Foreign relations of Belgium
Belgium portal |
Belgium is a country in Europe and member of major international organizations like the European Union and NATO which are both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.
As a federal state, the Communities and Regions have their own foreign relations and are able to conclude treaties themselves.
Initial neutrality
[edit]Because of its location at the crossroads of Western Europe, Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbours. With virtually defenceless borders, Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation. The Concert of Europe sanctioned the creation of Belgium in 1831 on the condition that the country remain strictly neutral.
This policy of neutrality ended after the experience of German occupation during World War I. In the years preceding World War II, Belgium tried to return to a policy of neutrality, but once again, Germany invaded the country. In 1948, Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels with the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, and one year later became one of the founding members of the Atlantic Alliance.
Belgium's federalism and international relations
[edit]A peculiar feature of Belgian federalism is the fact that the country's Communities and Regions maintain their own international relations, including the conclusion of treaties. Thus, there are a number of bilateral Dutch-Flemish international institutions, such as the Dutch Language Union or the institutions for the control of the river Scheldt, in which only Flanders takes part. Likewise, only the French Community of Belgium takes part in La Francophonie. For instance, UNV's Online Volunteering service received a financial contribution from the Federal Public Service (FPS) Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the years 2013 and 2014 to support the outreach to the francophone world and the promotion of volunteerism.[1]
International disputes
[edit]Belgium has resorted several times to international dispute settlement, notably in cases at both the International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of Arbitration with the Netherlands concerning the diversion of water from the Meuse (1937) the frontier at the enclave of Baarle-Hertog (1959) and the revitalisation of the so-called Iron Rhine railroad (2005). There have been other points of contention with the Netherlands, such as the deepening of the river Scheldt or the route for the high-speed rail link between Brussels and Amsterdam. This does however not influence the overall amicable character of Belgo-Dutch relationship.
Other former cases at international courts between Belgium and other countries are — in chronological order — the Oscar Chinn Case of 1934 (with the United Kingdom, the Borghgrave Case of 1937 (with Spain), the cases of the electricity company of Sofia of 1939 (with Bulgaria), the case of the "société commerciale de Belgique" of 1939 (with Greece), the case concerning the Barcelona Traction Company of 1970 (with Spain), the arrest warrant case of 2002 (with the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the case concerning legality of use of force of 2004 (with Serbia and Montenegro).
The arrest warrant case of 2002 was caused by the application of Belgium's so called genocide law, providing for universal jurisdiction over the gravest international crimes. The same law stirred relations with, amongst others, Israel and the United States, since complaints were filed against high-ranking politicians and officials of both countries. The law was therefore repealed in 2003.
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Belgium maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | Mexico | 15 June 1827[2] |
2 | United Kingdom | 1 December 1830[3] |
3 | France | August 1831[4] |
4 | United States | 6 January 1832[5] |
— | Holy See | 17 July 1834[6] |
5 | Brazil | 22 September 1834[7] |
6 | Portugal | July 1834[8] |
7 | Sweden | 23 February 1837[9] |
8 | Denmark | 25 February 1837[10] |
9 | Greece | 30 November 1838[11] |
10 | Netherlands | 3 August 1839[12] |
11 | Guatemala | 1841[13] |
12 | Switzerland | 30 September 1845[14] |
13 | Peru | 16 May 1850[15] |
14 | Bolivia | 27 September 1850[16] |
15 | Italy | 24 February 1851[17] |
16 | Uruguay | 16 September 1853[18] |
17 | Russia | 1853[19] |
18 | Honduras | 27 March 1858[20] |
