Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter

C-97 Stratofreighter
General information
TypeMilitary transport aircraft
ManufacturerBoeing
Primary usersUnited States Air Force
Number built77 (total of 888 in all variants)
History
Manufactured1944–1952
Introduction date1947
First flight9 November 1944
Retired1978
Developed fromBoeing B-29 Superfortress
Boeing B-50 Superfortress
VariantsBoeing KC-97 Stratofreighter
Developed intoBoeing 377 Stratocruiser
Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy
Aero Spacelines Super Guppy
Aero Spacelines Mini Guppy

The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter is a long-range heavy military cargo aircraft developed from the B-29 and B-50 bombers. Design work began in 1942, the first of three prototype XC-97s flew on 9 November 1944 and the first of six service-test YC-97s flew on 11 March 1947. All nine were based on the 24ST alloy structure and Wright R-3350 engines of the B-29, but with a larger-diameter fuselage upper lobe (making a figure of eight or "double-bubble" section) and they had the B-29 vertical tail with the gunner's position blanked off. The first of three heavily revised YC-97A incorporating the re-engineered wing (higher-strength 75ST alloy), taller vertical tail and larger Pratt & Whitney R-4360 engines of the B-50 bomber, flew on 28 January 1948 and was the basis of the subsequent sole YC-97B, all production C-97s, KC-97s and civilian Stratocruiser aircraft. Between 1944 and 1958, 888 C-97s in several versions were built, 811 being KC-97 tankers.[1][2] C-97s served in the Berlin Airlift, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Some aircraft served as flying command posts for the Strategic Air Command, while others were modified for use in Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadrons (ARRS).

Design and development

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The C-97 Stratofreighter was developed towards the end of World War II by fitting a second lobe on top of the fuselage and wings of the B-29 Superfortress with the tail, wing, and engine layout being nearly identical.[3] The XC-97 and YC-97 can be distinguished from the Boeing 377 Stratocruiser and later C-97s by the shorter fin, and later ones by the flying boom and jet engines on the tanker models.

The prototype XC-97 was powered by the same 2,200 hp (1,600 kW) Wright R-3350 engines as used in the B-29. The XC-97 took off for its first flight on November 9, 1944,[4] just after the death of Boeing president Philip G. Johnson.

YC-97 Stratofreighter with the shorter fin and smaller engines of the B-29 in 1947

On 9 January 1945, the first prototype, piloted by Major Curtin L. Reinhardt, flew from Seattle to Washington, D.C. in 6 hours 4 minutes, an average speed of 383 mph (616 km/h) with 20,000 lb (9,100 kg) of cargo. The tenth and all subsequent aircraft were fitted with the 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Major engines and taller fin and rudder of the B-50 Superfortress.[3]

The C-97 had clamshell doors under its tail so that two retractable ramps could be used to drive in cargo, but it was not a tactical airlifter able to deliver to primitive forward bases. The doors could not be opened in flight, but could be removed to carry out air drops. The C-97 had a useful payload of 35,000 lb (16,000 kg), which could include two 2½-ton trucks, towed artillery, or light tracked vehicles such as the M56 Scorpion. The C-97 featured cabin pressurization, which made long flights more comfortable.

The C-97 was developed into the civilian Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, a transoceanic airliner that could be fitted with sleeper cabins and featured a lower deck lounge. The first Stratocruiser flew on July 8, 1947. Only 56 were built.[5]

Operational history

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The C-97 entered service in 1947, during a period of rapid development of heavy transport aircraft. Only 77 were built before the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was delivered in 1950, with nearly twice the payload capacity of the C-97. The USAF Strategic Air Command operated C-97 Stratofreighters from 1949 to 1978. Early in its service life, it served as an airborne alternative SAC command post. While only 77 C-97 transports were built, 811 were built as KC-97 Stratofreighters for inflight refueling. The KC-97 began to be phased out with the introduction of the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker in 1957. Many KC-97s were later refitted as C-97G transports and equipped several squadrons of the U.S. Air National Guard.

