Boston Latin School

Not to be confused with Boston Latin Academy.
Boston Latin School
Logo as of 2019
Address
Map
78 Avenue Louis Pasteur

Boston
,
Massachusetts, 02115

United States
Coordinates42°20′17″N 71°06′07″W / 42.338°N 71.102°W / 42.338; -71.102
Information
TypePublic exam school
MottoSumus Primi (Latin)
("We are first")
EstablishedApril 23, 1635 (389 years ago) (1635-04-23)
School districtBoston Public Schools
Head of SchoolJason Gallagher
Teaching staff124.70 (FTE)[1]
Grades7–12
GenderCoeducational
Number of students2,423 (2022–23)[1]
Student to teacher ratio19.43[1]
Campus typeUrban
Color(s)Purple and White,    
Athletics conferenceMassachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) District A – Dual County League
Mascot"Wolfie"[2]
Nickname"The Wolfpack", "BLS"
RivalEnglish High School of Boston (Boston English)
AccreditationNew England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC)
NewspaperThe Argo
YearbookLiber Actorum
Websitebls.org
Map

The Boston Latin School is a public exam school in Boston, Massachusetts. It was established on April 23, 1635, making it both the oldest public school in colonial-era British America and the oldest existing school in the United States.[3][4][5][6]

History

[edit]
See also: Latin school and Neo-Latin § Latin in school education 1500–1700
Plaque on School Street commemorating the site of the first Boston Latin School building
Hall of the Boston Latin School House on Bedford Street, 1844–1881

Boston Latin School was founded on April 23, 1635, by the Town of Boston.[7][8] The school was modeled after the Free Grammar School of Boston in England under the influence of Reverend John Cotton.[7] The first classes were held in the home of the Master, Philemon Pormort.[9] John Hull was the first student to graduate (1637).[10] It was intended to educate young men of all social classes in the classics.[11][12][8] The school was initially funded by donations and land rentals rather than by taxes.[13] A school established in nearby Dedham was the first tax-supported public school.[13]

Latin is the mother of modern Romance languages and was an educational priority in the 17th century.[14] The ability to read at least Cicero and Virgil was a requirement of all colonial colleges, and to write and speak Latin in verse and prose was the first of the “Harvard College Laws” of 1642.[15][16] Boston Latin prepared many students for admission to Harvard,[17] with a total of seven years devoted to the classics.[18] However, most graduates of Boston Latin did not go on to college, since business and professions did not require college training.[19]

A cadet corps was founded during the American Civil War and was disbanded in the early 1960s.[20]

Boston Latin has produced four Harvard University presidents, four Massachusetts governors, and five signers of the United States Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Franklin[21] and Louis Farrakhan[22] are among its well-known dropouts.

Until the 19th century, the Latin School admitted only male students and hired only male teachers. Helen Magill White was the school's first female graduate and the first American woman to earn a doctorate. Magill White was the only female pupil at the school when she attended. Later, the Girls' Latin School was founded in 1877. Boston Latin admitted its first co-educational class in 1972.[23]

The school appointed Marie Frisardi Cleary[24] and Juanita Ponte[25] as the first two women in its academic faculty in 1967. Cornelia Kelley was the school's first female headmaster, serving from 1998 until her retirement in 2007,[26] after which Lynne Mooney Teta became headmaster.[27] In 2016, Mooney Teta resigned amid a federal probe into racially charged incidents at the school.[28] In 2017, Rachel Skerritt became the first person of color to serve as headmaster. Skerritt resigned at the conclusion of the 2021-22 school year[29] and was succeeded in the retitled position of Head of School by elementary principal and fellow Latin School alumnus Jason Gallagher.[30]