19 | Nicaragua | 18 May 1858[21] |
20 | Costa Rica | 26 July 1858[22] |
21 | Chile | 31 August 1858[23] |
22 | Argentina | 3 March 1860[24] |
23 | Japan | 1 August 1866[25] |
24 | Liberia | 5 June 1867[26] |
25 | Colombia | 1873[27] |
26 | Bulgaria | 11 December 1879[28] |
27 | Romania | 29 March 1880[29] |
28 | Venezuela | 21 April 1880[30] |
29 | Thailand | 21 July 1883[31] |
30 | Serbia | 15 March 1886[32] |
31 | El Salvador | 1 July 1890[33] |
32 | Dominican Republic | 10 April 1891[34] |
33 | Luxembourg | 18 April 1892[35] |
34 | Paraguay | 15 February 1894[36] |
35 | Iran | 18 November 1889[37] |
36 | Haiti | 15 January 1902[38] |
37 | Cuba | 18 August 1902[39] |
38 | Norway | 14 November 1905[40] |
39 | Panama | 15 February 1908[41] |
40 | Poland | 6 March 1919[42] |
41 | Finland | 9 July 1919[43] |
42 | Czech Republic | 21 September 1919[44] |
43 | Austria | 16 August 1920[45] |
44 | Spain | 21 January 1921[46] |
45 | Hungary | 20 February 1922[47] |
46 | Egypt | 10 May 1922[48] |
47 | Afghanistan | 26 February 1923[49] |
48 | Ethiopia | 25 March 1923[50] |
49 | Turkey | 10 February 1925[51] |
50 | Monaco | 2 October 1931[52] |
51 | Ireland | 7 September 1932[53] |
52 | South Africa | 28 August 1933[54] |
53 | Canada | 3 January 1939[55] |
54 | Lebanon | 25 November 1944[56] |
55 | Iceland | 9 November 1945[57] |
56 | Syria | 20 March 1946[58] |
57 | Philippines | 4 July 1946[59] |
58 | Iraq | 5 December 1946[60] |
59 | Jordan | 4 May 1947[61] |
60 | India | 20 September 1947[62] |
61 | Australia | 10 October 1947[63] |
62 | New Zealand | 27 November 1947[64] |
63 | Pakistan | 20 February 1948[65] |
64 | Israel | 22 September 1949[66] |
65 | Indonesia | 3 October 1949[67] |
66 | Germany | 27 June 1951[68] |
67 | Sri Lanka | 27 July 1953[69] |
68 | Myanmar | 19 September 1953[70] |
69 | Saudi Arabia | 10 April 1955[71] |
70 | Libya | 15 May 1956[72] |
71 | Morocco | 30 July 1956[73] |
72 | Sudan | 23 July 1956[74] |
73 | Malaysia | 1957[75] |
74 | Ghana | 2 October 1959[76] |
75 | Guinea | 28 January 1960[77] |
76 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2 July 1960[78] |
77 | Somalia | 5 July 1960[79] |
78 | Gabon | 3 October 1960[38] |
79 | Cyprus | 1960[80] |
80 | Benin | 3 January 1961[81] |
81 | Senegal | 1 February 1961[82] |
82 | Nigeria | 4 February 1961[83] |
83 | Ivory Coast | 15 March 1961[84] |
84 | Mauritania | 13 April 1961[85] |
85 | South Korea | 2 May 1961[86] |
86 | Chad | 27 June 1961[87] |
87 | Sierra Leone | 12 July 1961[88] |
88 | Niger | 22 September 1961[89] |
89 | Burkina Faso | 17 October 1961[90] |
90 | Republic of the Congo | 20 February 1962[91] |
91 | Cameroon | 14 March 1962[92] |
92 | Burundi | 18 July 1962[93] |
93 | Rwanda | 18 July 1962[94] |
94 | Tanzania | 21 August 1962[95] |
95 | Algeria | 11 December 1962[96] |
96 | Tunisia | 1962[97] |
97 | Central African Republic | 13 June 1963[98] |
98 | Mali | 1 August 1963[99] |
99 | Nepal | 19 August 1963[100] |
100 | Kuwait | 8 April 1964[101] |
101 | Kenya | 29 April 1964[102] |
102 | Madagascar | 15 July 1964[103] |
103 | Zambia | 6 December 1964[104] |
104 | Uganda | 1964[105] |
105 | Malta | June 1965[106] |
106 | Togo | 29 November 1965[107] |
107 | Malawi | 28 January 1966[108] |
108 | Gambia | 7 February 1966[109] |
109 | Singapore | 10 October 1966[110] |
110 | Jamaica | 25 July 1967[111] |
111 | Botswana | 24 August 1967[112] |
112 | Lesotho | 24 August 1967[112] |
113 | Cambodia | 19 October 1967[113] |
114 | Laos | 12 December 1967[114] |
115 | Mauritius | 1968[115] |
116 | Eswatini | 14 November 1969[116] |
117 | Trinidad and Tobago | 10 May 1970[117] |
118 | Barbados | 30 October 1970[118] |
119 | Albania | 13 November 1970[119] |
120 | Guyana | 10 June 1971[120] |
121 | Mongolia | 8 July 1971[121] |
122 | Tonga | 16 August 1971[122] |
123 | China | 25 October 1971[123] |
124 | United Arab Emirates | 8 December 1971[124] |
125 | Fiji | September 1972[125] |
126 | Vietnam | 22 March 1973[126] |
127 | Bangladesh | 15 May 1973[127] |
128 | Samoa | May 1973[128] |
129 | Qatar | 21 November 1973[129] |
130 | Bahamas | 12 December 1973[130] |
131 | Oman | 22 May 1974[131] |
132 | Nauru | 4 July 1975[132] |
133 | Mozambique | 5 December 1975[133] |
134 | Seychelles | 1 July 1976[134] |
135 | Papua New Guinea | 16 September 1976[135] |
136 | Suriname | 1 October 1976[136] |
