Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee
Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee | |
---|---|
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Type | Highest ranking military officer |
Status | Head of the Chiefs of Staff Committee |
Abbreviation | Chairman COSC[1] |
Member of | Chiefs of Staff Committee |
Reports to | Minister of Defence |
Nominator | Defence Minister |
Appointer | President of India |
Term length | Until retirement |
Formation | 15 August 1947[2] |
First holder | General Rob Lockhart |
Deputy | Chief of Integrated Defence Staff |
The Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (Chairman COSC)[1] is a position in the Indian Armed Forces, usually held by a four-star officer serving as the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of the Indian military. The position holder chairs the Chiefs of Staff Committee, and serves as the principal adviser to the prime minister and Minister of Defence. The position is not a statutory office but rather a title held by the senior most serving military officer of India. Until 2020, the chairmanship of the COSC was held in rotation by the senior-most service chief until his retirement, but this arrangement was found to be unsatisfactory.[3][4] Thus, when the post of the CDS was established, its holder was also made the permanent Chairman COSC.[5][6]
In the absence of the CDS, a temporary Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee may be appointed. On 15 December 2021, after the demise of General Bipin Rawat, the then Chief of Defence Staff on 8 December in a plane crash, General Manoj Mukund Naravane was appointed Chairman COSC. He remained in office until his retirement on 30 April 2022, following which the position fell vacant.[7] After four months, Lieutenant General Anil Chauhan (Retired) was appointed the CDS and permanent Chairman, COSC on 28 September.
History
[edit]The Chiefs of Staff Committee was established on 15 August 1947, upon Indian independence, and was conceived as the "supreme professional body" to advise the Minister of Defence and the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs on all military-related matters. The chairman of the committee was the Commander-in-Chief (Chief of Staff from 1955) of the three armed forces who has been on the committee for the longest. General Sir Robert Lockhart was the first chairman, with General K. M. Cariappa appointed the first Indian chairman on 14 October 1951.[2] The committee was assisted by several sub-committees dealing with specific problems pertaining to administrative, training and planning matters.
Following the end of the Kargil war, Kargil Review Committee found there was a lack of communication between the service branches, and therefore suggested to create the position of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). This was however rejected by many members of the military, arguing that only great or imperial powers engaging in power projection needed that amount of integration.[8] A compromise was reached with the office of the COSC.[9] The chairman was responsible for inter-service synergy.[3] However, as the Chairman COSC only served as Primus inter pares to the other Chiefs of Staff, he did not wield any power.[10] The chairman was assisted by the Integrated Defence Staff.[11][12]
Talks concerning the creation of a Chief of Defence Staff position continued for over a decade,[10] along with a suggestion the position of chairman be made permanent, with a renewable two-year term.[10] Both of these suggestions were rejected by the Indian Air Force.[10] In December 2018, however, the Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee Admiral Sunil Lanba stated the heads of the three services had "finally agreed on a permanent chief of staff committee," and the matter had been sent to the Defence Ministry for consideration.[13]
On Independence Day 2019, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the government's decision to make the Chief of Defence Staff the permanent Chairman COSC, with the CDS being a "first among equals" among the service chiefs, who would deal with India's national security with a comprehensive approach, acting as a single-point military adviser to the prime minister and defence minister.[14]
Following the death of the late CDS Bipin Rawat in a helicopter crash in December 2021, the government reverted to the previous system as a stop-gap arrangement and appointed General Manoj Mukund Naravane as Chairman COSC.[15][16][17] He remained in office until his retirement on 30 April 2022. The post remained vacant until the appointment of Lieutenant General Anil Chauhan (Retired) as CDS and permanent Chairman, COSC on 28 September.
List of chairmen
[edit]† Died in office.
