Blackstone Valley

Blackstone Valley
The Blackstone Valley in Massachusetts and Rhode Island
Long-axis direction	Northwest-Southeast
Geology
Type	River valley
Geography
Location	United States
Population centers	Worcester, Massachusetts, Providence, Rhode Island
Rivers	Blackstone River

The Blackstone Valley or Blackstone River Valley is a region of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It was a major factor in the American Industrial Revolution. It makes up part of the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor and National Historical Park.

The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor follows the Blackstone Valley from Worcester to Providence, Rhode Island. The corridor follows the course of the Industrial Revolution in America from its origin at the Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island as it first spread north along the valley to Worcester, Massachusetts, and then to the rest of the nation.

The region was designated a National Heritage Corridor by Congress in November 1986, composing 25 towns and cities throughout Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

In 2011, a report recommended the region for National Park status.^[1] In 2014, the Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park was established.^[2]

The river is named after William Blackstone (original spelling William Blaxton) who arrived in Weymouth, Massachusetts in 1623, and became the first European settler of present-day Boston in 1625. He relocated again, to Rhode Island in 1635 and built his home on the river, in what would become Cumberland. With the Providence River, the Blackstone was the northeastern border of Dutch claims for New Netherland from Adriaen Block's charting of Narragansett Bay in 1614 through the Hartford Treaty of 1650.

The original Native American name for the river was the "Kittacuck", which meant "the great tidal river". The "Kittacuck", or Blackstone, was plentiful with salmon and lamprey in pre-colonial and colonial times.^[3]

In 1790, Samuel Slater opened the first successful water powered cotton mill in America, Slater Mill, at Pawtucket Falls. This mill was powered by the waters of the Blackstone River. Many other mills appeared along the Blackstone River over time making it an important part of American industry. The industrialization also led to the river being identified by the end of the 20th century as the primary source of Narragansett Bay pollution.^[4]

The initiative for the canal came from Providence, where a merchant community wished to profit from trade with the farming country of the Blackstone Valley and Worcester County.^[5] The people of Worcester and the Blackstone Valley, eager for transport that would enable them to get better prices for their produce, welcomed the plan. However, since the trade of central Massachusetts was at that time going overland through the port of Boston, Massachusetts commercial interests succeeded in stalling the project for several years. Finally, in 1823, the Blackstone Canal Company was organized through an act of the Massachusetts legislature, with a Rhode Island company soon following.^[6] The canal's construction may have been motivated by competition among rival industrialists to curtail "water rights".^[7]

Construction began in 1825 and cost $750,000 (twice its initial estimate). The canal opened on October 7, 1828, when the packet boat Lady Carrington arrived in Worcester, the first vessel to make the trip. The canal brought immediate prosperity to Worcester and the Valley; farmers' profits increased and mills were built, especially in Worcester.^[6] Using water to transport goods was a great improvement over the rough roads of the era. At the time of its construction, it represented the best available transportation technology.

It was a two-day trip for the canal boats from Worcester to Providence and another two-day trip to return to Worcester. The overnight stopping point was in Uxbridge. Boston merchants moved to recapture the trade moving down the canal to Providence, opening a rail line to Worcester in 1835. (Boston merchants opened three railroads in 1835, one to Lowell, one to Worcester, and one to Providence, RI. These were very new technology.) In 1847 the parallel Providence and Worcester Railroad began operation, and the canal closed in 1848.

The canal is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

The Blackstone Valley offers multiple recreation areas for visitors to take advantage of the sights. These sites are:

• Blackstone River and Canal Heritage State Park in Northbridge and Uxbridge.
• Douglas State Forest in Douglas.
• Lincoln Woods State Park in Lincoln.
• Purgatory Chasm State Reservation in Sutton.
• Upton State Forest in Upton.^[8]

Multiple modes of transportation are available that serve the Blackstone Valley.

Two major roads travel through the region. Route 122 in Massachusetts is known as the Blackstone Canal Heritage Highway.^[9] The road travels through many of the region's mill villages. The other major road is Route 146 in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Upgrades on the Massachusetts side have seen major economic benefits throughout the towns.^[10]

Two MBTA Commuter Rail lines, the Worcester and Providence Lines have stations located within the Blackstone Valley. Both lines provide direct service to Boston's South Station. Providence station is also served by Amtrak trains on the Northeast Corridor, providing service to New York City and beyond.

At the 2010 United States Census, the population of the Blackstone Valley was 848,725.^[8]

• Greater Worcester Land Trust and list of other conservation organizations operating in the Blackstone River Valley
• 1922 New England Textile Strike

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Blackstone Valley.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blackstone Valley.

External videos
An American Valley, 1976, film about the deindustrialization of the Valley in the mid-20th century

• Historic American Buildings Survey
• Documents
  • 1998 Map (PDF file)
  • An Historical Assessment of Anadromous Fish in the Blackstone River by Buckley and Nixon, U. Rhode Island, 2001
  • Blackstone River Watershed: Five Year Watershed Action Plan, Blackstone River Watershed Team, 2000