137 | Angola | 15 October 1976[137] |
138 | Comoros | 15 November 1976[138] |
139 | Cape Verde | 12 July 1977[139] |
140 | Guinea-Bissau | 2 August 1977[140] |
141 | Maldives | 3 October 1977[141] |
142 | Djibouti | 19 June 1978[142] |
143 | Solomon Islands | 28 February 1979[143] |
144 | Zimbabwe | 24 April 1980[144] |
145 | Bahrain | 2 December 1980[145] |
146 | Dominica | 1980[146] |
147 | Saint Lucia | 1980[147] |
148 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1980[148] |
149 | Vanuatu | 10 June 1981[149] |
150 | Belize | 1982[150] |
151 | Brunei | 3 May 1984[151] |
152 | San Marino | 26 March 1985[152] |
153 | Antigua and Barbuda | 30 October 1985[150] |
154 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 1986[153] |
155 | Namibia | 21 September 1990[154] |
156 | Estonia | 5 September 1991[155] |
157 | Latvia | 5 September 1991[156] |
158 | Lithuania | 5 September 1991[157] |
159 | Slovenia | 5 March 1992[158] |
160 | Armenia | 10 March 1992[159] |
161 | Belarus | 10 March 1992[160] |
162 | Ukraine | 10 March 1992[161] |
163 | Uzbekistan | 10 March 1992[162] |
164 | Moldova | 11 March 1992[163] |
165 | Liechtenstein | 13 March 1992[164] |
166 | Kyrgyzstan | 25 March 1992[165] |
167 | Tajikistan | 29 April 1992[166] |
168 | Georgia | 5 June 1992[167] |
169 | Azerbaijan | 17 June 1992[168] |
170 | Kazakhstan | 18 August 1992[169] |
171 | Croatia | 25 September 1992[170] |
172 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993[171] |
173 | Turkmenistan | 1 February 1993[172] |
174 | North Macedonia | 14 February 1994[173] |
175 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 March 1994[174] |
176 | Eritrea | 31 March 1994[175] |
177 | Andorra | 15 December 1994[176] |
178 | Marshall Islands | 29 May 1996[177] |
179 | Federated States of Micronesia | 28 October 1996[178] |
180 | North Korea | 23 December 2000[179] |
181 | East Timor | 3 February 2003[180] |
182 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 7 July 2004[181] |
— | Cook Islands | 6 April 2005[182] |
183 | Montenegro | 25 June 2006[183] |
— | Kosovo | 10 April 2008[184] |
184 | Bhutan | 21 January 2009[185] |
185 | Palau | 18 May 2010[186] |
186 | South Sudan | 14 October 2011[187] |
187 | Ecuador | Unknown |
188 | Equatorial Guinea | Unknown |
189 | Grenada | Unknown |
190 | Kiribati | Unknown |
191 | Tuvalu | Unknown |
192 | Yemen | Unknown |
Relationship with countries
[edit]Africa
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Congo-Kinshasa | 2 July 1960 | See Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations Diplomatic relations were established on 2 July 1960 when establishment of the Belgian diplomatic mission in Leopoldville and Jean Van den Bosch becomes the Belgian ambassador.[188]
|
Eritrea |
| |
South Sudan | 14 October 2011 | Diplomatic relations were established on 14 October 2011.[190]
|
Americas
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Canada | 3 January 1939 | See Belgium–Canada relations Diplomatic relations were established on 3 January 1939.[192]
|
Cuba | 18 August 1902 | Diplomatic relations were established on 18 August 1902.[193] In 1837, Belgian negotiating sale right ownership of Cuba from Spanish government.[194]
|
Mexico | 19 November 1839 | See Belgium–Mexico relations Diplomatic relations were established on 19 November 1839.[15] In 1836, Belgium—itself newly independent—recognized the independence of Mexico.[195] In 1919, the Belgian chamber of commerce of Mexico was established.[195] Belgium opened its embassy in Mexico on 5 June 1954.[196]
|
Peru | 16 May 1850 | Diplomatic relations were established on 16 May 1850.[15]
|
United States | 9 February 1832 | See Belgium–United States relations Diplomatic relations were established on 9 February 1832 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Belgium to United States with residence in Washington baron D. Behr.[197] The United States and Belgium are good friends and allies, despite occasional disagreements on a limited number of foreign policy issues. Good will and affection for Americans continues as a result of the U.S. role during and after the two World Wars, which was exhibited in 2004 during the 60th anniversary commemorations of the Battle of the Bulge and the liberation of Belgium. Continuing to celebrate cooperative U.S. and Belgian relations, 2007 marks the 175th anniversary of the nations' relationship.