No. | Portrait | Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Defence branch | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | General Sir Robert Mcgregor Macdonald Lockhart KCB CIE MC (1893–1981) | 15 August 1947 | 31 December 1947 | 138 days | ![]() | [2][18] | |
2 | Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst KBE, CB, AFC, DL (1895–1982) | 31 December 1947 | 22 February 1950 | 2 years, 53 days | ![]() ![]() | [18][19] | |
3 | Admiral Sir William Edward Parry KCB (1893–1970) | 22 February 1950 | 13 October 1951 | 1 year, 233 days | ![]() | [18] | |
4 | General Kodandera Madappa Cariappa OBE (1899–1993) | 14 October 1951 | 14 January 1953 | 1 year, 92 days | ![]() | [2] | |
5 | Admiral Sir Charles Thomas Mark Pizey KBE CB DSO* (1899–1993) | 14 January 1953 | 22 July 1955 | 2 years, 189 days | ![]() | ||
6 | Air Marshal Subroto Mukerjee OBE (1911–1960) | 22 July 1955 | 8 November 1960† | 5 years, 109 days | ![]() | [20] | |
7 | General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya DSO (1906–1965) | 9 November 1960 | 7 May 1961 | 179 days | ![]() | [21] | |
8 | Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari (1911–1983) | 7 May 1961 | 4 June 1962 | 1 year, 28 days | ![]() | [22] | |
9 | Air Marshal Aspy Marwan Engineer DFC (1912–2002) | 4 June 1962 | 24 July 1964 | 2 years, 50 days | ![]() | [23] | |
10 | Vice Admiral Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman (1913–1995) | 24 July 1964 | 3 March 1966 | 1 year, 222 days | ![]() | [23] | |
11 | General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri OBE (1908–1983) | 3 March 1966 | 7 June 1966 | 96 days | ![]() | [21] | |
12 | Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh DFC (1919–2017) | 8 June 1966 | 15 July 1969 | 3 years, 37 days | ![]() | [24][25] | |
13 | Admiral Adhar Kumar Chatterji (1914–2001) | 15 July 1969 | 24 February 1970 | 224 days | ![]() | [18] | |
14 | Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw MC (1914–2008) | 24 February 1970 | 15 January 1973 | 2 years, 326 days | ![]() | [21] | |
15 | General Gopal Gurunath Bewoor PVSM (1916–1989) | 15 January 1973 | 31 May 1975 | 2 years, 136 days | ![]() | [26][2] | |
16 | Air Chief Marshal Om Prakash Mehra PVSM (1919–2015) | 31 May 1975 | 31 January 1976 | 245 days | ![]() | [2] | |
17 | Admiral Sourendra Nath Kohli PVSM (1916–2007) | 31 January 1976 | 29 February 1976 | 2 years, 326 days | ![]() | [2] | |
18 | General Tapishwar Narain Raina MVC (1921–1980) | 29 February 1976 | 31 May 1978 | 2 years, 92 days | ![]() | [27] | |
19 | Air Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar PVSM, MVC (1920–2015) | 1 June 1978 | 30 August 1978 | 90 days | ![]() | [28] | |
20 | Admiral Jal Cursetji PVSM (1919–1991) | 30 August 1978 | 1 March 1979 | 183 days | ![]() | . | |
21 | General Om Prakash Malhotra PVSM (1922–2015) | 1 March 1979 | 31 May 1981 | 2 years, 91 days | ![]() | [29] | |
22 | Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif PVSM (1923–2018) | 1 June 1981 | 30 August 1981 | 90 days | ![]() | [30][31] | |
23 | Admiral Ronald Lynsdale Pereira PVSM, AVSM (1923–1993) | 1 September 1981 | 26 February 1982 | 178 days | ![]() | [31][32] | |
24 | General Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao PVSM (1923–2016) | 1 March 1982 | 31 July 1983 | 1 year, 152 days | ![]() | [33] | |
25 | Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh PVSM, AVSM, VM (1926–2001) | 1 August 1983 | 5 September 1984 | 1 year, 35 days | ![]() | [34][35] | |
26 | Admiral Oscar Stanley Dawson PVSM, AVSM (1923–2011) | 5 September 1984 | 30 November 1984 | 86 days | ![]() | [35] | |