One YC-97A (45–59595) was used in the Berlin Airlift during April 1949, operating for the 1st Strategic Support Squadron. It suffered a landing gear accident at Gatow and by the time it was repaired, the Soviet Blockade was lifted.

C-97s evacuated casualties during the Korean War. C-97s also participated in the Biafran airlift, delivering relief materials to Uli airstrip in Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War. Flying under the cover of darkness and at treetop level to evade radar, at least two C-97s were lost.[6]

Boeing KC-97G Stratofreighter of the Minnesota Air National Guard in 1971 after service as part of Military Airlift Command

Only one C-97 is still airworthy at the present day,[when?] (S/N 52-2718, named "Angel of Deliverance") operated by the Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation. It is painted as YC-97A 45–59595, the only C-97 to participate in the Berlin Airlift.

The Israelis turned to Stratocruisers and KC-97s when they could not buy the preferred C-130.[7] They adapted Boeing 377 Stratocruiser airliners into transports, including many using C-97 tail sections including the loading ramps.[citation needed] Others were adapted with swiveling tails and refueling pods.[7] One Israeli C-97 was downed by an Egyptian SA-2 Guideline missile on 17 September 1971, while flying as an electronic counter-measures platform some 12 miles from the Suez Canal.[8][9]

Variants

[edit]
XC-97
military designation of the prototype Boeing 367, three built.
YC-97
cargo transport, six built.
C-97A Stratofreighter 49-2607 of Minnesota Air National Guard (1960)
YC-97A
troop carrier, three built.
YC-97B
fitted with 80 airliner-style seats, later redesignated C-97B, in 1954 became C-97D, retired to MASDC 15 December 1969.[10]
C-97A
transport, 50 built.
KC-97A
Three C-97As were converted into aerial refueling tankers with rear loading door removed and a flight refueling boom added. After the design was proven, they were converted back into the standard C-97A.
C-97C
Second production version, 14 built; those used as medical evacuation transports during the Korean War were designated MC-97C.[11]
VC-97D
staff transport and flying command post conversions, three C-97As converted.[12]
C-97E
KC-97Es converted to transports.
KC-97E
aerial refueling tankers with rear loading doors permanently closed; 60 built.
C-97F
KC-97Fs converted to transports.
KC-97F
3800hp R-4360-59B engines and minor changes; 159 built.
C-97G
135 KC-97Gs converted to transports.
EC-97G
ELINT conversion of three KC-97Gs. 53–106 was operated by the CIA for covert ELINT operations in the West Berlin Air Corridor.
KC-97G
dual-role aerial refueling tankers/cargo transportation aircraft. KC-97G models carried underwing fuel tanks; 592 built.
GKC-97G
Five KC-97Gs were used as ground instruction airframes.
JKC-97G
One aircraft was modified to test the underwing General Electric J47-GE-23 jet engines, and was later designated KC-97L.
HC-97G
KC-97Gs converted for search and rescue operations; 22 converted.
KC-97H
A YC-97J, an experimental turboprop-powered variant, in flight
One KC-97F was experimentally converted into a probe-and-drogue refueling aircraft.
YC-97J
KC-97G conversion with four 5,700 hp (4,250 kW) Pratt & Whitney YT34-P-5 turboprops, two converted. Originally designated YC-137.[13]
C-97K
27 KC-97Gs converted to troop transports.[14]
KC-97L
81 KC-97Gs modified with two J47 turbojet engines on underwing pylons.

