Death and funeral of Mary I of England

Mary I of England, Hans Eworth

Mary I of England died on 17 November 1558 at St James's Palace in London. She was 42 years old.[1] Mary was buried in Westminster Abbey on 14 December.[2]

Privy chamber

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Mary lay in state at St James's Palace

According to Jane Dormer, Mary came to London from Hampton Court at the end of August. She asked Dormer if she had recovered from her illness, a form of influenza called the "quartan ague", Dormer said she was well.[3] Mary replied, "So am not I".[4][5]

On 28 October, Mary added a codicil to her will, witnessed by her physician Thomas Wendy and others, which indicated that Elizabeth I would be her successor.[6][7] The sickbed was attended by an old servant, the chamberer Edith Brediman.[8] The nature of Mary's final illness is uncertain.[9]

A decade after her death, Richard Grafton wrote that the loss of Calais to the French was the source of a depression, "an inward sorrow of mind", which led to her succumbing to a prevalent fever.[10] According to the writer John Foxe, her servants Susan Clarencieux and "Master Ryse" heard Mary regret the loss of Calais. Foxe claimed to have heard this from friends of Mr Ryse,[11][12] and the story has been dismissed as "courtly gossip".[13]

The identity of "Mr Ryse" is uncertain. It has been suggested that Foxe's (alleged) source was Lady Mansel, the wife of Rice Mansel,[14] who died in September 1558.[15] The usher John Norris listed a "Mr Rice" as a Gentleman of the Queen's Privy Chamber, who also appears in the 1557 gift roll. This was William Rice, husband of Barbara Ryce, a chamberer. David and Beatrice ap Rice were also servants of Mary.[16]

After Mary died, shortly after Mass in the morning, her coronation ring was taken to Elizabeth at Hatfield House.[17] Nicholas Throckmorton is said to have told Elizabeth of her sister's death.[18] According to a poem,[19] he brought a token of another of Mary's rings, a ring with black enamel decoration which was her espousal ring.[20] In 1559, Blanche Parry noted that Elizabeth owned a ruby ring sent to her by Mary as token.[21]

Mary's body was embalmed with spices and sealed in a lead coffin. It was later said that important state papers and accounts in Mary's chamber were destroyed when they were used in the making of her cerecloth, in "cering the corse".[22] The coffin lay in state on a trestle table covered with cloth of gold in the Privy Chamber of the palace, which was draped with black cloth decorated with escutcheons of her heraldry and the arms of Philip II of Spain conjoined, and her arms displayed in the Order of the Garter.[23] Some of her gentlewomen kept vigil, day and night, until 10 December, when the coffin was taken to the palace chapel. Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox was the Chief Mourner.[24]

In France, Mary, Queen of Scots, Queen Consort of France, wore white mourning clothes for Mary I, known as dueil blanc. The custom suggested that she saw herself as Mary's successor.[25]

Chapel in St James's Palace

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Mary Fiennes née Neville, Lady Dacre of the South, took part in the funeral procession, dressed in mourning clothes.[26]

The chapel was also draped with black cloth and heraldry, like the privy chamber. The coffin was placed on a richly decorated stage with candles known as a "hearse". At its roof level, supported on six posts, there was a valance, like a bed, which was inscribed with a motto in letters of gold, the "queen's word". The body was brought into the chapel during a ceremony conducted by four bishops and the Queen's Chapel of choristers. After the ceremony, the aristocratic mourners enjoyed a "great supper". Saturday concluded with a "solemn watch" over the body. On Sunday there was a Requiem Mass.[27][28]

Westminster Abbey

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Elizabeth I's monument at Westminster Abbey commemorates the two sisters by an inscription

The body was taken on a chariot to Westminster Abbey on Tuesday 13 December, after dinner. There was a lifelike effigy of Mary on the chariot,[29] possibly sculpted by Niccolo da Modena and painted by Nicholas Lizard. The effigy survives but seems not to be of high quality.[30] It has joints in the limbs, which would help with dressing and also allow some different postures.[31] Some accounts of the funeral call the effigy a "representation" or "presentation", dressed in crimson velvet robes of state with a crown, orb and sceptre, the fingers richly set with rings.[32][33]

There was a procession. The chief mourner was Margaret Douglas.[34] The Countesses of Oxford, Worcester, Huntingdon, and Bristol followed on horseback.[35] Next, a chariot drawn by four horses carried Viscountess Montague and Lady Clinton, Lady Morley, and Lady Dacre of the South, followed by four more ladies riding, another chariot, and another group of four riders, Lady Cornwallis, Lady Jerningham (Frances Baynham), Lady Petre, and Mrs Dormer. A third chariot carried ladies of the bedchamber, Susan Clarencieux, Mistress Sibille Penne (a former nurse to Edward VI), Mistress Tynnes, and Mistress Southwell (Mary Jerningham), the remaining gentlewomen, waiters, and chamberers, all dressed in black, followed on horseback.[36][37]

Another hearse in the Abbey was decorated with the motto "Dieu Et Mon Droit". The painter Nicholas Lizard made a dome for the hearse with pictures of the four evangelists.[38] Mary was buried on the north side of Henry VII's chapel on 14 December after a Requiem Mass. The funeral sermon was given by John White, Bishop of Winchester.[39][40] Her officers broke their staffs or wands of office and threw them in the grave.[41]

Monument

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James VI and I had a monument built which commemorates the burials of Mary and her sister Elizabeth I with the Latin inscription "Regno consortes et urna hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores in spe resurrectionis" (Partners both in throne and grave, here rest we two sisters, Elizabeth and Mary, in the hope of the Resurrection).[42][43]