27 | General Arun Shridhar Vaidya PVSM, MVC & Bar, AVSM (1926–1986) | 1 December 1984 | 31 January 1986 | 1 year, 61 days | ![]() | [36][37] | |
28 | Admiral Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani PVSM, AVSM (1930–2015) | 1 February 1986 | 30 November 1987 | 1 year, 302 days | ![]() | [38][39] | |
29 | Air Chief Marshal Denis La Fontaine PVSM, AVSM, VSM (1929–2011) | 1 December 1987 | 31 July 1988 | 182 days | ![]() | [40] | |
30 | Admiral Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni PVSM, AVSM, NM, VSM (1931–2018) | 1 August 1988 | 30 November 1990 | 2 years, 121 days | ![]() | [40][41] | |
31 | Air Chief Marshal Surinder Mehra PVSM, AVSM, VM (1932–2003) | 1 December 1990 | 31 July 1991 | 242 days | ![]() | [42] | |
32 | General Sunith Francis Rodrigues PVSM, VSM (1933–2022) | 1 August 1991 | 30 June 1993 | 1 year, 333 days | ![]() | [42] | |
33 | Admiral Laxminarayan Ramdas PVSM, AVSM, VrC, VSM (1933–2024) | 30 June 1993 | 30 September 1993 | 92 days | ![]() | [43] | |
34 | General Bipin Chandra Joshi PVSM, AVSM (1935–1994) | 1 October 1993 | 18 November 1994† | 1 year, 48 days | ![]() | . | |
35 | Air Chief Marshal Swaroop Krishna Kaul PVSM, MVC (born 1935) | 20 November 1994 | 31 December 1995 | 1 year, 41 days | ![]() | [44] | |
36 | Admiral Vijai Singh Shekhawat PVSM, AVSM, VrC (born 1933) | 31 December 1995 | 30 September 1996 | 274 days | ![]() | [45] | |
37 | General Shankar Roychowdhury PVSM (born 1937) | 1 October 1996 | 30 September 1997 | 364 days | ![]() | [46][47] | |
38 | Air Chief Marshal Satish Sareen PVSM, AVSM, VM (born 1939) | 1 October 1997 | 31 December 1998 | 1 year, 91 days | ![]() | [47][48] | |
39 | General Ved Prakash Malik PVSM, AVSM (born 1939) | 1 January 1999 | 30 September 2000 | 1 year, 273 days | ![]() | [49][50] | |
40 | Admiral Sushil Kumar PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, NM (1940–2019) | 1 October 2000 | 29 December 2001 | 1 year, 89 days | ![]() | [50][51] | |
41 | General Sundararajan Padmanabhan PVSM, AVSM, VSM (1940–2024) | 30 December 2001 | 31 December 2002 | 1 year, 1 day | ![]() | [52][53] | |
42 | Admiral Madhvendra Singh PVSM, AVSM | 31 December 2002 | 31 July 2004 | 1 year, 213 days | ![]() | [53] | |
43 | Air Chief Marshal Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy PVSM, AVSM, VM & bar (born 1943) | 31 July 2004 | 29 December 2004 | 151 days | ![]() | [54] | |
44 | General Nirmal Chander Vij PVSM, UYSM, AVSM (born 1943) | 30 December 2004 | 30 January 2005 | 31 days | ![]() | [54] | |
45 | Admiral Arun Prakash PVSM, AVSM, VrC, VSM (born 1944) | 31 January 2005 | 31 October 2006 | 1 year, 273 days | ![]() | [54] | |
46 | Air Chief Marshal Shashindra Pal Tyagi PVSM, AVSM, VM (born 1945) | 31 October 2006 | 31 March 2007 | 151 days | ![]() | . | |
47 | General Joginder Jaswant Singh PVSM, AVSM, VSM (born 1945) | 31 March 2007 | 30 September 2007 | 183 days | ![]() | . | |
48 | Admiral Sureesh Mehta PVSM, AVSM (born 1947) | 30 September 2007 | 31 August 2009 | 1 year, 335 days | ![]() | . | |
49 | General Deepak Kapoor PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (born 1948) | 31 August 2009 | 31 March 2010 | 212 days | ![]() | . | |
50 | Air Chief Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik PVSM, VSM (born 1949) | 31 March 2010 | 30 July 2011 | 1 year, 121 days | ![]() | [55] | |
51 | Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma PVSM, AVSM (born 1949) | 30 July 2011 | 31 August 2012 | 1 year, 32 days | ![]() | [56] | |
52 | Air Chief Marshal Norman Anil Kumar Browne PVSM, AVSM, VM (born 1951) | 31 August 2012 | 31 December 2013 | 1 year, 122 days | ![]() | . | |
53 | General Bikram Singh PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (born 1951) | 31 December 2013 | 31 July 2014 | 212 days | ![]() | [3] | |
