Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada

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Blanco Encalada
History
Chile
Name	Valparaíso
Namesake	Manuel Blanco Encalada
Builder	Earle's Shipbuilding Co., Hull
Laid down	1873
Launched	8 May 1875
Completed	1875
Renamed	Blanco Encalada (1876)
Fate	Sunk by torpedo, 23 April 1891
General characteristics
Class and type	Almirante Cochrane-class central battery ship
Displacement	3,480 long tons (3,540 t)
Length	210 ft (64.0 m)
Beam	46 ft 9 in (14.2 m)
Draught	19 ft 8 in (6.0 m)
Installed power	3,000 ihp (2,200 kW)
Propulsion	2 shafts, 2 Trunk steam engines 6 cylindrical boilers
Sail plan	Barque rig
Speed	12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Range	1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement	300
Armament	6 × 9 in (229 mm) muzzle-loading rifles 1 × 20-pounder gun 1 × 9-pounder gun 1 × 7-pounder gun
Armour	Belt: 4.5–9 in (114–229 mm) Battery: 6–8 in (152–203 mm) Deck: 2–3 in (51–76 mm) Conning tower: 4.5 in (114 mm) Bulkheads: 6 in (152 mm)

Blanco Encalada was a central battery ship built by Earle's Shipbuilding Co. in England for the Chilean Navy in 1875. She was nicknamed El Blanco. She participated actively in the War of the Pacific, her most important action being the capture of the Peruvian monitor Huáscar during the Battle of Angamos.

Blanco Encalada formed part of the congressional forces that brought down President José Manuel Balmaceda in the Chilean Civil War of 1891. She was sunk during that conflict on 23 April 1891, becoming the first ironclad warship to be sunk by a self-propelled torpedo.^[1][2]

In 1871 the president of Chile, Federico Errázuriz Zañartu, sent the Congress a bill to authorize the executive to acquire two armored warships. The bill, which was approved only by a vote of no confidence,^{[clarification needed]} stipulated that both vessels would be mid-sized frigates and would not cost more than 2 million pesos.^{[citation needed]}

Alberto Blest Gana, the ambassador to the United Kingdom, was put in charge of the project. Blest Gana contracted the ship designer Edward James Reed, an ex-naval architect of the British Admiralty, as the technical advisor. Blest Gana contracted Earle's Shipbuilding Co. in Hull, Yorkshire to carry out the construction.

The two ships were named Cochrane and Valparaíso but later, upon arrival at port on 24 January 1876, Valparaíso was renamed Blanco Encalada by the decree of the Minister of War and Navy on 15 September 1876. This was in honor of the admiral and first president of the Republic of Chile, Manuel Blanco Encalada. The construction of Blanco Encalada started in April 1872 and the ship was launched in 1875.

In January 1878, the president Aníbal Pinto ordered the ambassador to Europe, Alberto Blest Gana, to put the ships up for sale as soon as the dispute with Argentina was resolved to help alleviate the economic crises that prevailed in Chile. On behalf of Blest Gana, Reed offered the United Kingdom Cochrane for 220,000 pounds sterling, but the British were not interested. He then attempted to sell the ships to Russia with the same result.

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Being the flagship of the Chilean armada, Blanco Encalada actively participated in the War of the Pacific. The frigate's first actions, under the command of Admiral Juan Williams Rebolledo, consisted of taking part in the blockade of Iquique and in the failed expedition to the port of Callao.

Afterward, Blanco Encalada tried, unsuccessfully, to hunt the Peruvian monitor Huáscar. Williams’ inability to put an end to what became known as the "Huáscar Raids" finally motivated him to resign his command. The failure of a decisive victory against the monitor is primarily owed to the bad state of the engines and boilers of Blanco Encalada and the skill of the commander of the Peruvian ship.

The command of Blanco Encalada fell to the new commander-in-chief of the navy, Comador Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas, who ordered the Chilean armada to regroup and repair the ships. For this purpose, Blanco Encalada was anchored in Mejillones to make repairs to the engine using the workshops of the Salitres de Antofagasta Company. The hull was cleaned using divers brought from Valparaíso. The success of the repairs, which were finished at the end of September, was limited however. The ship could achieve, in a test voyage, a speed of only 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph). After the repairs, Blanco Enclada participated in the Battle of Angamos where the Chilean fleet finally captured Huáscar on 8 October 1879. The last action in which Blanco Encalada participated was the capture, in the close quarters of Mollendo, of the gunboat Pilcomayo on 18 November.

Blanco Encalada was sunk by a torpedo gunboat in the Battle of Caldera Bay, Chile, on 23 April 1891 during the 1891 Chilean Civil War.

• 
  Juan Williams Rebolledo
• 
  Galvarino Riveros

Much of this article was translated from Blanco Encalada (fragata blindada).

• Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
• Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
• "Some South American Ironclads". Warship International. VIII (2). Toledo, OH: Naval Records Club: 203–204. 1971.