Black Spring (Algeria)

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Printemps noir (Kabylie)]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Printemps noir (Kabylie)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Black Spring
Part of the Algerian Civil War
Date	20 April 2001 – April 2002
Location	Kabylie,  Algeria
Caused by	Marginalization of Kabyles Murder of Massinissa Guermah
Methods	Demonstrations
Resulted in	Government concedes to Kabyle demands Constitution amended Gendarmerie Nationale withdrawn from Kabylie Berber languages recognized as a national language Barbacha gains de facto autonomy from the Algerian state
Parties
Kabyles Berber Arouch Citizens' Movement Rally for Culture and Democracy Socialist Forces Front  Algeria Democratic National Rally Movement of Society for Peace National Liberation Front Armed Forces
Lead figures
Belaïd Abrika Ferhat Mehenni Saïd Sadi Hocine Aït Ahmed Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ali Benflis Mohamed Lamari
Casualties
Death(s)	126 killed[1]
Injuries	Thousands
Arrested	Thousands

The Black Spring (Kabyle: Tafsut Taberkant) was a series of protests and political demonstrations by Kabyle activists in the Kabylie region of Algeria in 2001, which were met by repressive and violent police measures and became a potent symbol of Kabyle discontent with the national government. The protests took place against a backdrop of long-standing cultural marginalization of the Highlander Kabyle, a homogeneous Berber linguistic group in Algeria (Berber speakers form some 25%–35% of the total population, although exact numbers are disputed) despite the most rigid government-sponsored Arabization measures of the 1960s through the 1980s having been lifted. The name "Black Spring" alludes to the events known as the Berber Spring of the 1980s, in which mainly Kabyle civil society activists challenged the ban on Berber culture then in place, demanding cultural rights and democracy.

In 2001, a young Kabyle student, Massinissa Guermah, was arrested by Algerian gendarmes and later died inside the gendarmerie. This provoked large-scale riots in the Kabyle region, that lasted for months.

President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's government claimed that the real name of Massinissa was in fact Karim and that he was a jobless criminal aged 26. Several months after these statements, the government admitted that his real name was in fact Massinissa (named after the historical Berber king of ancient Algeria), and that he was an innocent high school student. The Minister of the Interior Yazid Zerhouni said that he "was badly informed". No apologies were given to the victim's family, however, and the riots did not stop. Bouteflika's government maintained that the Kabyles were being "manipulated by a foreign hand".

As of April 2001 (few days after the beginning of the black spring) there were 43 young Kabyles killed. As of July 2001, there were 267 young people shot by bullets, of which 50 died (18,7%). The Issad commission notes that "It is only comparable to military losses in very tough battles during war time, The security forces, at the same time and at the same place do not present any wounded man by bullets, nor anyone killed by bullets."

As of April 2002, the Algerian Human Rights League reports 128 Kabyles killed, 5000 wounded of which 200 have become permanently disabled, and thousands of arrests, bad treatment, torture and arbitrary detentions.

At the end of the Black Spring events, the Algerian press reported 128 Kabyles were killed,^[1] and thousands were severely injured in the riots, or tortured by the Gendarmerie paramilitaries.

In the end, Bouteflika agreed to some of the Kabyle demands. Gendarmes were withdrawn from Kabylie, and the Berber language (Tamazight) was made a "national language" in the 2002 Algerian Constitution (but not an "official" language, on par with Arabic, until 2016^[2]).

The traditional Berber political parties, Saïd Sadi's liberal Rally for Culture and Democracy (RCD) and Hocine Aït Ahmed's socialist Front of Socialist Forces (FFS), were partly marginalized by the radical grass-roots activism and violent forms of protest. Instead, new movements rose to the fore in Kabyle politics: the Arush (Arouch) movement and the Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK), whose regionalist ambitions for autonomy marked a new evolution in Kabyle politics.

The region of Barbacha has managed to gain a significant degree of autonomy, giving hope to many Kabylie activists.^[3]

• List of modern conflicts in North Africa

• Algerian Human Rights League report
• The report of Issad's Commission Report, established by The president Bouteflika
• Black Spring’s Martyrs list