Location history

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Map this section's coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Photo Point Coordinates
(links to map & photo sources) 		Notes
First Boston Latin School House was a series of homes of each head master beginning with Philemon Pormort 1635 to 1638 and his successor Daniel Maude's home from 1638-1643. Ezekiel Cheever was an early head master of the Boston Latin School. He taught for seventy years, the last thirty-eight as master of the Boston Latin School. A formal single storey was the school's first permanent home from 1745 to 1812 to replace last temporary building which was demolished in 1745 to make way for King's Chapel expansion.[31] Site was later used for Suffolk County Courthouse from 1810 to 1841, converted as City Hall until it was demolished and replaced by Old City Hall in 1865. 42°21′28″N 71°03′35″W / 42.357909°N 71.059798°W / 42.357909; -71.059798 (First Boston Latin School House. circa 1635.) [32][33]
Second BLS school house on south side of School Street. Built in 1812 and demolished in 1844. Now site at 44 School Street is The Berluti and McLaughlin Building circa 1924.[34] 42°21′28″N 71°03′35″W / 42.357640°N 71.059679°W / 42.357640; -71.059679 (Second School House on South Side of School Street. 1812-1844.) [35][36]
Third BLS school house on Bedford Street was built 1844 and shared the site with English High

School until 1881. Part of the site became home to R. H. White department store in 1876. It was torn down for a parking lot before becoming LaFayette Place Mall in 1984 (now Lafayette City Center complex).

42°21′14″N 71°03′40″W / 42.353840°N 71.061060°W / 42.353840; -71.061060 (Bedford Street School House. 1844–1881.) [37][38][39]
Fourth location of BLS school house on Warren Avenue, (shared with the English High School of Boston), 1881–1922. Now site of McKinley Elementary School. 42°20′39″N 71°04′24″W / 42.344178°N 71.073380°W / 42.344178; -71.073380 (School House in Warren Avenue. 1881–1922.) [40][41]
Fifth site of BLS school house on Avenue Louis Pasteur. 1922–present. 42°20′17″N 71°06′07″W / 42.338017°N 71.102016°W / 42.338017; -71.102016 (School House on Avenue Louis Pasteur. 1922–present.) [42]

Academics

[edit]

Boston Latin's motto is Sumus Primi, Latin for we are first. This has a double meaning, referring both to the school's date of founding and to its academic stature. Boston Latin has a history of pursuing the same standards as elite New England prep schools while adopting the egalitarian attitude of a public school. Academically, the school regularly outperforms public schools in affluent Boston suburbs, particularly as measured by the yearly MCAS assessment required of all Massachusetts public schools. In 2006, Brooklyn Latin School was founded in New York City, explicitly modeled on Boston Latin, borrowing much from its traditions and curriculum.[43] In 2006, Washington Latin School was founded in Washington DC, also modeled on Boston Latin.[citation needed]

Admissions

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Admission to Boston Latin School is limited to residents of the city of Boston. Until 2020, admission was determined by a combination of a student's score on the Independent School Entrance Examination (ISEE) and recent grades.[44] As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, the entrance exam was suspended, and admission was based on grades and Boston residency. In 2021, a new exam, the MAP Growth test, was designated for students applying for entrance to the 2023-24 school year and beyond. Students must have a grade point average from their current and previous school years of at least a B to be eligible to apply. In addition to GPA and test scores, students may be eligible to receive additional points if they meet specific criteria, such as living in housing owned by the Boston Housing Authority, in the care of the Department of Children and Families, or experiencing homelessness. They also receive additional points if they attended a school in the year prior to application that has, on average over the past five years, an enrollment of 40% or more economically disadvantaged students. [45]

Although Boston Latin runs from the 7th through the 12th grade, it admits students only into the 7th and 9th grades.

The school has been the subject of controversy concerning its admissions process. Before the 1997 school year, Boston Latin set aside a 35% quota of places in the incoming class for under-represented minorities. The school was forced to drop this policy after a series of lawsuits were brought by white females who were not admitted despite ranking higher (based on test scores and GPA) than admitted minorities.[46][47]

After the lawsuits, the percentage of under-represented minorities at Boston Latin fell from 35% in 1997 to under 19% in 2005, despite efforts by Boston Latin, the Boston Public Schools, and the Boston Latin School Association to recruit more minority applicants and retain more minority students.

