Cleveland-class cruiser

USS Manchester on 31 October 1952
Class overview
Name	Cleveland class
Builders	New York Shipbuilding, New Jersey (8) Newport News Shipbuilding, Virginia (8) Bethlehem Fore River, Massachusetts(6) Cramp & Sons, Pennsylvania (5)
Operators	United States Navy
Preceded by	Atlanta class
Succeeded by	Fargo class
Subclasses	Galveston class Providence class
Built	1940–1958
In commission	1942–1979
Planned	52
Completed	27
Cancelled	3, with a further 9 converted to light aircraft carriers and 13 reordered as Fargo-class cruisers
Retired	27
Scrapped	22 and 4 sunk as target
Preserved	1 (converted to a Galveston-class guided missile cruiser)
General characteristics
Type	Light cruiser
Displacement	11,744 long tons (11,932 t) (standard) 14,131 long tons (14,358 t) (max)
Length	600 ft (180 m) wl 608 ft 4 in (185.42 m) oa
Beam	66 ft 4 in (20.22 m)
Height	113 ft (34 m)
Draft	25 ft 6 in (7.77 m) (mean) 25 ft (7.6 m) (max)
Installed power	4 × Babcock & Wilcox boilers 100,000 shp (75,000 kW)
Propulsion	4 × geared steam turbines 4 × screws
Speed	32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph)
Range	8,640 nmi (16,000 km; 9,940 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)[1]
Complement	1,255 total 70 officers 1,115 enlisted men
Sensors and processing systems	2 × Mk34 GFCS (main) 2 × Mk37 GFCS(secondary)[2] Early: SK-1 air-search radar SK-2 air-search radar SG-6 surface-search radar SP fighter-direction radar Later: AN/SPS-6 air-search radar SR-3 air-search radar SP fighter-direction radar
Armament	Cleveland 1942: 4 × triple 6"/47 caliber Mark 16 guns 6 × dual 5"/38 caliber guns 2 × quad Bofors 40 mm guns 2 × dual Bofors 40 mm guns 20 × single Oerlikon 20 mm cannons Vicksburg 1944/1945: 4 × triple 6 in (150 mm)/47 6 × dual 5 in (130 mm)/38 caliber 4 × quad Bofors 40 mm guns 6 × dual Bofors 40 mm guns 10 × Oerlikon 20 mm cannons
Armor	Belt: 3.25–5 in (83–127 mm) Deck: 2 in (51 mm) Bulkheads: 5 in (130 mm) Turrets Face: 6.50 in (165 mm) Turrets Roof: 3 in (76 mm) Turrets Sides: 3 in (76 mm) Turrets Rear: 1.5 in (38 mm) Barbettes: 6 in (150 mm) Conning tower: 2.25–5 in (57–127 mm)
Aircraft carried	4 × floatplanes
Aviation facilities	2 × stern catapults

The Cleveland-class was a group of light cruisers built for the United States Navy during World War II. They were the most numerous class of light cruisers ever built. Fifty-two were ordered, and 36 were completed, 27 as cruisers and nine as the Independence-class of light aircraft carriers. They were deactivated within a few years after the end of the war, but six were converted into missile ships, and some of these served into the 1970s. One ship of the class remains as a museum ship.

A development of the preceding Brooklyn-class cruiser, the Cleveland class was designed with increased cruising range, anti-aircraft armament, and torpedo protection compared with earlier U.S. cruisers.^[3]

After the London Naval Treaty of 1930, the U.S. Navy took up a renewed interest in the 6-inch gun-armed light cruiser, partially due to the Navy complaining about the 8-inch gun's slow rate of fire^[4] of three rounds per minute compared to the ten rounds per minute of 6-inch guns. At this time, the U.S. Navy began to deploy drones to use as targets for anti-aircraft targets, which could simulate both dive and torpedo bombers. The simulations showed that without fire control directors and computers, the ships of the fleet would be almost helpless against the density of aircraft attacks envisioned in any future war. Mechanical computers alone could weigh up to 10 tons and had to be housed below decks for both weight and protection measures.^[5] As World War II was to prove, the pre-war assumptions were optimistic as eventually, every anti-aircraft gun platform above 20 mm would end up having remote power, with fire control and radar aiming.^[6]

As designed, the Cleveland class was already a tight design, but requests to widen the ship were turned down as it would affect production rates.^[6] Shortly after the Fall of France, the Two-Ocean Navy Act changed those production rates rapidly. In order to fit the new heavier fire control and radar systems within the allotted tonnage for a cruiser, the No. 3 gun turret was omitted. This also gave room for the enlargement of the bridge spaces to accommodate the new combat information center and necessary radars, along with enough tonnage to fit an additional pair of 5-inch/38 twin mounts, located fore and aft of the superstructure, with wider arcs of fire. Despite the loss of three 6-inch guns compared to the preceding Brooklyn and St. Louis classes, the more advanced fire control gave the Cleveland class a firepower advantage in practical use.

Towards the end of World War II, the increase of light anti-aircraft weapons made the class top-heavy, so to compensate, some ships had one of the two catapults, and No. 1 turret rangefinders removed.^[7] Top weight issues would plague the class with every addition of equipment having to be weighed against what would have to be removed. For example, the tighter installation of the control radar necessitated the removal of the 20 mm clipping rooms, where 20 mm rounds were loaded into their magazines.^[4]

Fifty-two ships were originally planned, but nine of them were completed as the light aircraft carriers of the Independence class, and two were completed to a different design, with a more compact superstructure and a single stack, called the Fargo class. Of the 27 Cleveland class commissioned, one (Galveston) was completed as a guided missile cruiser, and five were later modified as Galveston and Providence-class guided missile cruisers. Two of each of these had enlarged superstructures to serve as flagships. Following the naming convention at the time, all the ships completed as cruisers were named for U.S. cities or towns.^[8]

The Cleveland-class cruisers served mainly in the Pacific Fleet during World War II, especially with the Fast Carrier Task Force, and some served off the coasts of Europe and Africa in the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. All of these warships, though worked heavily, survived the war. All were initially decommissioned by 1950, except for Manchester, which remained in service until 1956. None were recommissioned for the Korean War, as they required a crew almost as large as the Baltimore-class ships, so those were reactivated instead. All non-converted ships were sold off from the reserve fleet for scrapping beginning in 1959. The six that were completed as or converted into guided missile cruisers were reactivated during the 1950s and then served into the 1970s. All, particularly the Talos-armed ships, suffered from greater stability problems than the original design due to the extra top weight. This was particularly severe in Galveston, leading to its premature decommissioning in 1970. Oklahoma City and Little Rock had to have a large amount of ballast and internal rearrangement to allow service into the 1970s.^[9] The last of these missile ships in service, Oklahoma City, was decommissioned in December 1979.^{[citation needed]}

One Cleveland-class ship remains. The Little Rock, refit in 1960 and re-designated as Galveston-class guided missile light cruiser CLG-4 (later CG-4), is now a museum ship at the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park in Buffalo, New York, alongside the Fletcher-class destroyer The Sullivans, and the Gato-class submarine, Croaker.^[10]

• List of cruisers of the United States Navy

• Wright, C. C. (1998). "Question 51/96: Anti-Aircraft Armament of US Cleveland Class Cruisers". Warship International. XXXV (1): 90.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cleveland class cruiser.

• Statistics
• Global Security.org - Cleveland class cruiser
• Hazegray - US Cruisers List: US Light/Heavy/AntiAircraft Cruisers, Part 2
• Cleveland Class Light Cruisers