|
Uruguay | 26 September 1852 | See Belgium–Uruguay relations Diplomatic relations were established on 26 September 1852 when M. Joseph Lannoy has been appointed as Minister Resident of Belgium to Uruguay with Residence in Rio-de-Janeiro.[198]
|
Asia
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Armenia | 10 March 1992 | Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[199]
|
Azerbaijan | 17 June 1992 | See Azerbaijan–Belgium relations Diplomatic relations were established on 17 June 1992.[201]
|
China | 25 October 1971 | See Belgium–China relations Diplomatic relations were established on 25 October 1971.[202] |
Georgia | 5 June 1992 | Diplomatic relations were established on 5 June 1992.[203]
|
India | 20 September 1947 | See Belgium–India relations Diplomatic relations were established on 20 September 1947 when Prince Eugene de Ligne presented his credentials as the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium to India.[205] |
Indonesia | 14 June 1950 | See Belgium–Indonesia relations Diplomatic relations were established on 14 June 1950 when Consulate General of Belgium in Jakarta has been elevated to rang Legation and M. P. Vanderstichelen appointed as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Indonesia.[206]
|
Israel | See Belgium–Israel relations
| |
Japan | 1 August 1866 | See Belgium–Japan relations Diplomatic relations were established on 1 August 1866.[207]
|
Kazakhstan | 25 August 1992 | Diplomatic relations were established on 25 August 1992.[208] |
Kyrgyzstan | 25 March 1992 | See Belgium–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations were established on 25 March 1992.[209]
|
Malaysia | 12 December 1957 | See Belgium–Malaysia relations Diplomatic relations were established on 12 December 1957.[210]
|
Pakistan | 20 February 1948 | See Belgium–Pakistan relations Diplomatic relations were established on 20 February 1948.[211]
Former Pakistani president, Pervez Musharraf, has also previously extended a visit to Belgium during his tour of Europe in early 2008, which also included visits to the United Kingdom, France and Sweden. During his stay in Brussels, he met the then-Prime Minister of Belgium, Guy Verhofstadt, and the two leaders held significant talks on trade and defence co-operation. [citation needed] |
Philippines | 18 May 1949 | See Belgium–Philippines relations Diplomatic relations were established on 18 May 1949.[212]
|
South Korea | 2 May 1961 | See Belgium–South Korea relations Diplomatic relations were established on 2 May 1961.[213]
|
Syria | 20 March 1946 | See Belgium–Syria relations Relations were established on 20 March 1946 when M.R. Taymans was appointed as Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Syria with residence in Beirut.[217] |
Turkey | 4 April 1838 | See Belgium–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations were established on 4 April 1838 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Turkey baron O'Sullivan de Grass.[220]
|
Turkmenistan | 1 February 1993 | See Belgium–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations were established on 1 February 1993.[221]
|
Uzbekistan | 10 March 1992 | See Belgium–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[222]
|
Europe
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Andorra | 15 December 1994 | Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 1994.[223]
|
Austria |
| |
Belarus | 10 March 1992 | Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[224]
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 March 1994 | Diplomatic relations were established on 3 March 1994.[225]
|
Bulgaria | 11 December 1879 | Diplomatic relations were established on 11 December 1879.[226]
|
Croatia | 10 March 1992 | Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[229]
|
Cyprus |
| |
Czech Republic | 3 June 1919 | Belgium and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1919.[230]
|
Denmark | 25 February 1837 | See Belgium–Denmark relations Diplomatic relations were established on 25 February 1837 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Denmark baron T. van der Straten-Ponthoz[232][233]
|
Estonia | 26 January 1921 | Diplomatic relations were established first time on 21 January 1921. Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[234]
|
Finland | 9 July 1919 | Diplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1919.[235]
|
France | 8 March 1831 | See Belgium–France relations Diplomatic relations were established on 8 March 1831 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to France Comte C. Le Hon.[12]
|
Germany | See Belgium–Germany relations They are both members of the European Union and NATO. Also, the majority of the people in East Belgium speak German.
| |
Greece | 30 November 1838 | See Belgium–Greece relations Diplomatic relations were established on 30 November 1838 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Greece M. Benjamin Mary.[12]
|
Holy See | 21 July 1832 | Diplomatic relations were established on 21 July 1832 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Roman states and Italian states (Holy See) Viscount Vilain XIIII.[236]
|
Iceland | 9 November 1945 | Diplomatic relations were established on 9 November 1945.[237]
|
Ireland | 7 September 1932 | Diplomatic relations were established on 7 September 1932 when has been established Legation of Ireland in Belgium (Brussels). It was raised into an embassy 9 January 1959.[238]
|
Italy | 24 February 1851 | Diplomatic relations were established on 24 February 1851 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Belgium Alberto Lupi Di Montalto.[239]
|
Kosovo | 23 April 2008 | See Belgium–Kosovo relations Diplomatic relations were established on 23 April 2008.[240]
|
Latvia | 26 January 1921 | Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1921.[243] Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[244] |
Lithuania | 27 December 1922 | Diplomatic relations were established first time on 27 December 1922.Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[245] |
Luxembourg | 9 July 1892 | See Belgium–Luxembourg relations Diplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1892.[246]
|
Malta | June 1965 | Diplomatic relations were established in June 1965.[247]
|
Moldova | 11 March 1992 | Diplomatic relations were established on 11 March 1992.[248] |