Boston Latin later defeated a legal effort to end its admissions process entirely in favor of admissions by blind lottery.[citation needed]

In recent years, the admissions exam has continued to cause controversy due to the lack of diversity among admitted students. In 2017, Lawyers for Civil Rights published the demographics of the incoming class, highlighting that Black students are invited to attend Boston Latin at a rate that is more than two and a half times lower than their enrollment rates in Boston Public Schools overall.[48]

Boston Public Schools' Student Demographics by Race (Updated 2021)

From Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education

  African American (29.3%)
  Asian (9.1%)
  Hispanic (42.4%)
  Native American (0.3%)
  White (15.3%)
  Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander (0.2%)
  Multi-Race, Non Hispanic (3.4%)

The following year in 2018, Harvard Kennedy School released a brief explaining possible reasons for the racial gap in Boston Latin School’s admissions. Among the reasons are the lower rates of participation in the ISEE by Black and Hispanic students, lower ISEE scores due to inequitable curriculum and resources in the schools from which these students come, reported GPA differences, and less likelihood of Black and Hispanic students to list Boston Latin School as their top choice in school placement forms.[49]

In 2019, Lawyers for Civil Rights, alongside the Boston chapter of the NAACP, sent a letter to Mayor Walsh, the Boston School Committee, and the superintendent, seeking to redo the admissions policies for Boston Latin School. The organizations cited the disproportionate admission rates of Black and Hispanic students versus white students as a failure of the exam system, and asked for a process that would diversify the school and take into account a student's personal achievements.[50]

The Educational Records Bureau (ERB), the organization responsible for creating and updating the ISEE, reportedly decided to end its yearly contract with the Boston Public Schools (BPS) in April 2019. In an email sent to the school district and other clients, ERB claimed that the test’s scoring metric had been incorrectly applied by BPS, resulting in underrepresented race groups failing to be admitted. BPS, however, denied that ERB cut business ties with the school district. BPS claimed instead that it had ended the contract in search of a test enabling “more equitable access” to the exam schools.[51]

In October 2020, the Boston School Committee voted to cancel entrance exams for the city’s three exam schools in 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The School Committee opted for an admissions procedure under which 20% of the incoming class would be accepted based on top grades, and the other 80% based on grades and zip codes. Students coming from zip codes with lower-income communities would receive preferential treatment.[52]

Boston Latin School has received backlash from some parents because of this decision. Opponents of the proposed admissions system created a Change.org petition, garnering almost 6,000 signatures. The petition, directed to Boston City Council, argued that cancelling the test would increase disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[53] A protest was held prior to the vote on the steps of Boston Latin School. One common concern surrounded Chinatown students potentially being excluded based on Chinatown’s surrounding area being rapidly gentrified, thus increasing the median income.[54][55]

Curriculum

[edit]
The school's front entrance on Avenue Louis Pasteur in 2007

Declamation is one of the school's time-honored traditions. Students in the 7th through 10th grades are required to give an oration, known as declamation, in their English class three times during the year. The school also holds Public Declamation, in which students from all grades are welcomed to try out for the chance to declaim a memorized piece in front of an assembly. During Public Declamation, declaimers are scored on categories including "Memorization," "Presentation," and "Voice and Delivery," and those who score well in three of the first four public declamations are given the chance to declaim in front of alumni judges for awards in "Prize Declamation.”

In addition to declamation in English classes, the Modern Languages department holds an annual "World Language Declamation" competition. Once a year, during National Foreign Language Week (usually the first week of March),[56] students in grades 8 through 12 perform orations in languages other than English. Entrants are categorized by level, rather than language. So all students declaiming at the first-year level of various languages are competing against each other, all students declaiming at the second-year level compete against each other, and so on.[57]

In 2001, the school decided to decrease the Latin requirement by one year, starting with the class of 2006.[58] For students admitted for 7th grade, the minimum number of years of Latin required decreased from five years to four years, and for students admitted for 9th grade, from four years to three years. Students, however, can still take Latin (and Greek) electives after their fourth year.

