachev | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| 1st Army 3rd Army 4th Army 2rd Army | 3rd Army 8th Army 11rd Army[b] | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 582,466[2][c] 1,076 machine guns, 3,058 guns | 264,426[d] 679 machine guns, 1,139 guns[3] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 126,000[6]
| ||||||||
Battle of the San river, also known as the Second Battle of Galicia[7][8] (Russian: Вторая Галицкая Битва; German: Die zweite Schlacht von Galizien) was a Russian defensive operation in Galicia in the autumn of 1914. It ended with a Russian victory. The battle was fought in parallel with the offensive in Poland and East Prussia.[e]
Background
[edit]At the beginning of the war, the successful Russian invasion of Galicia ended in a disaster for Austria, more than half of Austrian manpower on the Eastern Front was lost. The Russians occupied a huge amount of territory, but were defeated in East Prussia. Due to the threat in Warsaw, the Russians sent two armies into central Poland. Only two armies remained against the Austrians and one siege army consisting of 60,000 troops.
Battle
[edit]
The battle began, as expected, with the advance of the Central Powers. However, the Russians dug in hard on this front and the fighting immediately took on a positional character.[9] On October 13, the Austrians launched a general offensive on Brusilov's positions, but were repulsed everywhere, the 4th Infantry brigade was even able to launch a counteroffensive and capture 500 prisoners of the central powers.[10] At the front with the 3rd army, everything was even worse, the Austrian command tried to build bridges over the san, but as soon as this was done, the Russians defeated them with the help of artillery, an attempt to force the river in other places proved unsuccessful.[11]
Seeing these failures against the 3rd army, the Austrians chose a defense strategy, which affected the future events of the battle.[12] However, the first attempt to push the Austrians back from San was unsuccessful. The Russians crossed the river, repulsed a series of attacks, but due to lack of artillery they could not continue to expand the bridgehead.[13] At the same time, the 11th corps managed to capture part of the trenches of the central powers and a few prisoners, after which the Austrians did not dare to attack the Russians until December.[14] Nevertheless, the superiority in artillery and manpower among the Austrians affected, in mid-October the Russian militia division was knocked out of the trenches and they broke through to the rear of the Russian troops, Brusilov's skillful actions and cavalry maneuvers were able to localize the breakthrough.[15]
The Austrians advanced slowly, but when the Russians won a complete victory in Poland, the flanks of the 3rd army gained a foothold and reserves began to converge on the Galician group. After that, the 3rd Army launched offensives and forced the Austro-Hungarians to retreat to Krakow, taking Przemysl under siege. At the front with the 8th army, the Austrians tried to retreat more easily, but Brusilov saw this and overtook their rearguard, taking several thousand prisoners.[1]
Aftermath
[edit]The battle ended with the victory of the Russians. The Austrians suffered very heavy losses that could not be replenished until the winter of 1915. The number of losses in such a short period of time was the largest for the Austrians in 1914, with the participants on both sides dubbed the battle "Hell on San".[4]
Reference
[edit]- ^ a b c Kernosovsky 1938, p. 428.
- ^ Nelipovich 2017, p. 75.
- ^ Nelipovich 2017, p. 77.
- ^ a b Nelipovich 2017, p. 89.
- ^ Conrad F. Aus meiner Dienstzeit. Bd. V. Wien, 1925. S. 399.
- ^ Nelipovich 2017, p. 84.
- ^ Kernosovsky 1938, p. 427.
- ^ Borisyuk 2024, p. 45.
- ^ Брусилов 2023, p. 124.
- ^ Korolkov 1923, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Oster. ungar. Keesher., V.53, p.56.
- ^ Korolkov 1923, pp. 89.
- ^ Korolkov 1923, p. 90.
- ^ Korolkov 1923, p. 91.
- ^ Брусилов 2023, p. 125.
Bibliography
[edit]- Korolkov, G. (1923). Стратегический очерк войны 1914-1918 [A strategic sketch of the War of 1914-1918] (in Russian). Volume 2. Moscow.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Nelipovich, Sergei (2017). Русский фронт Первой Мировой войны: потери сторон 1914 [The Russian Front of the First World War: the losses of the sides in 1914]. Moscow: Квадрига. ISBN 978-5-91791-238-7.
- Kernosovsky, Anton (1938). История русской армии [History of the Russian army].
- Брусилов, Алексей (2023). Мои воспоминания. Из царской армии в Красную. Moscow: Яуза. ISBN 978-5-04-176827-0.
- Borisyuk, Andrey (2024). Забытая война. Россия в 1914-1918 [The forgotten war. Russia in 1914-1918] (in Russian). Moscow: Вече. ISBN 978-5-4484-5078-5.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Group and 8th Army Commander
- ^ Limited participation, mostly passive actions against the fortress of Przemysl[1]
- ^ Including Przemysl Garrison
- ^ Including “Blockade Army”
- ^ Battle of the Vistula River, Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914) (Battle of Augustów (1914))