Monaco | 2 October 1931 | Diplomatic relations were established on 2 October 1931.[249]
|
Montenegro | 25 July 2006 | Diplomatic relations were established on 25 July 2006.[250]
|
Netherlands | 3 August 1839 | See Belgium–Netherlands relations Diplomatic relations were established on 3 August 1839 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to the Netherlands Prince J. De Chimay.[12] |
North Macedonia | 14 February 1994 | Diplomatic relations were established on 14 February 1994.[252]
|
Norway | 14 November 1905 | Diplomatic relations were established on 14 November 1905.[254] |
Poland | 6 March 1919 | Diplomatic relations were established on 6 March 1919.[255]
|
Portugal | 20 February 1834 | Diplomatic relations were established on 20 February 1834 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Portugal C. Serruys.[256]
|
Romania | 29 March 1880 | Diplomatic relations were established on 29 March 1880.[257]
|
Russia | 11 April 1853 | See Belgium–Russia relations Diplomatic relations were established on 11 April 1853.[258]
|
Serbia | 15 March 1886 | |
Slovakia | 1 January 1993 | Diplomatic relations were established on 1 January 1993.[260]
|
Slovenia | 5 March 1992 | Diplomatic relations were established on 5 March 1992.[261] Belgium recognised Slovenia as an independent country effective from 15 January 1992.[200]
|
Spain | 18 September 1832 | See Belgium–Spain relations Diplomatic relations were established on 18 September 1832 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Spain J.-B. Kaufmann.[262]
|
Sweden | 23 February 1837 | Diplomatic relations were established on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.[263]
|
Ukraine | 10 March 1992 | See Belgium–Ukraine relations Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[264] Although politically the two nations are not closely connected, they have a long history of economic integration and trade, with Belgian investment playing a role in the contemporary Ukrainian economy. As of 2008, trade revenue generated between the two nations accounted for approximately US$1 billion.[265] |
United Kingdom | 1 December 1830 | See Belgium–United Kingdom relations Belgium established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 December 1830.[3]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[268] Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, the International Criminal Court, NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Classified Information Protection Agreement,[269] and a Maritime Cooperation Agreement.[270] |
Oceania
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | 10 October 1947 | Diplomatic relations were established on 10 October 1947.[271]
|
Protocol
[edit]The kingdom of Belgium recognises 4 types of incoming visits in Belgium. They are ranked in precedence and protocol.[272]
- The State Visit, formal invitations by the King of the Belgians.
- The Official Visit, invitation by the Belgian Prime minister.
- The Working Visit, invitation by an ambassador, the cost is not paid by the Belgian state.
- Cordial visits.
- Visits of courtoisie
- Visits to international Organisations
- The Private Visit, at own initiative, Belgian authorities only provide security if requested.
See also
[edit]- Belgian order of precedence
- List of diplomatic missions in Belgium
- List of diplomatic missions of Belgium
- Visa requirements for Belgian citizens
References
[edit]- ^ UNV Online Volunteering service, Partners
- ^ Estudios monográficos. Dirección General de Documentación e Informe Presidencial. 1973. p. 130.
- ^ a b Francis W H Cavendish and Edward Hertslet (July 1863). The Foreign Office List forming a complete British Diplomatic and Consular Handbook 1863 July. 23rd Publication. 1863-07. p. 44. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Annuaire diplomatique et consulaire de la République Française, 15 (in French). Imprimerie Nationale. 1893. p. 343.
- ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Nunciature to Belgium". Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ British and Foreign State Papers. Vol. 43. H.M. Stationery Office. 1865. p. 773.
- ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier (in French). Librairie polytechnique. 1845. p. 14.
- ^ Pierre Colot (1984). Historique des relations entre la Belgique et le Danemark (in French). Ministère des affaires étrangères, du commerce extérieur et de la coopération au développement. p. 30.
- ^ Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier (in French). Librairie polytechnique. 1845. p. 13.
- ^ a b c d Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier (in French). Librairie polytechnique. 1845. p. 13.
- ^ "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ Dictionnaire historique & biographique de la Suisse : publié avec la recommandation de la Société générale suisse d'histoire et sous la direction de Marcel Godet, Henri Türler [et] Victor Attinger avec de nombreux collaborateurs de tous les cantons (in French). 1921. 17 May 2024. p. 23.
- ^ a b c Annales parlementaires de Belgique: Session législative de ..., Volume 1 (in French). Belgium. Parlement. Chambre des représentants. 1851. p. 213.
- ^ Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier (in French). Librairie polytechnique. 1852. p. 22.
- ^ Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... (in Italian). Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri. 1886. p. 53. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ Annales parlementaires de Belgique: 1853/54, Nov. - Jan (in French). Belgique Chambre des Représentants. 1854. p. 198.
- ^ Lemon, Mark; Mayhew, Henry; Taylor, Tom; Brooks, Shirley; Cowley Burnand, Francis; Seaman, Owen (1853). Punch. Vol. XXIV. London: Punch Publications Ltd. p. 211. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
- ^ British and Foreign State Papers. Great Britain. Foreign Office, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1867. p. 535.
- ^ "De amistad, comercio y navegación entre Nicaragua y la Bélgica firmado en Managua por los Señores Ministros Juárez y Kint el 18 de mayo de 1858" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Política Bilateral" (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ^ Egbert, Lawrence Deems; Cooper, Donald H. (1941). Manual de referencia de tratados comerciales latinoamericanos (in Spanish). United States Tariff Commission. p. 86.