54 | Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha PVSM, AVSM, VM (born 1954) | 31 July 2014 | 31 December 2016 | 2 years, 153 days | ![]() | . | |
55 | Admiral Sunil Lanba PVSM, AVSM (born 1957) | 31 December 2016 | 31 May 2019 | 2 years, 151 days | ![]() | [57] | |
56 | Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa PVSM, AVSM, YSM, VM (born 1957) | 31 May 2019 | 27 September 2019 | 119 days | ![]() | [58] | |
57 | General Bipin Rawat PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM (1958–2021) | 27 September 2019[a] | 8 December 2021† | 2 years, 72 days | ![]() | [59] | |
Vacant 8–15 December 2021 | |||||||
– | General Manoj Mukund Naravane PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC (born 1960) Acting | 15 December 2021 | 30 April 2022 | 136 days | ![]() | [7] | |
Vacant 30 April 2022 – 30 September 2022 | |||||||
58 | General Anil Chauhan PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (born 1961) | 30 September 2022 | Incumbent | 1 year, 337 days | ![]() |
Gallery
[edit]- Adm Sureesh Mehta handing over the Baton of Chairman COSC to Gen Deepak Kapoor
- Gen Deepak Kapoor handing over the Baton of Chairman COSC to ACM P V Naik
- ACM P V Naik handing over the Baton of Chairman COSC to Adm Nirmal Verma
- ACM NAK Browne handing over the Baton of Chairman COSC to Gen Bikram Singh
- ACM Arup Raha handing over the Baton of Chairman COSC to Adm Sunil Lanba
- ACM Birender Singh Dhanoa handing over the baton of Chairman COSC to Gen Bipin Rawat
See also
[edit]- Chief of Defence Staff
- Chief of the Army Staff
- Chief of the Naval Staff
- Chief of the Air Staff
- Chief of Integrated Defence Staff
- Chief of the General Staff
- Commander-in-Chief of India
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Chairman COSC & COAS". Integrated Defence Staff. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Mehra Relinquishes Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairmanship" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 31 January 1976. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b c TNN (31 December 2013). "Bikram Singh takes over chairman of chiefs of staff from Browne". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ "Govt sets up Dept of Military Affairs to be headed by Chief of Defence Staff". Hindustan Times. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Cabinet approves creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff in the rank of four star General". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 24 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Gen. Rawat takes over as Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- ^ a b Bhalla, Abhishek (16 December 2021). "Old system till new CDS appointed: Gen Naravane as senior-most service chief fills in for Gen Bipin Rawat". India Today. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Bratton, Dr. Patrick Keo Clifton. "Defense Reforms in a Rising India: An Organizational and Normative Shift towards Power Projection?" (PDF). Hawai‘i Pacific University. p. 20. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ Bratton, Dr. Patrick Keo Clifton. "Defense Reforms in a Rising India: An Organizational and Normative Shift towards Power Projection?" (PDF). Hawai‘i Pacific University. p. 21. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ a b c d Kanwal, Gurmeet (27 September 2018). "Where is India's Chief of Defence Staff?". The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ Integrated Defence Staff. History of Integrated Defence Staff. National Informatics Center.
- ^ "Chairman COSC". Integrated Defence Staff.
