1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries

1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries
← 1968 January 24 to June 20, 1972 1976 →
3,014 delegates to the Democratic National Convention
1,508 (majority) votes needed to win
 
Candidate George McGovern George Wallace Hubert Humphrey
Home state South Dakota Alabama Minnesota
Delegate count 1,319.55 371 345.85
Contests won 16 7 5
Popular vote 4,053,451 3,755,424 4,121,372
Percentage 25.00% 23.17% 25.42%
 
Candidate Edmund Muskie Henry M. Jackson Terry Sanford
Home state Maine Washington North Carolina
Delegate count 172.5 52 28
Contests won 5 1 0
Popular vote 1,840,217 505,198 331,415
Percentage 11.34% 3.11% 2.04%
 
Candidate Wilbur Mills Shirley Chisholm John Lindsay
Home state Arkansas New York New York
Delegate count 28 22 6
Contests won 1 1 0
Popular vote 37,401 430,703 196,406
Percentage 0.23% 2.66% 1.21%
     McGovern      Humphrey      Wallace      Muskie
     Jackson      Mills      Chisholm      Uncommitted
Previous Democratic nominee

Hubert Humphrey

 Democratic nominee

George McGovern

From January 24 to June 20, 1972, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1972 United States presidential election. Senator George McGovern of South Dakota was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections, caucuses, and state party conventions, culminating in the 1972 Democratic National Convention held from July 10 to July 13, 1972, in Miami, Florida.

Background

[edit]

1968 election

[edit]
Main articles: 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 1968 United States presidential election

The 1968 election was one of the most eventful and influential in the history of the Democratic Party. The primaries were contested by President Lyndon B. Johnson, Senator Eugene McCarthy, and Senator Robert F. Kennedy. In a shock, McCarthy forced the incumbent president out of the race early by his strong showing in the New Hampshire primary. Kennedy joined the race soon thereafter, and the two ran on their opposition to Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War. They traded primary victories until Kennedy was assassinated in June.

Although Kennedy and McCarthy contested the popular elections, most of the delegates in 1968 were not popularly elected. Thus, with Kennedy dead and McCarthy lacking support from the party establishment, Johnson's vice president Hubert H. Humphrey was easily nominated on the first ballot at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Humphrey's nomination, the continuing Vietnam War, and the generally closed nature of the nomination process drew massive protests to Chicago; the convention was generally seen as a major embarrassment for the Party, and Humphrey went on to lose the election by a lot to Richard Nixon.

McGovern-Fraser Commission

[edit]
Main article: McGovern–Fraser Commission

In response to the 1968 debacle, party leadership established a twenty-eight member committee selected by Senator Fred R. Harris to reform the presidential nomination process for 1972. The committee was led by Senator George McGovern and Representative Donald M. Fraser. After less than nine months, the committee delivered its guidelines.

The committee focused on two main principles: uniformity and equity. Guidelines required states adopt uniform, explicit delegate selection rules and weight the delegate allocation in favor of politically marginalized groups (women, blacks and those under the age of 30), including the use of quotas.

In general, the state parties complied with the McGovern-Fraser guidelines by adopting the use of primary elections, rather than delegate selection caucuses or conventions. Thus, the 1972 Democratic nomination is typically considered the first modern presidential primary campaign.[citation needed][according to whom?] Harris and McGovern, having played a direct role in the reforms and having a detailed knowledge of their impact, were seen to gain an advantage as potential candidates for the nomination.

Nixon administration and 1970 midterm elections

[edit]
See also: Presidency of Richard Nixon and 1970 United States elections

As 1972 approached, President Richard Nixon faced uncertain re-election prospects. Nixon had been elected on a platform to end American involvement in Vietnam, but his strategy of gradual "Vietnamization" had proceeded more slowly than planned. The Paris Peace Talks had bogged down, dimming hopes for a negotiated settlement to the war. In fact, Nixon had widened the conflict by invading Cambodia in 1970, a move that ignited criticism in the press and Congress and widespread disorder on college campuses, including the Kent State shootings in May 1970.

On the domestic front, a sharp recession had shaken investor confidence, and Nixon's plan to control inflation with wage and price controls had failed to meet its objective. The administration's attempt to steer a middle course on desegregation busing and affirmative action had displeased liberals and conservatives alike.

In the 1970 midterm elections, Democrats gained a dozen seats in the House, although their Senate majority was reduced by three seats. Their main success was not in Congress, however, but the states. Eleven different Democratic governors were elected to seats held by Republicans and not a single incumbent Democrat lost re-election.