- ^ "Hoy celebramos 164 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con Bélgica". Cancillería Argentina (in Spanish). 3 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Japan, ed. (1874). Treaties and Conventions concluded between Empire of Japan and Foreign Nations, together with Regulations and Communications 1854-1874. Tokyo: Nisshu-sha Printing Office. pp. table of contents.
- ^ Moniteur belge journal officiel. 1872,1/2 (in French). Belgique. 1872. p. 485.
- ^ "Directorio del Cuerpo Diplomático y Consular acreditado en la República de Colombia" (PDF). cancilleria.gov.co (in Spanish). 14 April 2015. pp. 7–12. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
- ^ "อื่นๆ" (in Thai). Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral political relations". Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ "REGISTRO DE FECHAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RD" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ "Resolución Nº 2998. Aprobando el Tratado de Amistad, Comercio y Navegacion Celebrado Entre la Republica y el Reyno de Belgica" (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ P. Ruppert (1892). Le grand-duché de Luxembourg dans ses relations internationales (in French). la cour V. Bück, L. Bück successeur. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Bulletin of the Pan American Union. Vol. 3. Pan American Union. 1895. p. 74.
- ^ "تاریخچه روابط سیاسی" (in Persian). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ a b Recueil Consulaire Contenant les Rapports Commerciaux des Agents Belges a L'Etranger Volume 120 (in French). Belgium. Ministère des affaires étrangères. 1903. p. 12.
- ^ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. pp. 19–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019.
- ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ "Poland in Belgium". Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Countries and regions A–Z". Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "1919 - Navázání diplomatických styků mezi Belgií a ČSR" (in Czech). Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ Weiss, Sabine (2004). Aufbruch nach Europa: fünf Jahrhunderte Wien-Brüssel (in German). Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 110.
- ^ "100 years of historic milestones in diplomatic relations with Belgium". 31 January 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
- ^ "Belgium celebrates 100 years of diplomatic relations with Hungary". 20 February 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad (in French and Dutch). 1922. 17 May 2024. p. 3857.
- ^ British and Foreign State Papers (in French). Great Britain. Foreign Office, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1927. p. 1.
- ^ Lukian Prijac (2015). Foreign relations with Ethiopia human and diplomatic history (from its origins to present) (in English and French). Lit. p. 178. ISBN 9783643126580.
- ^ Hariciye Vekâleti Yıllığı 1959 (PDF) (in Turkish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. p. 182.
- ^ "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007" (in French). p. 44. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Dáil Éireann debate -Wednesday, 10 Feb 1960 Vol. 179 No. 1 Written Answers. - Irish Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices". oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ M. Epstein (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1939. Springer. p. 432.
- ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
- ^ KHOURY Gérard (2004). Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban (in French). Karthala Editions. p. 390.
- ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 121-150 (in French). 1946. 23 December 2023. p. 3990.
- ^ "Overview of the Philippines - Belgium Bilateral Relations". Philippine Embassy in Brussels. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad (in French and Dutch). 1947. p. 1569.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Israel, Syria, Arabia, The Middle East (General), Jordan and Arab Palestine and the Lebanon, January 1950-December 1950. University Publications of America. 2002. p. 301.
- ^ "India: Belgium & Luxembourg 70 Years of Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). indianembassybrussels.gov.in. p. 7. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 305-334 (in French and Dutch). 1947. 1947. p. 11039.
- ^ "Minister of Belgium at Wellington" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette. 18 December 1947. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 92-121 (in French and Dutch). 1948. 23 December 2023. p. 2817.
- ^ "Israel Minister Presents Credentials to Belgian Actins Foreign Minister". 22 September 1949. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
- ^ "Celebrating 70th Year of Diplomatic Relation: Belgium and Indonesia intensify collaborations". 3 October 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad (in Dutch and French). Vol. 274–365. 1953. p. 6887.
- ^ Arabia, 1947-1957. The National Archives (Kew, United Kingdom). 1947. p. 92. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ B. P. Papadakis. Ephémérides diplomatiques Volume 3 (in French). 1960. pp. 44, 211.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 183-274 (in French and Dutch). 1956. 1956. p. 5912.
- ^ Sudan Almanac. Egypt. Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah. 1958. p. 26.
- ^ "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara - negara luar" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 275-326 (in French and Dutch). 1959. 1959. p. 8127.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 52-78 (in French and Dutch). 1960. 1960. p. 1830.
- ^ "CHRONOLOGIE GÉNÉRALE" (PDF) (in French and Dutch). p. 879. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ "Our Diplomatic Relations". Government of Somalia. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "The President of the Republic received the credentials of the Ambassador of Belgium". 6 February 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 51-77 (in French and Dutch). 1961. 6 January 1961. p. 2166.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad - Issues 51-77 (in French). 1961. 1961. p. 2167. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ West Africa. West Africa Publishing Company, Limited. 1961. p. 131.
- ^ "DISCOURS DU V PR OUVERTURE FORUM BELGE" (PDF). gouv.ci (in French). p. 3/8. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 87–109 (in French and Dutch). 1963. p. 5743.
