Cernuella virgata

Cernuella virgata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Order:	Stylommatophora
Family:	Geomitridae
Genus:	Cernuella
Subgenus:	Cernuella subg. Cernuella
Species:	C. virgata
Binomial name
	Cernuella virgata; (Da Costa, 1778)
Synonyms
	See list

Cernuella virgata, also known as Helicella virgata, common name, the "vineyard snail", is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Geomitridae.^[2]

This species of snail makes and uses love darts.

Shell description

The shell is from 6 to 19 mm in height and 8 to 25 mm in width.

The coloration of the shell is quite variable, but there is often a creamy-white background, with a variable number of pale to darker brown markings. Some shells are banded at the periphery and on the underside.

Technical description

For terms see gastropod shell

The 15 x 12–23 mm. shell has 4.5–5.5 convex whorls. The last whorl is initially angulated or rounded. The aperture is rounded with a whitish or reddish lip inside and margin is not reflected, The umbilicus is always open, 1/10-1/6 of shell diameter and sometimes slightly excentric. The colour of the periostracum is whitish or yellowish, sometimes with red hue and usually with two brown colour bands on the upper side and 3–4 narrower bands on the lower side, initially finely ribbed, weakly striated at lower whorls.^[3]

Distribution

*Cernuella virgata* estivating on plant stems near the temple of Segesta, Italy

This snail is endemic to Mediterranean and Western Europe, including the British Isles.^[4] This species has been recovered from the Roman occupation of Volubilis, an archaeological site in present-day Morocco.^[5]

Cernuella virgata is an invasive species and an agricultural pest in parts of Australia, where it arrived around 1920. In Australia it is known as the "common white snail".^[6]^[7]

Another land snail which is present as an invasive in Australia, and which is sometimes confused with C. virgata is the species Theba pisana. It is somewhat similar in appearance, and lives under similar circumstances. Theba pisana is however a larger species with a more inflated shell, lower spire and a nearly covered umbilicus.

Comparison between shells of C. virgata and T. pisana:

Cernuella virgata, showing the "open" umbilicus
Theba pisana with nearly "closed" umbilicus
Five views of a shell

Behavior and human relevance

This species aestivates after climbing to the top of vegetation (or fences). This habit is problematic for farmers engaged in crop harvesting, because numerous snails are collected along with the crop.

Over a hundred *Cernuella virgata* on a small section of fence in Provence, France

Life cycle

The size of the egg is 1.5 mm.^[8]

Parasites

This species is an intermediate host for the terrestrial trematode parasite Brachylaima cribbi.^[9]

Gastronomy

Cernuella virgata, with T. pisana, is consumed in Spain as a "tapa" in the bars, especially in Andalusia, where snails are known as "Chichos" snails.^[10]

Synonyms

Cernuella (Cernuella) virgata (Da Costa, 1778) · alternate representation
Cochlea virgata Da Costa, 1778 · (original name)
Helicella (Heliomanes) lineata (Olivi, 1792) · (junior synonym)
Helicella (Jacosta) jentteri Lindholm, 1926 ·
Helicella (Xerocincta) neglecta M. R. Alonso, 1975 · (junior synonym)
Helicella (Xeromagna) submeridionalis M. R. Alonso, 1975 · (junior synonym)
Helicella virgata (da Costa, 1778) · (superseded generic combination)
Helix (Helicella) lauta R. T. Lowe, 1831 · (junior synonym)
Helix (Xerophila) amblia Westerlund, 1893 · (junior synonym)
Helix (Xerophila) lineata Olivi, 1792 · (superseded combination)
Helix aglaometa J. Mabille, 1882 · (junior synonym)
Helix alluvionum Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix aradasii Pirajno, 1842 · (junior synonym)
Helix blasi Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix canovasiana Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix castroiana Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix edetanorum Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix finitimus Locard, 1899 · (junior synonym)
Helix grannonensis Bourguignat in Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix hamilcaris Kobelt, 1877 · (junior synonym)
Helix lineata Olivi, 1792
Helix lululenta Locard, 1899 · (junior synonym)
Helix luteata L. Pfeiffer, 1857 · (junior synonym)
Helix luteola var. minor Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix mendranoi Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix parva L. Pfeiffer, 1848 · (junior synonym)
Helix phryganophila J. Mabille, 1882 · (junior synonym)
Helix rufolabris L. Pfeiffer, 1856 · (junior synonym)
Helix solanoi Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix subluteata Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Helix tergestina Rossmässler, 1837 · (junior synonym)
Helix terrosa Locard, 1899 · (junior synonym)
Helix uberta Locard, 1899 · (junior synonym)
Helix virgata (da Costa, 1778) · (superseded combination)
Helix virgata var. alba J. W. Taylor, 1883 · (invalid; name preoccupied)
Helix virgata var. leucozona J. W. Taylor, 1883 · (invalid; not C. Pfeiffer, 1828)
Helix virgata var. major J. W. Taylor, 1883 · (invalid; name preoccupied)
Helix virgata var. minor J. W. Taylor, 1883 · (invalid; name preoccupied)
Helix xalonica Servain, 1880 · (junior synonym)
Xerophila virgata (Da Costa, 1778)
Xerophila virgata croatiae Kormos, 1906 · (suspected synonym)

