Data philanthropy

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article contains promotional content. Please help improve it by removing promotional language and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a neutral point of view. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Data philanthropy refers to private sector companies sharing data they collected for the public good, often to help address social or environmental challenges for public benefit.^[1] The concept was popularized through its introduction by the United Nations Global Pulse initiative in 2011 to leverage corporate data assets for humanitarian, academic, and societal causes.^[2] For instance, anonymized mobile data has been used to track disease outbreaks. In contrast, corporate data on consumer behavior may be shared with researchers to study public health and economic trends.^[3]

A large amount of data collected from the Internet is user-generated content. This includes blogs, posts on social networking sites, and information submitted in lead capture and data forms. Besides user-generated data, many corporations collect and analyse data from consumers to understand customers, identify new markets, and make investment decisions. The United Nations Global Pulse Director Robert Kirkpatrick labeled this data "massive passive data" or "data exhaust."^[4]

Data philanthropy describes the private sector sharing this data overload in ways that can benefit the public.^[1] The term "philanthropy" implies that data sharing is a positive act and that shared data is a public good.^[4]

While data philanthropy has the potential to enhance development policies, it also raises concerns regarding privacy, ownership, and the equitable use of data^[5]. Making users' private data available to various organizations and institutions can raise concerns regarding internet privacy. Mathematical techniques like differential privacy and space-time boxes have been introduced to make personal data accessible while anonymizing users' private data. However, even if these algorithms work, re-identification may still be possible.^[1]

Another challenge is convincing corporations to share their data. The data collected by corporations provides them with market competitiveness and insight regarding consumer behavior. Corporations may fear losing their competitive edge if they share the information they have collected to the public.^[1]

Numerous moral challenges are also encountered. In 2016, Mariarosaria Taddeo, a Digital Ethics professor at the University of Oxford, proposed an ethical framework to address these moral challenges.^[6]

The goal of data philanthropy is to create a global data commons where companies, governments, and individuals can contribute anonymous, aggregated datasets.^[2] The United Nations Global Pulse offers four different tactics that companies can use to share their data that preserve consumer anonymity:^[1]

1. Share aggregated and derived data sets for analysis under nondisclosure agreements (NDA)
2. Allow researchers to analyse data within the private company's own network, under NDAs
3. Real-Time Data Commons: data pooled and aggregated between multiple companies of the same industry to protect competitiveness
4. Public/Private Alerting Network: companies mine data behind their own firewalls and share indicators

Through data philanthropy, corporations such as social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, Twitter), telecommunication companies (e.g., Verizon, AT&T), and search engines (e.g., Google, Bing), amongst other data-intensive organizations, collect and make anonymized and aggregated user-generated information available to a data sharing system for research, policy development, and social impact initiatives. This also permits institutions to give back to a cause widely seen as beneficial. With the onset of technological advancements, sharing data on a global scale and an in-depth analysis of these data structures could alter the reaction towards certain occurrences, be it natural disasters, epidemics, worldwide economic problems and other events. Robert Kirkpatrick, the Director of the United Nations Global Pulse, has argued that this aggregated Information is beneficial for the common good, and can lead to developments in research and data production in a range of varied fields.^[7]

By using data gathered from social media, cell phones, and other communication modes through digital disease detection, health researchers leverage data gathered from various sources, including:

- Social media platforms (e.g., Twitter, Facebook) Mobile devices (cell phones, smartphones) Online search queries,Mobile apps ,Sensor data (e.g., wearable devices, environmental sensors) to track and predict the spread of infectious diseases, such as:- Epidemics (e.g., COVID-19, Ebola)- Pandemics- Vector-borne diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue fever)- Respiratory illnesses (e.g., influenza, SARS) health researchers have been able to track the spread of diseases.^[8]

In the United States, HealthMap is using data philanthropy related tactics to track the outbreak of diseases. HealthMap analyses data from publicly available media sources such as news websites, government alerts, and social media sites like X (formerly known as Twitter) for outbreaks of various illnesses around the world.^[8][9] Another website, Flu Near You, allows users to report their own health status on a weekly basis. Traditional flu surveillance can take up to 2 weeks to confirm outbreaks,^[8] and Doctors must wait for a virological test to confirm the outbreak before reporting it to the Centers for Disease Control. This form of data philanthropy allows for up to date information regarding various health concerns, by using publicly available information gathered from news outlets, government alerts, and social media sites. HealthMap and Flu Near You are considered data philanthropy as users' data is gathered from social media sites without their knowledge.^[8]

