Cucurbitaceae

Cucurbitaceae Temporal range: Early Paleocene to Recent, 62–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Hodgsonia male plant
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Cucurbitales
Family:	Cucurbitaceae Juss.[1]
Type genus
Cucurbita L.
Tribes and genera
See text.

The Cucurbitaceae (/kjuːˌkɜːrbɪˈteɪsiːˌiː/),^[2] also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family consisting of about 965 species^[3] in 101 genera.^[4] Those of most agricultural, commercial or nutritional value to humans include:^{[citation needed]}

• Cucurbita – squash, pumpkin, zucchini (courgette), some gourds.
• Lagenaria – calabash (bottle gourd) and other, ornamental gourds.
• Citrullus – watermelon (C. lanatus, C. colocynthis), plus several other species.
• Cucumis – cucumber (C. sativus); various melons and vines.
• Momordica – bitter melon.
• Luffa – commonly called 'luffa' or ‘luffa squash'; sometimes spelled loofah. Young fruits may be cooked; when fully ripened, they become fibrous and unpalatable, thus becoming the source of the loofah scrubbing sponge.
• Cyclanthera – Caigua.
• Gerrardanthus — the species G. macrorhizus has gained some popularity as an ornamental caudiciform plant.
• Xerosicyos — the silver dollar vine (Xerosicyos danguyi) is popular amongst horticulturists and plant collectors.

The plants in this family are grown around the tropics and in temperate areas of the world, where those with edible fruits were among the earliest cultivated plants in both the Old and New Worlds. The family Cucurbitaceae ranks among the highest of plant families for number and percentage of species used as human food.^[5] The name Cucurbitaceae comes to international scientific vocabulary from Neo-Latin, from Cucurbita, the type genus, + -aceae,^[6] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word cucurbita, meaning "gourd".

Most of the plants in this family are annual vines, but some are woody lianas, thorny shrubs, or trees (Dendrosicyos). Many species have large, yellow or white flowers. The stems are hairy and pentangular. Tendrils are present at 90° to the leaf petioles at nodes. Leaves are exstipulate, alternate, simple palmately lobed or palmately compound. The flowers are unisexual, with male and female flowers on different plants (dioecious) or on the same plant (monoecious). The female flowers have inferior ovaries. The fruit is often a kind of modified berry called a pepo.^[7]: 2

One of the oldest fossil cucurbits so far is †Cucurbitaciphyllum lobatum from the Paleocene epoch, found at Shirley Canal, Montana. It was described for the first time in 1924 by the paleobotanist Frank Hall Knowlton. The fossil leaf is palmate, trilobed with rounded lobal sinuses and an entire or serrate margin. It has a leaf pattern similar to the members of the genera Kedrostis, Melothria and Zehneria.^[8]

The most recent classification of Cucurbitaceae delineates 15 tribes:^[9][10]

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:^{[9][11][12][13][14][15]}

Sweet potato whitefly is the vector of a number of cucurbit viruses that cause yellowing symptoms throughout the southern United States.^[16]

• Bates D, Robinson R, Jeffrey C, eds. (1990). Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1670-5.
• Jeffrey C. (2005). "A new system of Cucurbitaceae". Bot. Zhurn. 90: 332–335.

• Cucurbitaceae in T.C. Andres (1995 onwards).
• Cucurbitaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.