Publications

[edit]

There are currently three main publications of the Boston Latin School: The Register is the school's literary magazine, The Argo the school newspaper, and Catapulta is the school science magazine. George Santayana founded The Register in 1881 to serve as the school newspaper. Over the years, however, it evolved into a purely literary magazine, publishing prose and poetry written by members of the student body, as well as artwork. There are generally three editors-in-chief, and it is published twice per year. The Argo, the school's newspaper, is far younger, having been founded in 1970 after it was clear that the Register had become a purely literary magazine. As of the 2006–2007 school year, it is published seven times a year. Catapulta, the science magazine, highlights popular and recent science and technology and is generally published four times a year. The Register, the Argo, and Catapulta are entirely student-produced, and the "Argo" and the "Register" have won awards from the New England Scholastic Press Association, while Catapulta has won awards from the American Scholastic Press Association.[59]

Another Boston Latin publication is "BLSA Bulletin", published by the Boston Latin School Association, whose president is Peter G. Kelly, '83.[60]

Athletics

[edit]

Boston Latin's teams are known as the Boston Latin Wolfpack; their colors are purple and white. Boston Latin has played rival Boston English in football every Thanksgiving since 1887,[61] the oldest continuous high school rivalry in the United States.[62]

[edit]

Rankings and awards

[edit]

In 2007, the school was named one of the top 20 high schools in the United States by U.S. News & World Report magazine.[64][65] It was named a 2011 "Blue Ribbon School of Excellence", the Department of Education's highest award.[66] As of 2018, it is listed under the "gold medal" list, ranking 48 out of the top 100 high schools in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.[67]

In 2019, the school was rated as the top high school in the Boston area by U.S. News & World Report and number 33 in national rankings.[68]

Alumni

[edit]
Main article: List of Boston Latin School alumni

Boston Latin has graduated notable Americans in the fields of politics (both local and national), religion, science, journalism, philosophy, and music. Of the 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence, five were educated at Latin: Adams, Franklin, Hancock, Hooper, and Paine.[69] Graduates and students fought in the Revolutionary War, American Civil War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, and the Vietnam War, and plaques and statues in the school building honor those who died.

Hall of Fame

[edit]

