Carbacanthographis

Carbacanthographis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Family: Graphidaceae
Genus: Carbacanthographis
Staiger & Kalb (2002)
Type species
Carbacanthographis chionophora
(Redinger) Staiger & Kalb (2002)

Carbacanthographis is a genus of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens in the family Graphidaceae.[1] The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologists Bettina Staiger and Klaus Kalb in 2002.[2] An updated worldwide key to the genus was published in 2022 that added 17 new species.[3] This revision allowed for further identification of undescribed species from other collections, and subsequently, 14 species were added in 2023 from the Amazonian lowland forests of Brazil and the Guianas.[4]

Description

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Genus Carbacanthographis bears a strong resemblance to the genera Allographa and Graphis, with which it shares several characteristics, such as Trentepohlia-like photobionts, a typically carbonised (blackened) lirelliform excipulum, and colourless, transversely septate or muriform ascospores.[4]

One of the main distinguishing features of Carbacanthographis is its unique apical structure of the excipulum. Unlike in Allographa and Graphis, where the excipulum's two lips close and the hamathecium extends into the fissure, in Carbacanthographis, the excipulum extends above the hamathecium, leaving an open fissure. This fissure's walls are covered at the tips by warty periphysoids, which are challenging to observe and rarely seen. Additionally, the excipulum may have somewhat radiating and apically emergent, smooth hyphae.[4]

The growth pattern of the carbonised excipulum in Carbacanthographis results in less evident striate lirellae compared to many species of Graphis and Allographa. Clearly striate lirellae in Carbacanthographis are typically visible only when the excipulum is abraded, as seen in species like C. latispora.[4]

The ascospores in Carbacanthographis also show notable differences. While in Allographa and Graphis, the spore lumina become rounded to lentiform with a strong I+ blue-violet reaction due to endospore deposition, in Carbacanthographis, some species have rounded to lentiform lumina without a positive I-reaction. In other species, there is little or no endospore formation, and the septa remain thin, with ascospores that may or may not exhibit a positive I-reaction.[4]

The hamathecium's inspersion in Carbacanthographis consists of minute droplets approximately 0.5–1 μm wide, in contrast to the larger, unevenly sized oil-like droplets found in Graphis and Allographa. This difference in inspersion further aids in distinguishing Carbacanthographis from its close relatives.[4]

Species

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As of May 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 43 species in Carbacanthographis.[1]

Former species;[11]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Carbacanthographis". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  2. ^ Staiger; B. (2002). Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae: Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung [The lichen family Graphidaceae: studies towards a natural organization]. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). Vol. 85. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. p. 98. ISBN 978-3-443-58064-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Feuerstein, Shirley Cunha; Lücking, Robert; Borges da Silveira, Rosa Mara (2022). "A worldwide key to species of Carbacanthographis (Graphidaceae), with 17 species new to science". The Lichenologist. 54 (1): 45–70. doi:10.1017/s002428292100044x.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Sipman, Harrie; Aptroot, André (2023). "Fourteen new Carbacanthographis species from the Neotropics, with ecological observation". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 68 (2): 320–334. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2023-0016.
  5. ^ a b Sharma, Bharati; Khadilkar, Pradnya (2011). "Two additional new species of Carbacanthographis from India". The Lichenologist. 43 (4): 293–297. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000223.
  6. ^ Kalb, K. (2004). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. II". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 301–329.
  7. ^ Lücking, Robert; Álvaro-Alba, Wilson Ricardo; Moncada, Bibiana; Marín-Canchala, Norida Lucia; Tunjano, Sonia Sua; Cárdenas-López, Dairon (2023). "Lichens from the Colombian Amazon: 666 taxa including 28 new species and 157 new country records document an extraordinary diversity". The Bryologist. 126 (2): 242–303. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-126.2.242.
  8. ^ Aptroot, André; de Souza, Maria Fernanda; dos Santos, Lidiane Alves; Junior, Isaias Oliveira; Barbosa, Bruno Micael Cardoso; da Silva, Marcela Eugenia Cáceres (2022). "New species of lichenized fungi from Brazil, with a record report of 492 species in a small area of the Amazon Forest". The Bryologist. 125 (3): 435–467. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-125.3.433.
  9. ^ Kalb, K.; Aptroot, A. (2018). "Six new lichen species from Australia" (PDF). Australasian Lichenology. 82: 84–91.
  10. ^ Kukwa, M.; Schiefelbein, U.; Flakus, A. (2013). "A contribution to the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropales, Ascomycota) of Bolivia". Herzogia. 26 (2): 231–252. doi:10.13158/heia.26.2.2013.231.
  11. ^ "Carbacanthographis - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
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