Climate of Milwaukee

Milwaukee has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa), with four distinct seasons and wide variations in temperature and precipitation in short periods of time. The city's climate is also strongly influenced by nearby Lake Michigan, which creates two varying climates within the Milwaukee area.[clarification needed] The urban heat island effect also plays a role in the city's climate, insulating it from winter cold, but keeping it cooler in spring and summer.

Monthly normals and record temperatures

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Climate data for Milwaukee (Mitchell International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[A] extremes 1871–present[B]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 63
(17) 		74
(23) 		84
(29) 		91
(33) 		95
(35) 		104
(40) 		105
(41) 		103
(39) 		99
(37) 		89
(32) 		77
(25) 		68
(20) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 50.5
(10.3) 		52.8
(11.6) 		67.1
(19.5) 		79.5
(26.4) 		85.8
(29.9) 		92.0
(33.3) 		93.4
(34.1) 		91.7
(33.2) 		88.1
(31.2) 		79.9
(26.6) 		65.5
(18.6) 		53.4
(11.9) 		95.0
(35.0)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 30.9
(−0.6) 		34.2
(1.2) 		44.2
(6.8) 		54.7
(12.6) 		66.5
(19.2) 		76.8
(24.9) 		81.9
(27.7) 		80.3
(26.8) 		73.5
(23.1) 		61.3
(16.3) 		47.8
(8.8) 		36.1
(2.3) 		57.3
(14.1)
Daily mean °F (°C) 24.0
(−4.4) 		27.1
(−2.7) 		36.4
(2.4) 		46.3
(7.9) 		57.1
(13.9) 		67.6
(19.8) 		73.3
(22.9) 		72.3
(22.4) 		65.0
(18.3) 		53.0
(11.7) 		40.4
(4.7) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		49.3
(9.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 17.2
(−8.2) 		20.0
(−6.7) 		28.7
(−1.8) 		37.8
(3.2) 		47.8
(8.8) 		58.4
(14.7) 		64.7
(18.2) 		64.2
(17.9) 		56.4
(13.6) 		44.7
(7.1) 		33.1
(0.6) 		23.0
(−5.0) 		41.3
(5.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −4.5
(−20.3) 		1.0
(−17.2) 		10.6
(−11.9) 		25.6
(−3.6) 		36.3
(2.4) 		45.7
(7.6) 		54.7
(12.6) 		55.0
(12.8) 		42.3
(5.7) 		30.6
(−0.8) 		17.9
(−7.8) 		3.2
(−16.0) 		−7.9
(−22.2)
Record low °F (°C) −26
(−32) 		−26
(−32) 		−10
(−23) 		12
(−11) 		21
(−6) 		33
(1) 		40
(4) 		42
(6) 		28
(−2) 		15
(−9) 		−14
(−26) 		−22
(−30) 		−26
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.79
(45) 		1.69
(43) 		2.20
(56) 		3.86
(98) 		3.54
(90) 		4.38
(111) 		3.40
(86) 		3.65
(93) 		3.16
(80) 		2.78
(71) 		2.24
(57) 		1.88
(48) 		34.57
(878)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 14.9
(38) 		11.8
(30) 		6.7
(17) 		2.1
(5.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.3
(0.76) 		2.5
(6.4) 		10.4
(26) 		48.7
(124)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 8.6
(22) 		7.1
(18) 		5.3
(13) 		0.9
(2.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		1.1
(2.8) 		5.6
(14) 		12.5
(32)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.4 10.0 10.7 12.2 11.7 11.1 9.5 9.5 8.6 10.3 10.2 10.3 125.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 10.0 8.1 5.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.6 7.3 35.1
Average relative humidity (%) 72.3 71.9 71.4 68.5 68.5 69.7 71.5 74.9 75.4 72.5 74.5 75.9 72.3
Average dew point °F (°C) 11.7
(−11.3) 		15.4
(−9.2) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		33.6
(0.9) 		43.7
(6.5) 		54.3
(12.4) 		60.6
(15.9) 		60.4
(15.8) 		53.4
(11.9) 		41.4
(5.2) 		30.4
(−0.9) 		18.3
(−7.6) 		37.3
(3.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 140.2 151.5 185.4 213.5 275.5 304.5 321.1 281.2 215.1 178.0 112.8 104.8 2,483.6
Percent possible sunshine 48 51 50 53 61 66 69 65 57 52 38 37 56
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 5 7 8 8 8 6 3 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)[1][2][3][4]
Source 2: Weather Atlas [5]
Climate data for Milwaukee
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C) 37.5
(3.0) 		36.0
(2.2) 		36.2
(2.4) 		38.2
(3.4) 		40.8
(4.9) 		53.3
(11.8) 		67.9
(19.9) 		71.9
(22.2) 		66.9
(19.4) 		54.9
(12.8) 		46.9
(8.3) 		40.1
(4.5) 		49.2
(9.6)
Source: Weather Atlas [5]