Pre-primary maneuvering

[edit]

Given Nixon's apparent weakness and the novel use of the primary system, a large field of credible Democratic challengers emerged. 14 Democrats sought their party's nomination[a] the largest field of candidates until it was surpassed by 16 candidates in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries[1] and then 29 candidates in the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries.[2]

Early speculation surrounded Senator Ted Kennedy, the brother of the late Senator Robert F. Kennedy who had contested the 1968 nomination. He ruled himself out early in 1971, but nevertheless continued to lead in opinion polling. In the event of a brokered convention, some believed Kennedy could emerge as the consensus nominee. Kennedy supporters took key positions on a number of presidential campaigns, strengthening his odds of gaining the candidates' support in the event they could not secure the required delegates.[3]

With Kennedy out, the establishment favorite for the Democratic nomination was Edmund Muskie,[4] a moderate Senator who had acquitted himself well as Humphrey's running mate in 1968. In August 1971 polling amid a growing economic crisis, Muskie led Nixon.[4]

U.S. Representative Shirley Chisholm from Queens, New York, announced her candidacy in January 1972,[5] making her the first black candidate to contest a major party's nomination for president.[5][b] Chisholm was also the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination; she was later joined by Patsy Mink of Hawaii.[c]

Candidates

[edit]

The following politicians stood as candidates for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination:

Nominee

[edit]
Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Popular vote Contests won Running mate Ref.
George McGovern U.S. Senator
from South Dakota
(1963–1981) 		 South Dakota
(Campaign)
Secured nomination: July 13, 1972 		4,053,451
(25.3%) 		14 Sargent Shriver
(replacing Thomas Eagleton) 		[6][7][8]

Other major candidates

[edit]

These candidates participated in multiple state primaries or were included in multiple major national polls.

Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign

Withdrawal date

Ref.
Hubert Humphrey
U.S. Senator from Minnesota
(1949–1964; 1971–1978)
Vice President of the United States
(1965–1969) 		 Minnesota
(Campaign)
Declared: January 10, 1972 		[6][7][9]
George Wallace
Governor of Alabama
(1963–1967; 1971–1979; 1983–1987) 		 Alabama
(Campaign)
Declared: January 13, 1972 		[6][7][10]
Edmund Muskie
U.S. Senator
from Maine
(1959–1980) 		 Maine
(Campaign)
Declared: January 4, 1972
Suspended campaign: April 27, 1972 		[6][7][11][12]
Scoop Jackson U.S. Senator
from Washington
(1953–1983) 		 Washington
(Campaign)
Declared: November 19, 1971
Suspended campaign: May 2, 1972 		[6][7][13][14]
Wilbur Mills
U.S. Representative
from Arkansas
(1939–1977) 		 Arkansas
(Campaign)
Declared: February 11, 1972 		[6][7][15]
Shirley Chisholm
U.S. Representative
from New York
(1969–1983) 		 New York
(Campaign)
Declared: January 25, 1972 		[6][7][16]
Terry Sanford
Governor of North Carolina
(1961–1965) 		 North Carolina
(Campaign)
Declared: March 8, 1972 		[6][7][17]
John Lindsay
Mayor of New York City
(1966–1973) 		 New York
(Campaign)
Declared: December 28, 1971
Withdrew: April 4, 1972 		[6][7][18][19]
Eugene McCarthy U.S. Senator
from Minnesota
(1959–1971) 		 Minnesota
(Campaign)
Declared: December 17, 1971 		[6][7][20]
Sam Yorty
Mayor of Los Angeles
(1961–1973) 		 California
(Campaign)
Declared: November 16, 1971
Withdrew: June 5, 1972 (endorsed Humphrey) 		[6][7][21][22]
Vance Hartke
U.S. Senator
from Indiana
(1964–1973) 		 Indiana
(Campaign)
Declared: January 3, 1972
Withdrew: March 26, 1972 (endorsed Humphrey) 		[6][7][23]
Patsy Mink
U.S. Representative
from Hawaii
(1965–1977) 		 Hawaii (Campaign)
Declared: October 19, 1971
Withdrew: May 24, 1972 		[6][7][24][25]
Fred Harris
U.S. Senator
from Oklahoma
(1964–1973) 		 Oklahoma
(Campaign)
Declared: September 24, 1971
Withdrew: November 10, 1971 (endorsed McGovern on April 27) 		[6][7][26][27][28]
Vance HartkeSam YortyEugene McCarthyJohn LindsayTerry SanfordShirley ChisholmWilbur MillsEdmund MuskieGeorge WallaceHubert HumphreyScoop JacksonPatsy MinkFred R. HarrisGeorge McGovern

Declined

[edit]

Favorite sons

[edit]

Polling

[edit]