- ^ Peri, Dinakar (3 December 2018). "Sea trials of IAC Vikrant likely to begin in 2020: Navy Chief Admiral Sunil Lanba". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ "Veterans, defence experts laud move to create post of CDS". The Hindu. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ Bhalla, Abhishek (16 December 2021). "Old system till new CDS appointed: Gen Naravane as senior-most service chief fills in for Gen Bipin Rawat". India Today. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Army Chief Gen Naravane takes charge as chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee". Deccan Chronicle. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ "General Naravane fills in for General Bipin Rawat as the CDS for time being; old system to continue". Business Today. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Admiral Chatterji Takes Over" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 17 July 1969. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ "Press Note" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 22 February 1950. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "Most Distinguished Air Force Officer" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 11 November 1960. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ a b c "Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee: General Manekshaw Takes Over" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 24 February 1970. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ Katari, Ram Dass (1982). A sailor remembers. Vikas. p. 105. ISBN 978-0706920642.
- ^ a b "Air Chief Hands Over Chairmanship To Naval Chief" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 24 July 1964. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ "New Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 7 June 1966. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ "CIFS OF STAFF FAREWELL TO AIR CHIEF" (PDF).
- ^ "General Bewoor Retires" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 31 May 1975. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ Transition to triumph : history of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975. Lancer Publishers. 2000. ISBN 978-1897829721.
- ^ "New Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 1 June 1978. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Army Southern Command Bags Defence Services Sports Trophy" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 7 November 1979. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "New Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India - Archive. 2 June 1981. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Admiral Pereira Becomes Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 1 September 1981. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Navy Bids Farewell To Its Most Distinguished Sailor" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 26 February 1982. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Former Army Chief General KV Krishna Rao Dies At 92". NDTV.com.
- ^ "New Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 1 August 1983. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ a b "New Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 5 September 1984. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ Tahiliani, Admiral (Retd.) RH (2013). "Chiefs of Staff" (PDF). Quarterdeck: 30.
- ^ "TOPNO BEST SERVICES SPORTSMAN" (PDF).
- ^ "Chiefs of Staff Committee Bids Farewell To Admiral Tahiliani" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 27 November 1987. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ The Sri Lankan crisis. Lancer International. p. 50. ISBN 8170620635.
- ^ a b "Farewell To Chief of the Air Staff By Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 26 July 1988. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Chiefs of Staff Committee Bids Farewell To Admiral Nadkarni" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 26 November 1990. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Chiefs of Staff Committee of Defence Services Bids Farewell to its Chairman" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 29 July 1991. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Admiral L Ramdas Takes Over As Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 29 June 1993. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Swaroop Krishna Kaul PVSM MVC ADC CAS | Indian Air Force | Government of India". indianairforce.nic.in.
- ^ "Admiral VS Shekhawat Is New Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 30 December 1995. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "General S Roychowdhury Is New Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 23 September 1996. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Rediff On The NeT: Sareen nominated chairman of defence chiefs' panel". www.rediff.com.
- ^ "Air Chief Marshal Sareen To Be Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 22 September 1997. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Malik V.p. General". HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ a b "Admiral Sushil Kumar new chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee". Zee News. Essel Group Company. 14 September 2000. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ "Admiral Sushil Kumar Is New Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 28 September 2000. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "General Padmanabhan Appointed Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee" (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India Archive. 24 December 2001. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ a b TNN (24 December 2002). "Navy chief to head COSC". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ a b c "Gen Vij new head of chiefs of staff panel".
- ^ Dutta, Sujan (30 November 2011). "Generation shift in air force". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ "Admiral Nirmal Verma now heads chiefs of staff committee". domain-b.com. New Delhi: The Information Company Private Limited. 30 July 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ TNN (30 December 2016). "Navy chief now to head chiefs of staff committee". The Times of India. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ "Air Chief Marshal Dhanoa gets baton of COSC chief". The Hindu. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ^ "Army chief Gen Bipin Rawat to take over as chairman of CCS tomorrow". Retrieved 26 September 2019.