The Hall of Fame, known casually as "The Wall," refers to the upper frieze in the school's auditorium, where the last names of famous alumni are painted. These names include Adams, Bernstein,[70] Fitzgerald, Franklin, Hancock, Hooper, John Hull, Kennedy, Mather, Paine, Quincy, Santayana, Winthrop and others. The most recent name, Wade McCree Jr., was added to the frieze in 1999, and the selection of the name involved a conscious effort to choose a graduate of color.[71] There are no names of female graduates, mostly because women have attended the school for just 46 years and the honor is only bestowed posthumously. There is also a lower frieze with the names of many other distinguished graduates, and a place on the lower frieze can be awarded while the person is still alive.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Boston Latin". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
  2. ^ Caldwell, Dave (2006-11-10). "Thanksgiving Day Games: Old Rivalries, Then the Turkey". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
  3. ^ "History of Boston Latin School – oldest public school in America". Boston Latin School. Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  4. ^ "Boston Latin School". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  5. ^ "First Public School Site and Ben Franklin Statue". City of Boston. 16 July 2016.
  6. ^ "Boston Latin School". NNDB.
  7. ^ a b "BLS History". www.bls.org. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  8. ^ a b "Boston Latin School | American secondary school". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
  9. ^ "BLS History".
  10. ^ John Hull is, therefore, the earliest scholar who can now be named of Phi¬ lemon Pormort, whose school, the only one in Boston, was established April 23d of the same year, — the first school of public instruction in Massachusetts https://archive.org/details/diariesofjohnhul00hull/page/n21/mode/2up footnote 1, page 22
  11. ^ Jeynes, William H. (2007). American educational history : school, society, and the common good. Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.]: SAGE Publications. pp. 4, 6, 12. ISBN 978-1412914215. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  12. ^ Simon, Christopher A. (2001). To run a school : administrative organization and learning. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 8. ISBN 978-0275968342.
  13. ^ a b Sacchetti, Maria (November 27, 2005). "Schools vie for honor of being the oldest". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 14, 2016. "In Boston everybody may have agreed that education was important, but nobody put his wallet on the table," said Robert Hanson, Dedham's former executive secretary and the unofficial historian.
  14. ^ Howe, Françoise Waquet. Translated by John (2002). Latin or the empire of a sign : from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries (Paperback ed. 1. publ. by Verso. ed.). London: Verso. p. 22. ISBN 978-1859844021. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  15. ^ "History of Harvard". AllAboutHistory.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  16. ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1968). The founding of the Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0674314504. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
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  21. ^ "Benjamin Franklin". Exodus Provisions.
  22. ^ John B. Judis (August 18, 1996). "Maximum Leader". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
  23. ^ "Girls Admitted by Boston Latin". The New York Times. September 10, 1972.
  24. ^ Marie Frisardi Cleary (May 19, 1985). "The Halls of Boston Latin School". The New York Times. Letter to the editor.
  25. ^ Bergeron, Amanda (July 21, 2007). "Juanita Ponte, 62; taught at Boston Latin". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  26. ^ Jan, Tracy (2007-02-14). "Boston Latin headmaster to retire". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  27. ^ "Assistant head is named to Latin's top job". The Boston Globe. June 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
  28. ^ Vaznis, James; Ransom, Jan (21 June 2016). "Amid controversy, Boston Latin headmaster resigns". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  29. ^ Skerritt, Rachel (20 September 2022). "What I Learned Leading America's First Public School". Education Next. 23 (1): 46–53. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  30. ^ "Rachel Skerritt: The First POC Headmaster of the Country's Oldest Public School". Her Campus. 15 October 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  31. ^ "Boston Latin School Site/Benjamin Franklin Statue | the Freedom Trail".
  32. ^ 42°21′28″N 71°03′35″W / 42.357909°N 71.059798°W / 42.357909; -71.059798
  33. ^ (Estimated from: Plan of Boston showing existing ways and owners on December 25, 1635. Author: Lamb, George. 1635 Location: Boston (Mass.)) [1] [2]
  34. ^ "44 School St, Boston, MA 02108 - Office for Lease".
  35. ^ Boston 1842 "Boston" from Tanner, H.S. The American Traveller; or Guide Through the United States. Eighth Edition. New York, 1842 [3]
