Cambroernid

Cambroernids
Temporal range: Cambrian–Devonian
Herpetogaster
Eldonia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Stem group: Ambulacraria
Clade: †Cambroernida
Caron, Conway Morris, & Shu, 2010
Subdivisions

The Cambroernida are a clade of unusual Paleozoic animals with coiled bodies and filamentous tentacles. They include a number of early to middle Paleozoic (Cambrian to Devonian)[1] genera noted as "bizarre" or "orphan" taxa, meaning that their affinities with other animals, living or extinct, have long been uncertain. While initially defined as an "informal stem group,"[2] later work with better-preserved fossils has strengthened the argument for Cambroernida as a monophyletic clade.[3]

Description

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Cambroernids encompass three particular types of enigmatic animals first appearing in the Cambrian: Herpetogaster (the type genus), Phlogites, and the Eldonioidea. They are united by a set of common features including at least one pair of bifurcated or divided oral tentacles, and a large stomach and narrower intestine enclosed together in a clockwise-coiled sac.[2]

Phylogeny

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Phylogenetic analysis offers strong support for Cambroernida as a clade of stem-group ambulacrarians.[4] The following cladogram is simpllified from Li et al. 2023; only a sampling of eldonioids were included in the analysis:[5]

Ambulacraria
(total group)

Evolutionary history and significance

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From left: Herpetogaster collinsi, Phlogites longus, Eldonia ludwigi
te: tentacles, ph: pharynx, dt: digestive tract, ics: inner coiled sac, ocs: outer coiled sac, an: anus, st: stolon

Body coiling increased throughout this group's evolution.[4] Herpetogaster has a segmented and clockwise-curved body attached to the substrate via a narrow and partially mobile stolon (stalk). Phlogites was even more simple, with a thick immobile stolon leading up to a tentacle-bearing calyx (cup-shaped main body). The eldoniids[2][6] (also known as eldonioids[7][8][9] or eldonids[1][8]) were diverse and disc-shaped, commonly described as "medusiform", i.e. jellyfish-shaped. Though the lifestyle of eldoniids is still debated, it can be agreed that they had a large curved stomach and no stolon.[7][10][11][8]

The lack of a post-anal tail in cambroernids suggests that, contrary to long-held assumptions, this feature was not present in the common ancestor of deuterostomes. This is congruent with the significant differences between the post-anal tails of chordates and hemichordates. This and other features of cambroernids suggest that post-anal tails, gill bars, and a U-shaped gut evolved multiple times in the deuterostomes through convergence.[12]

Segmentation, as seen in Herpetogaster, is a notable characteristic of chordates not seen in other ambulacrarians, indicating that it might be a trait of ancestral deuterostomes.[12]

List of genera

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History of identification

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Previously, some cambroernids were compared to members of the broad invertebrate clade Lophotrochozoa. In particularl, they were allied with the lophophorates, a subset of lophotrochozoans bearing ciliated tentacles known as lophophores.[7] However, this interpretation has more recently been considered unlikely relative to the deuterostome hypothesis for cambroernid origins.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b Hagadorn & Allmon 2019
  2. ^ a b c d Caron et al. 2010, p. 2
  3. ^ Li et al. 2023
  4. ^ a b Li et al. 2023, p. 2362
  5. ^ Li et al. 2023, p. 2363
  6. ^ Zhu, Zhao & Chen 2002
  7. ^ a b c Dzik, Yuanlong & Maoyan 1997
  8. ^ a b c Lefebvre et al. 2022
  9. ^ Chen, Zhu & Zhou 1995
  10. ^ Caron et al. 2010, p. 7
  11. ^ MacGabhann & Murray 2010
  12. ^ a b Li et al. 2023, pp. 2362–2364

Works cited

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