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated with Google and launched Google Flu Trends in 2008, a website that tracks flu-related searches and user location to track the spread of the flu. Users can visit the website to compare the amount of flu-related search activity versus the reported numbers of flu outbreaks on a graphical map. The difficulty with this method of tracking is that Google searches are sometimes performed due to curiosity, rather than when an individual is suffering from the flu. According to Ashley Fowlkes, an epidemiologist in the CDC Influenza division, "The Google Flu Trends system tries to account for that type of Media bias by modeling search terms over time to see which ones remain stable".^[8] Google Flu Trends is no longer publishing current flu estimates on the public website, however visitors to the site can still view and download previous estimates. Current data can be shared with verified researchers.^[10]

A study by Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) released in the October 12, 2012 issues of the journal Science discussed how phone data helped curb the spread of malaria in Kenya. The researchers mapped phone calls and texts made by 14,816,521 Kenyan mobile phone subscribers.^[11] When individuals left their primary living location the destination and length of journey was calculated. This data was then compared to a 2009 malaria prevalence map to estimate the disease's commonness in each location. Combining all this information, the researchers can estimate the probability of an individual carrying malaria and map the movement of the disease. This research can be used to track the spread of similar diseases.^[11]

Calling patterns of mobile phone users can determine the socioeconomic standings of the populace which can be used to deduce "its access to housing, education, healthcare, and basic services such as water and electricity".^[7] Researchers from Columbia University and Karolinska Institute used daily SIM card location data from both before and after the 2010 Haiti earthquake to estimate the movement of people both in response to the earthquake and during the related 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak.^[12] Their research suggests that mobile phone data can provide rapid and accurate estimates of population movements during disasters and outbreaks of infectious disease. Big data can also provide information on looming disasters and can assist relief organizations in rapid response and locating displaced individuals. By analysing certain patterns within this 'big data', could successfully transform the response to destructive occurrences like natural disasters, outbreaks of diseases and global economic distress, by employing real-time information to achieve a comprehension of the welfare of individuals. Corporations utilize digital services, such as human sensor systems, to detect and solve impending problems within communities. This is a strategy implemented by the private sector in order to protect its citizens by anonymously dispersing customer information to the public sector, whilst also ensuring the protection of their privacy.^[7]

Data philanthropy incorporates aspects of social philanthropy by permitting corporations to create profound impacts through the act of giving back by dispersing proprietary datasets.^[13] The public sector collect and preserve information, which has been considered to be an essential asset. Company's track and analyse users online activities, so as to gain more insight into their needs in relation to new products and services.^[14] These companies view the welfare of the population as a vital key to the expansion and progression of businesses by using their data to places a spotlight on the plight of global citizens.^[7] Experts in the private sector contend the importance of merging various data streams such as retail, mobile phone and social media data to create necessary solutions to handle global issues."Data Philanthropy: New Paradigms for Collaborative Problem Solving" (2022) by Stefaan Verhulst and Andrew Young. According to Robert Kirkpatrick, despite the inevitable risk of sharing private information, it works in a beneficial manner and serves the interest of the public.^[15] – via Harvard Business Review (subscription required) The digital revolution causes an extensive production of Big data that is user-generated and available on the web. Corporations accumulate information on customer preferences through the digital services they utilize and products they purchase, in order to gain a clear insight on their clientele and future market opportunities.^[7] However, the rights of individuals concerning privacy and ownership of data are a controversial issue, as governments and other institutions can use this collective data for other unethical purposes. Companies monitor and probe consumer online activities in order to better comprehend and develop tailored needs for their clientele, and in turn increase their profits.^[16]

Data philanthropy plays an important role in academia. Researchers encounter countless obstacles whilst attempting to access data. This data is available to a limited number of researchers with sole access to restricted resources who are authorized to utilize this information; like social media streams enabling them to produce more knowledge and develop new studies. For example, X (formerly known as Twitter) markets access to its real-time APIs at various prices, e.g $5,000 for reading 1,000,000 posts per month, which often surpasses the budgets of most researchers.

Data philanthropy aids the Human rights movement, by assisting in the dispersal of evidence for truth commissions and war crimes tribunals. Proponents of human rights accumulate data on abuse occurring within states, which is then used for scientific analysis and propels awareness and action. For example, non-profit organizations compile data from human rights monitors in war zones in order to assist the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. This data uncovers inconsistencies in the number of casualties of war, which in turn leads to international attention and exerts influence on discussions relating to global policy.^[16]

• Big data
• Open data
• Freedom of information
• Data security
• Public-benefit corporation

• Data Philanthropy, where are we now? in UN Global Pulse blog by Adreas Pawelke and Anoush Rima Tatevossian (2013-05-08).
• TED Talk: Your Company's Data Could Help End World Hunger by Mallory Freeman, September 2016.
• DataKind