James Riley (captain)

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James Riley
Born	(1777-10-27)October 27, 1777 Middletown, Connecticut
Died	March 13, 1840(1840-03-13) (aged 62) At sea
Occupation(s)	Ship captain, writer
Spouse	Phebe Miller ​ (m. 1802)​
Children	5

James Riley (October 27, 1777 – March 13, 1840) was the captain of the United States merchant ship Commerce.^[1]

James Riley was born in Middletown, Connecticut on October 27, 1777.^[2] At age 15, he began serving as a cabin boy on a trading vessel in the West Indies. By age 20 he had become a ship captain.^[3]

He married Phebe Miller in January 1802, and they had five children.^[3]

Riley led his crew through the Sahara Desert, after they were shipwrecked off the coast of contemporary Western Sahara in August 1815, and wrote a memoir about their ordeal. This true story describes how they came to be shipwrecked and their travails in the Sahara. The book, published in 1817 and originally titled Authentic Narrative of the Loss of the American Brig 'Commerce' by the 'Late Master and Supercargo' James Riley, is modernly republished as Sufferings in Africa.^[4]

Lost in this unknown world, Captain Riley felt responsible for his crew and their safety. He told of the events leading to their capture by marauding Sahrawi natives who kept them as slaves. Horribly mistreated, they were beaten, sun-burnt, starved, and forced to drink their own and camel urine. A slave would be worked until close to death and then either traded or killed.^{[citation needed]}

Riley eventually persuaded another Arab, Sidi Hamet, to purchase him and his shipmates and take them to a port city far to the north, where Riley hoped to gain their freedom. He told Hamet falsely that he had a friend in the city who would reward Hamet for their release. Upon their arrival, Riley wrote a note to the local British consul, who then presented himself as Riley's long lost friend and secured the enslaved Americans' release.

Once back on American shores, Riley devoted himself to anti-slavery work but eventually returned to a life at sea.

He died March 13, 1840, on his vessel the Brig William Tell which he was sailing from New York to "St. Thomas in the Caribbean"^[a][5] "of disease caused by unparalleled suffering more than twenty years previous during his shipwreck and captivity on the desert of Sahara".^[3][6] The lives of his crew were foreshortened, no doubt, from complications caused by their hardships in the African desert. The last surviving crewman was the cabin boy, who lived to be 82.^{[citation needed]}

In 1851, eleven years after Riley's death at sea, the publishing firm of G. Brewster issued the book Sequel to Riley's Narrative: Being a Sketch of Interesting Incidents in the Life, Voyages and Travels of Capt. James Riley [...].^[7]

Riley founded the midwestern village of Willshire, Ohio, which he named for William Willshire, the man who redeemed him from slavery.^[8]

Abraham Lincoln, who later became president of the United States, listed Sufferings in Africa as one of the three most influential works that shaped his political ideology, particularly his views on slavery. The others were the Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress (1678).^[9]

• Carte d'une partie de l'Afrique dessinée d'après les dernières découvertes pour servir à l'intelligence de la relation du capitaine James Riley, New York: John H. Eddy, cartographe; Collin, graveur; 1816 [Bibliothèque nationale de France / Gallica].
• Riley, James (2000). Suffering Africa - Astonishing Enslaved African. Lyons Press. ISBN 1585740802. Reissue of the original.
• King, Dean (2004). Skeletons on the Zahara: A True story of survival. Little, Brown. ISBN 0316835145.
• "'I found him to be a very intelligent and feeling man': Enslaved James Riley Encounters an Arab Trader, 1815". History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course. Brief summary of the historical context of Riley's ordeal, as introduction to an extract from Narrative of the Loss of the American Brig "Commerce", an 1817 edition of Riley's memoir.
• Maislish, David (2005). White Slave: Based on the Journal of James Riley; Wrecked with His Crew Off the Coast of Africa, Enslaved and Seeking Redemption in the Desert (First ed.). Pen Press. ISBN 978-1-904754-98-5. Based on the original account, rewritten for modern readers; with additional explanatory material.
• Winchester, Simon (2010). Atlantic: Great Sea Battles, Heroic Discoveries, Titanic Storms, and a Vast Ocean of a Million Stories. Harper. pp. 239. ISBN 978-0-06-170258-7.

• Barbary slave trade – the North Africa slave trading by Barbary pirates
• Captivity narrative – Genre of accounts by survivors
• History of Western Sahara
• Robert Adams (sailor) – American travel writer
• Slave narrative – Literary genre involving autobiographical accounts of enslaved Africans in the Americas

• Ratcliffe, Donald J. (April 2007). "Selling Captain Riley, 1816–1859: How Did His 'Narrative' Become so Well Known?". Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 117 (1). American Antiquarian Society: 177–209. (Direct PDF file)
• Ratcliffe, Donald J. (Spring 1972). "Captain James Riley and Antislavery Sentiment in Ohio, 1819–1824". Ohio History Journal. 81 (2): 76–94.
• "Letter from James Riley to Thomas Jefferson, 19 December 1818". Founders Online. Princeton University Press; National Archives.

• "Publications: Life of Riley and later antislavery work in Ohio". Ohio History. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
• Davis, Robert C. Davis (2011). "Slavery in North Africa - The Famous Story of Captain James Riley". The Public Domain Review. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011.