Operators

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Military operators

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 Israel
 Spain
 United States

U.S. Air Force units

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The following Air Force wing organizations flew the various C-97 models at some time during their existence:[15]

Air National Guard

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– Westchester County Airport, New York (1962–1969)

Boeing C-97G of the Foundation for Airborne Relief at Long Beach Airport, California, in 1973

Civil operators

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Accidents and incidents

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22 May 1947
USAAF XC-97 43-27472 crashed in a wheat field near Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and caught fire, killing five of seven crew on board.[17]
6 June 1951
USAF C-97A 48-0398 crashed near Kelly Air Force Base due to a possible asymmetric flap extension on takeoff, killing all nine crew on board.[18]
15 October 1951
After taking off from Lajes Field, Azores, USAF C-97A 49-2602 of the Military Air Transport Service went missing on a flight from Lajes AFB (LFB), Azores to Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts. The aircraft was piloted by Captain John Francis Dailey Jr. and had a crew of 11. A total of 50 aircraft and ships searched the intended route but no trace of the aircraft or crew was ever found.[19][20]
22 October 1951
USAF C-97A 48-0413 crashed and burned next to a runway at Kelly AFB, killing four of six on board.[21]
22 March 1957
USAF C-97C 50-0702 en route to Tokyo went missing over the Pacific Ocean, with 10 crew and 57 passengers on board. It is the deadliest incident ever involving the C-97.[22]
8 August 1957
USAF C-97 en route to Hawaii from US. No.1 engine lost its propeller and damaged No.2 engine. Aircraft flew for 5 hours at 150ft altitude to land at Hilo.[23]
19 January 1958
USAF C-97A 49-2597 en route to Kwajalein from Honolulu went missing over the Pacific Ocean with seven crew on board. The U.S. Navy confirmed that debris found 277 miles to the southwest of Honolulu, was wreckage of the plane.[24]
29 June 1964
USAF HC-97G 52-2773, along with USAF HC-54D 42-72590, were performing pararescue training and photography missions for the NASA Gemini program when the HC-54 banked to the right, colliding with the HC-97 and shearing off the wing and tail section; both aircraft crashed in the water off Bermuda, killing 17 on board both aircraft; seven survived after they jumped before the aircraft collided. The cause was probably incapacitation of the HC-54 pilot.[25]
26 September 1969
A Nordchurchaid C-97G, (N52676), struck trees and crashed while on final approach to Uli Airstrip, killing all five on board.[26]
30 July 1987
After taking off, a C-97G (HI-481) operated by Belize Air International (a cargo airline) crashed onto the Mexico City-Toluca highway after the cargo shifted, killing 5 of 12 on board and 44 on the ground.[27]

Surviving aircraft

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Former California Air National Guard C-97G 53-0272 at the Milestones of Flight Museum, Fox Field, Lancaster, California in 2007.
C-97G 52-2764 parked in front of the Don Q Inn just north of Dodgeville, Wisconsin on Highway 23.

Israel

[edit]
On display

United States

[edit]
Airworthy
C-97G (converted from KC-97G)
On display
C-97G (all converted from KC-97G)

Specifications (C-97)

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3-view line drawing of the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter
3-view line drawing of the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter

Data from Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter[34][35][36]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 5–6 (Pilot, Copilot, Navigator, Flight engineer, 1–2 Loadmasters)
  • Capacity:
    • 134 troops[37] or
    • 69 stretchers or
    • refuelling boom (three KC-97A aircraft only)
  • Length: 110 ft 4 in (33.63 m)
  • Wingspan: 141 ft 3 in (43.05 m)
  • Height: 38 ft 3 in (11.66 m)
  • Wing area: 1,734 sq ft (161.1 m2)
  • Airfoil: root: Boeing 117 (22%); tip: Boeing 117 (9%)[38]
  • Empty weight: 82,500 lb (37,421 kg)
  • Gross weight: 120,000 lb (54,431 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 175,000 lb (79,379 kg)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney R-4360B Wasp Major 28-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) each
  • Propellers: 4-bladed Hamilton Standard constant-speed fully-feathering propellers

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 375 mph (604 km/h, 326 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 300 mph (480 km/h, 260 kn)
  • Range: 4,300 mi (6,900 km, 3,700 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 5,760 mi (9,270 km, 5,010 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 35,000 ft (11,000 m)
  • Wing loading: 69.2 lb/sq ft (338 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.117 hp/lb (0.192 kW/kg)