  36. ^ 42°21′28″N 71°03′35″W / 42.357640°N 71.059679°W / 42.357640; -71.059679 (Estimated from Tanner map)
  37. ^ Catalogue of the Boston Public Latin School, Established in 1635: With an Historical Sketch, Henry Fitch Jenks. Boston Latin School Association. 1886. Pages 94–95.
  38. ^ Map title: Map of Boston, 1865 Photographically Reduced From City Engineer Plans With All The Latest Improvements. A Complete Guide To Strangers. Publisher: L. Prang & Co. Date: 1865 [4]
  39. ^ 42°21′14″N 71°03′40″W / 42.353840°N 71.061060°W / 42.353840; -71.061060 (Estimated from Prang & Co. map)
  40. ^ Catalogue of the Boston Public Latin School, Established in 1635: With an Historical Sketch, Henry Fitch Jenks. Boston Latin School Association. 1886. Page 303.
  41. ^ 42°20′39″N 71°04′24″W / 42.344178°N 71.073380°W / 42.344178; -71.073380 (Estimated from description in Jenks, page 75)
  42. ^ SCHOLA LATINA BOSTONIENSIS CCCL ANNOS NATA. (BOSTON LATIN AT 350). April 21, 1985. Boston Globe. By John Powers
  43. ^ Jan, Tracy (March 4, 2006). "Growing a Boston Latin in Brooklyn". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  44. ^ "Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about Entrance to Boston Latin School" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  45. ^ "BPS Welcome Services/Exam Schools Admissions Policy". Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  46. ^ See: Wessmann v. Gittens, 160 F. 3d 790 – Court of Appeals, 1st Circuit 1998 s:SARAH P. WESSMANN, p.p.a. HENRY ROBERT WESSMANN, v. ROBERT P. GITTENS, CHAIRPERSON OF THE BOSTON SCHOOL COMMITTEE, ET AL., and McLAUGHLIN BY McLAUGHLIN v. Boston School Committee, 938 F. Supp. 938 F.Supp. 1001 (1996) Civil Action No. 95-11803-WAG. United States District Court, D. Massachusetts. s:938 F.Supp. 1001 (1996) Julia A. McLAUGHLIN, by Catherine McLAUGHLIN, Plaintiff, v. BOSTON SCHOOL COMMITTEE, et al., Defendants.
  47. ^ "The Boston Latin Case". Center for the Study of Testing, Evaluation, and Educational Policy. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  48. ^ "A Broken Mirror: Exam School Admissions Fail to Reflect Boston's Diversity" (PDF). Lawyers for Civil Rights. 2017.
  49. ^ Goodman, Joshua; Rucinski, Melanie (October 2018). "Increasing Diversity in Boston's Exam Schools" (PDF). Rappaport Institute. Harvard Kennedy School.
  50. ^ Vaughn, Alyssa (June 19, 2020). "The NAACP and Lawyers for Civil Rights Want Exam School Admissions Overhauled in Boston". Boston Magazine.
  51. ^ Irons, Meghan (February 5, 2020). "Test maker accuses Boston schools of misusing exam". The Boston Globe.
  52. ^ Larkin, Max (October 22, 2020). "One-Year Pause In Exam-School Tests Sparks Hope – And Hostility". WBUR.
  53. ^ Cromar, Ainslie (October 22, 2020). "It's official: No admissions test at Boston exam schools for incoming fall class". Boston.com.
  54. ^ G, Adam (October 18, 2020). "On steps of Boston Latin, parents rally to keep the exam in exam schools; across street, other parents rally against it". Universal Hub.
  55. ^ Schaefer Riley, Naomi (February 19, 2021). "Exam-School Admissions Come Under Pressure amid Pandemic". Education Next.
  56. ^ Kate Stevenson (2008). National Foreign Language Week
  57. ^ Prizes and Scholarships, BLS Web Site
  58. ^ Vaishnav, Anand (2001-04-13). "Boston Latin Eases Language Requirement". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 16, 2001. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  59. ^ "Publications – Argo". BLS Web Site. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-01. Includes scans of first Argo edition, 1969.
  60. ^ "BLSA Bulletin". Boston Latin School Association. Fall 2008.
  61. ^ Werchadlo, Emily (2005-11-24). "It's still defined by Latin and English". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  62. ^ Dahlbeck, Dwayne (2007-11-27). "Latin's first conquest comes at last". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  63. ^ "President Bush Speaks in Boston". CNN.com. 2002-01-08.
  64. ^ "Best High Schools 2008". U.S. News & World Report. November 29, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.
  65. ^ "The First-Class State—Two examples of how Massachusetts gets it right". U.S. News & World Report. November 29, 2007. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008.
  66. ^ 2011 National Blue Ribbon Schools, accessed April 3, 2012
  67. ^ "National Rankings Best High Schools". U.S. News & World Report LP. 2016-04-19. Archived from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  68. ^ Reiss, Jaclyn (2019-06-12). "These are the best high schools in the Boston area, according to US News & World Report". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  69. ^ Rauseo-Ricupero, Ronaldo (2002-01-09). "Bush Comes To Boston After Education Victory". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  70. ^ Lee A. Daniels (November 22, 1984). "A Homecoming for Bernstein". The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  71. ^ Hill, Tony (2000-11-12). "To Place a Black Man in Latin's Pantheon: An Alumnus Quietly Raised to the Star-Studded Frieze". Boston Globe.
[edit]
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