Betchworth Castle

Betchworth Castle
Ruins of Betchworth Castle
Type	Castle
Location	Betchworth
Coordinates	51°14′15.04″N 0°17′46.28″W / 51.2375111°N 0.2961889°W / 51.2375111; -0.2961889
OS grid reference	TQ 19029 50065
Area	Surrey
Built	1449
Demolished	1819
Rebuilt	1705 1799
Scheduled monument
Official name	Betchworth Castle
Designated	9 May 1951
Reference no.	1017996
Listed Building – Grade II
Official name	Ruins of Betchworth Castle
Designated	28 November 1951
Reference no.	1378073
Location of Betchworth Castle in Surrey

Betchworth Castle is a mostly crumbled ruin of a fortified medieval stone house with some tall, two-storey corners strengthened in the 18th century, in the north of the semi-rural parish of Brockham. It is built on a sandstone spur overlooking the western bank of the River Mole in Surrey in England.

The ruin is a Scheduled monument and is in the lowest category of listed architecture, Grade II, 1.2 miles (1.9 km) due east of Dorking railway station in Dorking and 4 miles (6.4 km) due west of Reigate. Although close to the river and edge of the course it is surrounded by "Betchworth Park" Golf Course named after the village 1 mile (1.6 km) east.

In 1798, Henry Peters bought Betchworth Castle and spent considerable money renovating it to be a comfortable family home. Henry lived at Betchworth Castle with his wife, Charlotte Mary Morrison, and his twelve children until his death in 1827. After Henry’s death, Betchworth Castle was not inherited by his children and therefore was bought by David Barclay and later by Henry Hope, who demolished large parts of the castle and left it in ruin, as is seen today.

Betchworth (or Beechworth among other forms) Castle was the seat of the manor of West Betchworth and was held by Richard de Tonbridge at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086. It started as an earthwork fortress built by Robert Fitz Gilbert in the 11th century. It was granted in 1373 to Richard FitzAlan, 3rd or 10th Earl of Arundel. His son Sir John FitzAlan, Earl Marshal of England, turned it into a stone castle in 1379. It passed by marriage to Sir Thomas Browne, Sheriff of Kent, who in 1448 rebuilt it as a fortified house.^[1]

Sir Thomas Brown(e) was also Treasurer of the Household to King Henry IV.

The last male Browne to own Betchworth Castle was Sir Adam Browne, 2nd Baronet, who died in 1690.^[1][2][3][4] Alterations were later made in 1705 using an unknown architect, and in 1799 by Sir John Soane, architect.^[5] Adam Browne's daughter and sole heir, Margaret, married William Fenwicke in 1691. In 1725 Mrs. Margaret Fenwicke of Betchworth Castle left £200 equivalent to £37,619 in 2023 to buy lands, to provide for apprenticing children, and for marrying [with a small dowry] maidservants "born in Betchworth and living seven years in the same employment", the surplus, if any, to go to the poor.^[6] St Martin's church, Dorking has a plaque to Abraham Tucker, author of A Picture of Artless Love and The Light of Nature Pursued, who lived at his estate of Betchworth Castle until his death in 1774.^[1]

In the 19th century, people saw little practical use for castles, and this one was outshone by a newer, bigger house in the larger grounds so soon abandoned, in the 1830s. The castle was bought by banking dynasty co-heir Henry Thomas Hope to add to his Deepdene estate in 1834, who demolished part of it to reuse the building material elsewhere. Without a permanent tenant, the remainder gradually fell into ruin, and became treated as a folly.^[1]

The historian and topographer Malden, in 1911 wrote:

"Judging by the print in Watson's 'Memoirs,' the mansion which, in the middle of the 15th century, replaced an earlier fortified house or castle, must have been extremely picturesque with its battlemented gables, clustered chimneys and oriel windows, standing among lawns and gardens descending to the Mole. The ivy is disintegrating the walls, and almost the only architectural feature is the arch of a fireplace. A remarkably fine avenue of lime trees leads to the ruin."^[1]

A route of public access (by foot) to the site was created in 2005 along a signposted track across the golf course. The entire ruin is currently surrounded by sturdy railings for safety reasons as there are unstable subterranean cellars. It is part of the Deepdene trail and there is free access to the ruin.^[7]

Mole Valley Council, which owned the castle, sold it in 2008 for £1 to local man Martin Higgins who has undertaken to conserve the structure and grounds, with financial support from English Heritage, Surrey Historic Buildings Trust and Mole Valley District Council, together with his own and other private funds, so that the public can be admitted.^[8][9] This has led to an increase in visitor numbers, from 7,000 a year in 2008 to an estimated 28,000 in 2022.^[10]

• Betchworth Castle at Pastscape
• http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=42946&strquery=browne%20betchworth
• http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/BROWNE-ENG/2003-09/1064173871