Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim

Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim
Hochstift Hildesheim (German)
1235–1803
Coat of arms of Hildesheim
Coat of arms
The Hildesheim Abbey in 1789 within the boundaries that had been constant since 1643
The Hildesheim Abbey in 1789 within the boundaries that had been constant since 1643
StatusPrince-Bishopric
CapitalHildesheim
Common languagesEastphalian
GovernmentElective principality
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Bishopric founded
815
• Gained Imperial immediacy
1235
• Joined Lower Saxon Circle
1500
1519–23
1803
• To Hanover
1815
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Saxony
Kingdom of Prussia
Today part ofGermany
Hildesheim Cathedral
Map of the diocese around 1643[a]

The Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim (German: Hochstift Hildesheim, Fürstbistum Hildesheim, Bistum Hildesheim) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the Middle Ages until its dissolution in 1803. The Prince-Bishopric must not be confused with the Diocese of Hildesheim, which was larger and over which the prince-bishop exercised only the spiritual authority of an ordinary bishop.

History

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After the Duchy of Saxony had been conquered by the Frankish Kingdom, Emperor Charlemagne in 800 founded a missionary diocese at his eastphalian court in Elze (Aula Caesaris), about 19 km (12 mi) west of Hildesheim. His son King Louis the Pious established the bishopric at Hildesheim in 815, dedicated to Virgin Mary.

According to legend delivered by the Brothers Grimm, the king was hunting in the wintery woods of Elze, when he realized that he had lost his pendant with the relic of Blessed Virgin Mary. Distraught he sent out his attendance who finally discovered a flowering rose bush with the relic in his branches, which it would not let go. Louis had a chapel built by the side of the rose, the later St. Mary's Cathedral.[1] A rosa canina is still growing at the apse of the cathedral, called the Thousand-year Rose (Tausendjähriger Rosenstock).

His son King Louis the German appointed the former archbishop of Rheims, Ebbo, as bishop between 845 and 847.[2] Ebbo's successor Altfrid began the construction of the cathedral. A close adviser to Louis the German, Altfrid founded Essen Abbey.[3]

Fourteenth-century bishop Gerard vom Berge

During the reign of the Saxon Ottonian dynasty Hildesheim, together with the neighbouring bishoprics of Halberstadt and Magdeburg, became the central ecclesiastical territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Bishop Bernward (993-1022) built up the cathedral district with a strong twelve-towered wall, built the Michaeliskirche, and commissioned bronze doors for the cathedral.[4] During the tenure of his successor Gotthard (1022-1038), the cathedral school became a center for learning. Bernward and Gotthard added much to the architectonic and cultural tradition of the present-day World Heritage Site.

Prince-Bishop Clemens August at the hunt

At the Reichstag at Mainz of August 15, 1235 Bishop Conrad II reached the official acknowledgement of Hildesheim as a Prince-bishopric (Hochstift) by Emperor Frederick II. As a negative consequence of this success, Hildesheim began to interfere with the neighbouring Welf duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, culminating in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud 1519-1523 with the warlike Brunswick duke Henry the Younger that led to a significant loss of territories.

In the 16th century, most of the diocese as well as most of the state of Hildesheim switched to Protestantism. But the Bishopric managed not only to retain its independence from the surrounding Protestant states of Brunswick-Lüneburg, but also to retrieve large parts of the lost estates, mostly because its bishops were members of the powerful House of Wittelsbach from 1573 until 1761, the last Clemens August of Bavaria from 1723, who also was archbishop and prince-elector of Cologne, prince-bishop of Münster, Osnabrück and Paderborn as well as Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.

In the course of the German Mediatisation of 1803, Hildesheim was secularised and its territory was annexed to Prussia. Four years later, however, Prussia lost it to the newly established Kingdom of Westphalia. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 gave the territory of the former prince-bishopric to the Kingdom of Hanover.

Episcopatus Hildesiensis, ed. by Joan Blaeu, 1645

Subdivisions (Ämter)

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Wittelsbach prince-bishops

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The map shows the diocese in its borders before the diocese feud. During the restitution in 1643, the offices of Aerzen, Grohnde, Coldingen-Lauenberg, Lutter am Barenberge, Westerhof and Lindau – all shown as Hildesheim in the map – remained with the principalities of Calenberg and Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. For more information, see Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde [de].

References

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  1. ^ "The History of the Hildesheim Cathedral", Mariendom Hildesheim
  2. ^ Ott, Michael. "Ebbo." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909
  3. ^ Schäfer, Joachim. "Altfrid von Hildesheim", Ökumenischen Heiligenlexikon
  4. ^ Giese, Martina. "Die Texfassungen der Lebensbeschreibung Bischof Bernwards von Hildesheim", Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Studien und Texte, 40. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 2006. p. xxviii. ISBN 3-7752-5700-4
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