References

^ Da Costa, E. M. 1778. Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniæ, or, the British conchology; containing the descriptions and other particulars of natural history of the shells of Great Britain and Ireland: illustrated with figures. – Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniæ, ou, la conchologie Britannique; contenant les descriptions & autres particularités d'histoire naturelle des coquilles de la Grande Bretagne & de l'Irlande: avec figures en taille douce. En anglois & françois. – pp. i–xii [= 1–12], 1–254, i–vii [= 1–7], [1],, Pl. I-XVII [= 1–17]. London. (Millan, White, Emsley & Robson). (in English and in French).
^ MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cernuella virgata (Da Costa, 1778). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426375 on 5 August 2020
^ "AnimalBase :: Cernuella virgata species homepage". www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
^ Kerney M.P. & Cameron R. A. D., 1979. A field guide to the land snails of Britain and northwestern Europe. Collins, London, ISBN 0-00-219676-X.
^ C. Michael Hogan (2007) Volubilis, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [1]
^ Barker G. M. 2004. Natural Enemies of Terrestrial Molluscs, CABI Publishing, 644 pp., ISBN 0-85199-319-2
^ Common white snail or Mediterranean white snail, Quarantine Tasmania fact sheet. Tasmania's Department of Primary Industries and Water.
^ Heller J.: Life History Strategies. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1–146, cited page: 428.
^ Butcher A. R. & Grove D. I.: Seasonal variation in rates of sporocyst and metacercarial infection by Brachylaima cribbi in helicid and hygromiid land snails on the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. – Australian Journal of Zoology, 2006, 53(6): 375–382.
^ "Helix de Córdoba". Retrieved 15 October 2022.^{[permanent dead link]}

Provoost, S.; Bonte, D. (Ed.) (2004). Animated dunes: a view of biodiversity at the Flemish coast [Levende duinen: een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de Vlaamse kust]. Mededelingen van het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud, 22. Instituut voor Natuurbehoud: Brussel, Belgium. ISBN 90-403-0205-7. 416, ill., appendices pp
Sysoev, A. V. & Schileyko, A. A. (2009). Land snails and slugs of Russia and adjacent countries. Sofia/Moskva (Pensoft). 312 pp., 142 plates.

External links

Media related to Cernuella virgata at Wikimedia Commons

Cernuella virgata at Animalbase taxonomy, short description, distribution, biology, status (threats), images
Cernuella virgata images at Encyclopedia of Life
Fauna Europaea Search Distribution

[1] Da Costa, E. M. 1778. Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniæ, or, the British conchology; containing the descriptions and other particulars of natural history of the shells of Great Britain and Ireland: illustrated with figures. – Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniæ, ou, la conchologie Britannique; contenant les descriptions & autres particularités d'histoire naturelle des coquilles de la Grande Bretagne & de l'Irlande: avec figures en taille douce. En anglois & françois. – pp. i–xii [= 1–12], 1–254, i–vii [= 1–7], [1],, Pl. I-XVII [= 1–17]. London. (Millan, White, Emsley & Robson). (in English and in French).

[WoRMS-2] MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cernuella virgata (Da Costa, 1778). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426375 on 5 August 2020

[3] "AnimalBase :: Cernuella virgata species homepage". www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de. Retrieved 15 October 2022.

[4] Kerney M.P. & Cameron R. A. D., 1979. A field guide to the land snails of Britain and northwestern Europe. Collins, London, ISBN 0-00-219676-X.

[5] C. Michael Hogan (2007) Volubilis, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham [1]

[6] Barker G. M. 2004. Natural Enemies of Terrestrial Molluscs, CABI Publishing, 644 pp., ISBN 0-85199-319-2

[7] Common white snail or Mediterranean white snail, Quarantine Tasmania fact sheet. Tasmania's Department of Primary Industries and Water.

[Barker-8] Heller J.: Life History Strategies. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1–146, cited page: 428.

[9] Butcher A. R. & Grove D. I.: Seasonal variation in rates of sporocyst and metacercarial infection by Brachylaima cribbi in helicid and hygromiid land snails on the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. – Australian Journal of Zoology, 2006, 53(6): 375–382.

[10] "Helix de Córdoba". Retrieved 15 October 2022.^{[permanent dead link]}

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