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes
  1. ^ Bach 1996, p. 7
  2. ^ Bowers 1989, pp. 353–359.
  3. ^ a b Swanborough and Bowers 1989, p. 125.
  4. ^ Bowers 1989, p. 353.
  5. ^ Bach 1996, p. 40
  6. ^ "ASN Aviation Safety Database." Aviation Safety Network, Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved: 27 April 2009.
  7. ^ a b Archer Aeroplane May 2017, p. 94.
  8. ^ Rubinstein and Goldman 1979, p. 89.
  9. ^ "East of the Suez". Israeli Air Force official website. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  10. ^ Bowers 1989, p. 357.
  11. ^ Bowers 1989, p. 358.
  12. ^ Bowers 1989, p. 362.
  13. ^ "Duplications in U.S. Military Aircraft Designation Series".
  14. ^ Bowers 1989, p. 364.
  15. ^ Ravenstein, Charles A., ed. Air Force Combat Wings: Lineage and Honors Histories, 1947–1977. Washington, D.C.: United States Air Force Historical Research Center, Office of Air Force History, 1984. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
  16. ^ "A Mission of History, Education and Remembrance." Spirit of Freedom, 2011. Retrieved: 21 October 2011.
  17. ^ Accident description for 43-27472 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
  18. ^ Accident description for 48-0398 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
  19. ^ Union News, Springfield, Massachusetts, 16 October 1951.
  20. ^ Accident description for 49-2602 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 18 June 2020.
  21. ^ Accident description for 48-0413 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
  22. ^ Accident description for 50-0702 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
  23. ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
  24. ^ Accident description for 49-2597 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
  25. ^ Accident description for 52-2773 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 2015-06-30.
  26. ^ Accident description for N52676 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
  27. ^ "Accident Report: Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter G, 30 July 1987." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 21 October 2011.
  28. ^ "C-97K Stratofreighter/AF Serial No. 52-2799." aeroflight.co.uk. Retrieved: 8 November 2011.
  29. ^ "FAA Registry: N117GA." faa.gov Retrieved: 15 July 2021.
  30. ^ "C-97G Stratofreighter/AF Serial No. 52-2718 'Angel of Deliverance'." spiritoffreedom.org. Retrieved: 13 November 2010.
  31. ^ "C-97G Stratofreighter/AF Serial No. 52-2626." pimaair.org. Retrieved: 11 March 2022.
  32. ^ "C-97G Stratofreighter/AF Serial No. 52-2764." Don Q Inn. Retrieved: 20 July 2016.
  33. ^ "C-97G Stratofreighter/AF Serial No. 53-218." Minnesota Air Guard Museum. Retrieved: 11 March 2022.
  34. ^ "Boeing – History – C-97 Stratofreighter." Archived 2010-02-07 at the Wayback Machine Boeing. Retrieved: 27 April 2009.
  35. ^ Hansen, Dave. "Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter." Warbird Alley, 27 April 2009.
  36. ^ "C-97 Stratofreighter Specifications." GlobalSecurity.org, 27 April 2009.
  37. ^ Bridgman 1952, p. 184.
  38. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography
  • Archer, Bob. "Database: Boeing C-97". Aeroplane, Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2017. pp. 81–97. ISSN 0143-7240.
  • Bach, Martin. Boeing 367 Stratofreighter, Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, Aero Spacelines Guppies. Allershausen: NARA Verlag, 1996. ISBN 3-925671-18-8.
  • Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1989, ISBN 0-85177-804-6.
  • Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1952–53. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1952.
  • Rubinstein, Murray and Richard Goldman. The Israeli Air Force Story London: Arms & Armour Press, 1979. ISBN 0-85368-462-6.
  • Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M Bowers: United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1989, ISBN 0-85177-816-X.
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