- ^ Korea & World Affairs - Volume 10. Research Center for Peace and Unification. 1986. p. 202.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 130-181 (in French and Dutch). 1961. p. 5300.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad - Issues 235-286 (in Dutch). 1961. p. 8366.
- ^ Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). 1961. p. A-25.
- ^ Europe, France outremer - Issues 382-392 (in French). 1961. p. 61.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 247-268 (in French and Dutch). 1962. 1962. p. 10320.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 104-130 (in French and Dutch). 1962. 2 December 1962. p. 4395.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 225-246 (in French and Dutch). 1962. p. 8743.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad (in French and Dutch). Vol. 225–246. 1962. p. 8743.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 1-23 (in French and Dutch). 1963. p. 841.
- ^ "Le 11 décembre est un jour important dans l'histoire de l'Algérie ..." Ambassade de Belgique en Algérie - Ambassade van België in Algerije (in French and Dutch). 11 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ^ "Relations bilatérales" (in French). Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 110-130 (in French and Dutch). 1963. 17 May 1963. p. 6231.
- ^ Europe, France outremer - Issues 393-404 (in French). 1962. p. 53.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Today in Kuwait's history". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 8 April 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1964. p. 60.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad, issues 128–148 (in Dutch and French). 1964. p. 7781.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 42-63 (in French and Dutch). 1965. 6 January 1965. p. 2790.
- ^ The Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book Volume 13. Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations. 1964. p. 414. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ "MESSAGE BY THE HON. CARMELO ABELA, MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE PROMOTION OF MALTA, AT THE MALTA-BELGIUM CONCERT". 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad, issues 229–251 (in Dutch and French). 1965. p. 12583.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 22-41 (in French and Dutch). 1966. p. 1043.
- ^ Diplomatic and Consular List. Gambia. Government Printer. 1966. p. 1.
- ^ "Diplomatic & consular list". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ a b Belgisch staatsblad Issues 210-248 (in French and Dutch). 1967. 6 January 1967. p. 11579.
- ^ "LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA". mfaic.gov.kh. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
- ^ Europe, France outremer, Issues 465-476. 1968. p. 183.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 212-231 (in French and Dutch). 1969. p. 11239.
- ^ "51ème anniversaire des relations diplomatiques entre la Belgique et Trinité et Tobago - Déclaration commune". diplomatie.belgium.be (in French). 10 May 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BY REGIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Barbados). Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ "On 13 November 1970, exactly 50 years ago, Belgium and Albania established bilateral diplomatic relations". Embassy of Belgium in Sofia. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ "List of Countries Maintaining Diplomatic Relations with Mongolia" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad (230–252) (in French and Dutch). Belgium. 1971. p. 15301.
- ^ "Ambassador Cao Zhongming published an article on China Daily titled "Unity, openness and assistance"". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Belgium. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Today we celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Belgium and the UAE!". Embassy of Belgium in Abu Dhabi. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Europe". April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ "Former Ambassadors". bangladesh-embassy.be. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
- ^ "Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Samoa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 42-63 (in French and Dutch). 1974. p. 3954.
- ^ Les diplomates belges. Editions Mardaga. 2010. p. 196.
- ^ ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1974. p. 31.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 147-167. Belgium 1975. p. 10129.
- ^ Belgian review of international law: - Volume 13 (in French). Éditions de l'Institut de sociologie. 1977. p. 726.
- ^ "New Belgium Ambassador Accredited". 6 October 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
- ^ Guidelines of the Foreign Policy of Papua New Guinea: Universalism. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Papua New Guinea. 1976. p. 55.
- ^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
- ^ Belgian review of international law: Volume 14. 1979. p. 663.
- ^ Emma Best (1977). Comoros: Belgian formula on recognition. state-department; nationalsecurityarchive; additional_collections.
- ^ Muzart-Fonseca dos Santos, Idelette; Manuel Da Costa Esteves, José; Rolland, Denis (2007). Les îles du Cap-Vert: langues, mémoires, histoire (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 239–240.
- ^ H.E. CARDINALE (1982). Biographie des Chefs de Mission Diplomatique a Bruxelles: 1970-1982: Biography of the Heads of Diplomatic Mission in Brussels (in French and English). Egmont Institute.
- ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1962-1967. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1978. p. 49. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ Briefing Notes for Minister of Foreign Affairs, The Rt. Honourable Sir Peter Kenilorea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Solomon Islands. 1988. p. 32.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. Vol. 6359–6408. 1980. p. 10.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ "Dominica welcomes new Belgian Ambassador". Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ "List of countries with which Saint Lucia has established Diplomatic Relations". Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). pp. 104–112. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ "Ambassador Licht presents credentials to Belgian King". 13 September 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ^ "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ "Guilherme Posser da Costa". Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state" (PDF). pp. 254–259.
- ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
- ^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ "Politics". Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ "European countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
- ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ "Botschafter akkreditiert". Liechtensteiner Volksblatt (in German). 14 March 1992. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Azerbaijan - Belgium relations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ "Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- ^ "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ Eritrea Update. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. 1992.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ "LISTING OF ALL COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (As of 13 February 2019)". Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ "FSM Diplomatic Relations List". Government of the Federated States of Micronesia. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. p. 8-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "Accord entre le Royaume de Belgique et la République démocratique de Timor oriental relatif à l'établissement de relations diplomatiques et consulaires par échange de notes diplomatiques". 3 February 2003. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ^ "Corps diplomatique à Bruxelles juin 2005" (PDF) (in French). June 2005. p. 242. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2005.
- ^ "SERVICE PUBLIC FEDERAL AFFAIRES ETRANGERES, COMMERCE EXTERIEUR ET COOPERATION AU DEVELOPPEMENT" (in French). 6 April 2005. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
- ^ "Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ Gëzim Visoka (2018). Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 219–221. ISBN 9781138285330.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "18 MAI 2010. - Accord entre le Gouvernement du Royaume de Belgique et la République de Palau relatif à l'établissement de relations diplomatiques et consulaires, conclu par l'échange de notes diplomatiques" (in French). Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- ^ "Accord International du 14/10/2011 accord entre le royaume de belgique et la republique du soudan du sud relatif a l'etablissement de relations diplomatiques et consulaires, conclu par l'echange de notes diplomatiques". 14 October 2011.
- ^ "CHRONOLOGIE GÉNÉRALE" (PDF) (in French and Dutch). p. 879. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ Belgisch Staatsblad 2 July 1993
- ^ "14 OCTOBRE 2011. - Accord entre le Royaume de Belgique et la République du Soudan du Sud relatif à l'établissement de relations diplomatiques et consulaires, conclu par l'échange de notes diplomatiques (New York, le 1er août 2011 et le 14 octobre 2011)". vlex.be (in French). Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Belgisch Staatsblad 14 December 2011
- ^ Linwood DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Memoria Anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Gooch, Brison D. (1959). "Belgium and the Prospective Sale of Cuba in 1837". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 39 (3): 413–427. doi:10.2307/2510230. JSTOR 2510230.
- ^ a b "Geschiedenis van Belgie en de Belgen in Mexico" (in Flemish). Belgium. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
Sommigen zijn matrozen, andere huursoldaten, nog anderen oefenen uiteenlopende beroepen uit: misionarissen, artisanen, handelaars...zonder rekening te houden met drie grote Vlaamse brouwers die in 1537 naar Mexico kwamen op aanvraag van de Vice-Koning, en die beschouwd worden als de pioniers van het brouwen van het Mexicaanse bier.
- ^ "Herdenking van de 50e verjaardag van de Belgisch-Mexicaanse diplomatieke relaties op niveau van Ambassadeur" (in Flemish). Belgium. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
- ^ Almanach de la Cour de Bruxelles sous les Dominations autrichienne et française, la monarchie des Pays-Bas et le gouvernement Belge, de 1725 à 1840 formant l'introduction à l'almanach Royal officiel de Belgique (in French). Tarlier. 1865. p. 303.
- ^ Almanach royal officiel de Belgique (in French). Librairie polytechnique De Decq. 1854. p. 24.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Belgisch Staatsblad 14 April 1992
- ^ "Azerbaijan-Belgium Relations" (PDF). brussels.mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ "Ambassador Cao Zhongming published an article on China Daily titled "Unity, openness and assistance"". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Belgium. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Belgium, Kingdom of". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Belgisch Staatsblad 8 April 1994
- ^ "India: Belgium & Luxembourg 70 Years of Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). indianembassybrussels.gov.in. p. 7. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 182-243 (in French and Dutch). 1950. 6 January 2024. p. 5072.
- ^ "Relationship Belgium-Japan". Embassy of Belgium in Japan. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ "Political Consultations between Kazakhstan and Belgium Confirm Commitment to Strengthening Cooperation". gov.kz. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения". mfa.gov.kg (in Russian). Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 1-90 (in French and Dutch). 1958. 6 January 2024. p. 461.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 92-121 (in French and Dutch). 1948. 6 January 2024. p. 2817.
- ^ Philippine Yearbook. Republic of the Philippines, National Statistics Office. 1951. p. 118. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
- ^ Korea & World Affairs - Volume 10. Research Center for Peace and Unification. 1986. p. 202.
- ^ "La Belgique en République de Corée".
- ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Kingdom of Belgium and the European Union and Permanent Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization".
- ^ "Working Holiday Visa". 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 121–150 (in French). 1946. 1946. p. 3990. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
- ^ "Belgium closes its embassy in Syria". Reuters. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
- ^ "Syrian Embassy in Brussels". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates – Syria. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
- ^ Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier (in French). Librairie polytechnique. 1845. p. 14.
- ^ "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Ukraine. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Politics". belgium.mfa.gov.by. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- ^ "Belgian embassy Sofia". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Bulgarian embassy in Brussels (in Bulgarian and French only)". Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 14 October 2023.