Temperatures

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Milwaukee has a continental climate with wide variations in temperatures over short periods, especially in spring and autumn. The warmest month is July, when the average high temperature is 81 °F (27 °C), and the overnight low is 63 °F (17 °C).[6] The coldest month is January, when the average high temperature is only 28 °F (-2 °C).[6] Low temperatures in January average 16°F (-8°C).

Monthly average temperatures in Milwaukee, Wisconsin[6]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
High (°F) 28 33 43 54 66 76 81 79 72 60 46 33
°C -2 1 6 12 19 25 27 26 22 15 8 1
Low (°F) 13 18 27 36 46 56 63 62 54 43 31 19
°C -11 -8 -3 2 8 13 17 17 12 6 -1 -30

The highest temperature ever recorded in Milwaukee is 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1935[7] and the coldest temperature is -26 °F (-32 °C), on both January 17, 1982 and February 4, 1996.[8][9] The former occasion is referred to as "Cold Sunday", because of the extreme cold felt in many locations in the United States on that day.[10]

Record High and Low Temperatures by month at Milwaukee, Wisconsin[6]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Record High (°F) 63 71 84 91 95 104 105 103 99 89 77 68
°C 17 20 28 33 34 40 41 39 37 32 25 20
Record Low (°F) -26 -26 -10 12 21 33 40 41 28 15 -14 -20
°C -32 -32 -23 -11 -6 1 4 5 -2 -8 -20 -29

Precipitation

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Milwaukee has varied precipitation throughout the year, in both type and amount. Although rain can fall all year round, it is rare during winter months. Snow falls from late November until early March, although snow can fall as early as late September or as late as the end of May. During the transition into and out of winter, various mixed forms of precipitation can occur, such as sleet, ice, and freezing rain. Ice storms are uncommon. These types of precipitation tend to occur mainly in November and March.

An average year in Milwaukee sees 34.81 inches (884.2 mm) of precipitation, with a yearly average snowfall of 52.4 inches (133 cm).[6][11] The city receives more snowfall than cities even slightly inland because of lake-effect snow produced by Lake Michigan. As Milwaukee lies on the western shore of Lake Michigan, east winds, although not the prevailing wind direction in the Midwest, occur when panhandle hook systems move northeast bringing heavier snowfall on the Milwaukee side of the lake. Milwaukee receives far less snow than cities on the eastern shore of the lake, which receive extra snowfall when more common west or north-west winds blow.

The wettest month of the year is August, with an average 4.03 inches (102 mm) of precipitation, mainly as rainfall.[6] Long-duration rains are uncommon in summer, usually occurring only in April or October. Thunderstorms are the main precipitation events from May until September, and Milwaukee experiences an extended tornado season that lasts from late March until early June, however, severe weather and tornadoes are more frequent inland to the west. The driest month is February, when only 1.65 inches (41.9 mm) of precipitation falls, almost entirely as light, low moisture content snow resulting from the Alberta clipper type system when cold, dry air masses dominate.[6]

Monthly average precipitation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin [6]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Inches 1.86 1.65 2.59 3.78 3.06 3.56 3.58 4.03 3.30 2.49 2.70 2.22
Millimeters 47.0 41.9 65.8 96.0 77.7 90.4 90.9 102.0 83.8 63.2 68.6 56.4
Snowfall (in) 13.9 9.3 8.3 1.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.2 3.0 10.6

Notes

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  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Records kept January 1871 to February 1941 at the Weather Bureau Office and at General Mitchell Int'l since March 1941. For more information, see Threadex

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Normals and Extremes for Milwaukee and Madison". National Weather Service. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  2. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  3. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  4. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for Milwaukee/Gen. Mitchell, WI 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Average and record temperatures and precipitation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, The Weather Channel. [1]
  7. ^ Average and record temperature for July, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, The Weather Channel [2]
  8. ^ Average daily and record temperatures for January, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, The Weather Channel. [3]
  9. ^ Average daily and record temperatures, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, The Weather Channel. [4]
  10. ^ Average and daily temperatures for January, Mequon, Wisconsin, The Weather Channel. [5]
  11. ^ Average annual precipitation by month at selected locations, NOAA [6] Archived 2011-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
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