References

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  1. ^ Philip Lindley, 'Mary Tudor', Anthony Harvey & Richard Mortimer, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Boydell, 1994), p. 55.
  2. ^ Thomas Hearne, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (London, 1774), p. 308
  3. ^ John Edwards, Mary I: England's Catholic Queen (Yale, 2011), p. 325.
  4. ^ Mary Jean Stone, History of Mary I, Queen of England (London, 1901), p. 465
  5. ^ E. Estcourt & Joseph Stevenson, Life of Jane Dormer by Henry Clifford (London, 1877), p. 69
  6. ^ John Edwards, Mary I: England's Catholic Queen (Yale, 2011), p. 327: Robert Tittler & Judith Richards, The Reign of Mary I (Routledge, 2014), pp. 91, 112.
  7. ^ Fredrick Madden, Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary (London: William Pickering, 1831), pp. clxv, clxix, cci-ccv
  8. ^ Index of Additions to the Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1849), p. 59: British Library Add MS 6362 f.40.
  9. ^ Sarah Duncan, Mary I: Gender, Power, and Ceremony in the Reign of England's First Queen (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012): David Loades, Mary Tudor: A Life (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp. 310–311: Frederick Madden, Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary (London: William Pickering, 1831), pp. clxv-clxvi.
  10. ^ Richard Grafton, Chronicle at Large, vol. 2 (London, 1809), p. 566.
  11. ^ Stephen Cattley & George Townsend, The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe, 8 (London, 1839), p. 625
  12. ^ A. F. Pollard, Tudor Tracts (Westminster, 1903), p. 332
  13. ^ Gonzalo Velasco Berenguer, Habsburg England: Politics and Religion in the Reign of Philip I (Brill, 2023), p. 5.
  14. ^ David Loades, Intrigue and treason: the Tudor court, 1547-1558 (Longman, 2004), p. 217.
  15. ^ Edward Phillipps Statham, History of the Family of Maunsell, Mansell, Mansel (London, 1917), p. 334
  16. ^ Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1553–1554 (London, 1937), p. 53: Antiquarian Repertory, 4 (London, 1809), p. 651: John Nichols, lllustrations of the manners and expences of antient times in England (London, 1797), p. 25
  17. ^ John Edwards, Mary I: England's Catholic Queen (Yale, 2011), p. 332.
  18. ^ Elizabeth Norton, England's Queens (Amberley, 2001), p. 174.
  19. ^ John Gough Nichols, The legend of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, or Throckmorton's Ghost (London, 1874), p. 36 verse 141.
  20. ^ Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, vol. 3 (London, 1864), pp. 101-102: Susan Groag Bell, The Lost Tapestries of the City of Ladies: Christine de Pizan's Renaissance Legacy (University of California Press, 2004), p. 39.
  21. ^ Ruth Elizabeth Richardson, Mistress Blanche: Queen Elizabeth I's Confidante (Logaston Press, 2018), p. 71.
  22. ^ David Loades, Mary Tudor: A Life (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), p. 312.
  23. ^ Sarah Duncan, Mary I: Gender, Power, and Ceremony in the Reign of England's First Queen (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 171.
  24. ^ Thomas Hearne, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (London, 1774), p. 310
  25. ^ Alexander Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 48.
  26. ^ Thomas Hearne, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (London, 1774), p. 317.
  27. ^ Thomas Hearne, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (London, 1774), pp. 309-11.
  28. ^ John Gough Nichols, Diary of Henry Machyn (London: Camden Society, 1848), p. 181
  29. ^ Sarah Duncan, Mary I: Gender, Power, and Ceremony in the Reign of England's First Queen (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 172.
  30. ^ Philip Lindley, 'Mary Tudor', Anthony Harvey & Richard Mortimer, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Boydell, 1994), p. 56.
  31. ^ Christina Faraday, Tudor Liveliness (Yale, 2023), p. 35.
  32. ^ Francis Sandford, A genealogical history of the kings of England, and monarchs of Great Britain (London, 1677), p. 480 TNA SP Domestic Elizabeth vol. 1 no. 32 (SP 12/1 f.74).
  33. ^ John Gough Nichols, Diary of Henry Machyn (London: Camden Society, 1848), p. 182
  34. ^ Sarah Duncan, Mary I: Gender, Power, and Ceremony in the Reign of England's First Queen (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 172: Morgan Ring, So High A Blood: The Life of Margaret, Countess of Lennox (Bloomsbury, 2017), p. 139.
  35. ^ Thomas Hearne, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (London, 1774), p. 316
  36. ^ Thomas Hearne, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (London, 1774), p. 317.
  37. ^ Joseph Stevenson, Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth, 1559–1560 (London, 1865), pp. cxvi–cxxviii.
  38. ^ Sarah Duncan, Mary I: Gender, Power, and Ceremony in the Reign of England's First Queen (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 173: Philip Lindley, 'Mary Tudor', Anthony Harvey & Richard Mortimer, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Boydell, 1994), p. 55.
  39. ^ Thomas Hearne, De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 5 (London, 1774), pp. 318, 320.
  40. ^ Fredrick Madden, Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary (London: William Pickering, 1831), pp. clxvi-clxvii
  41. ^ David Loades, Mary Tudor: A Life (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), p. 313.
  42. ^ Anne McLaren, "Memorializing Mary and Elizabeth", Alice Hunt and Anna Whitelock, Tudor Queenship: The Reigns of Mary and Elizabeth (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 12:Fredrick Madden, Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary (London: William Pickering, 1831), pp. clxv-clxvi.
  43. ^ Mary I: Westminster Abbey
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