National polling

[edit]
Poll source Publication
Birch Bayh
Shirley Chisholm
J. William Fulbright
Fred Harris
Harold Hughes
Hubert Humphrey
John Lindsay
Scoop Jackson
Ted Kennedy
Mike Mansfield
Eugene McCarthy
George McGovern
Wilbur Mills
Edmund Muskie
William Proxmire
George Wallace
Sam Yorty
Gallup Jan. 1969 — — — — — 21% — — 45% — 15% 3% — 17% — — —
Gallup Oct. 1969 — — — — — 29% — — 27% — 10% 5% — 24% — — —
Gallup May. 1970 — — — 1% 1% 16% 10% — 17% — 9% 3% — 23% — — —
Gallup Nov. 1970 — — — — — 16% 4% — 31% 1% 6% 2% — 33% 2% — —
Gallup Feb. 1971 — — — — — 21% 5% — 25% — 4% 5% — 26% — — —
Gallup Apr. 1971 1% — 1% — 1% 18% 4% 2% 29% 2% 3% 5% 1% 21% 2% — —
Gallup Apr. 1971 1% — 1% — 1% 18% 4% 2% 29% 2% 3% 5% 1% 21% 2% — —
Gallup Jul. 1971 2% — 1% — 1% 18% 3% 2% 22% 1% 6% 5% 1% 22% 1% — —
Gallup Aug. 1971 — — — — — 13% 6% — 26% — 4% 6% — 22% — — —
Harris[35] Sep. 1971 — — — 1% — 16% 7% 2% 26% — 5% 4% 2% 19% 1% — —
— — — 1% — 27% 11% 2% — — 7% 5% 2% 27% 2% — —
Gallup Nov. 1971 — — — — — 19% 4% 6% 29% — 5% 6% — 24% — — —
Harris[36] Nov. 1971 — — — — — 15% 9% 2% 25% — 3% 5% 1% 22% 1% — 1%
— — — — — 25% 12% 2% — — 4% 6% 2% 27% 2% — 1%
Gallup Dec. 1971 — — — — — 19% 4% 4% 32% — 4% 5% — 25% — — 1%
— — — — — 34% 8% 5% — — 5% 8% — 31% — — 1%
Gallup Jan. 1972 — 2% — — — 17% 5% 2% 27% — 5% 3% — 32% — — 2%
— 2% — — — 29% 7% 3% — — 8% 3% — 39% — — 2%
Harris[37] Jan. 1972 — 3% — — — 23% 7% 5% — — 6% 5% — 30% — — 1%
Gallup Feb. 1972 — 2% — — — 23% 2% 3% 24% — 3% 5% — 29% — — 1%
— 3% — — — 32% 5% 4% — — 4% 6% — 35% — — 1%
Harris[38] Feb. 1972 — 5% — — — 18% 6% 4% 15% — 5% 5% — 22% — 11% 1%
— 6% — — — 21% 7% 3% — — 5% 8% — 28% — 12% 1%
Gallup Mar. 1972 — 2% — — — 31% 7% 3% — — 5% 6% 2% 23% — 15% *
— 3% — — — 35% 8% 5% — — 6% 7% 2% 28% — — 1%
Gallup Mar. 1972 — 4% — — — 31% 5% 5% — — 4% 5% 1% 22% — 17% *
Gallup Apr. 1972 — 5% — — — 30% — 4% — — 3% 17% 1% 17% — 19% 1%
Gallup May 1972 — 3% — — — 35% — 3% — — 3% 20% 2% 11% — 18% —
Gallup May 1972 — — — — — 26% — — — — — 25% — — — 26% —
Gallup Jun. 1972 — 3% — — — 27% — 3% — — 2% 30% 1% 6% — 25% —

Primary campaign

[edit]

Hubert Humphrey made another run at the nomination, in an era when previous nominees were considered legitimate contenders even after losing a general election (Adlai Stevenson had been successful at being re-nominated by Democrats in 1956, and Nixon by the GOP in 1968). He fell just short in delegates, despite winning the popular vote in the 24 states and the District of Columbia which held preference primary and caucus elections open to the rank and file Democratic voter. His bid to contest the results of the California winner-take-all primary failed. Humphrey, like Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson, was considered the favorite of the party establishment after Muskie's withdrawal.

Alabama governor George Wallace, with his "outsider" image, did well in the South (he won every county in the Florida primary with the exception of Miami-Dade)[39] and among alienated and dissatisfied voters. What might have become a forceful campaign was cut short when Wallace was shot while campaigning, and left paralyzed in an assassination attempt by Arthur Bremer.

Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee Wilbur Mills was drafted by friends and fellow Congressmen to make himself available as a candidate for the primaries. To position himself to appeal to senior citizens during the 1972 presidential campaign, Mills championed the automatic Cost Of Living Adjustment (COLA) to Social Security. He was not strong in the primaries and won 33 votes for president from the delegates at the 1972 Democratic National Convention which nominated Senator George McGovern.

Washington Senator Scoop Jackson was little known nationally when he first ran for president in 1972. McGovern accused Jackson of racism for his opposition to busing. Jackson's high point in the campaign was a distant third in the early Florida primary, but he failed to stand out of the pack of better-known rivals, and only made real news later in the campaign as part of the "Anybody but McGovern" coalition, that raised what would be known as the "Acid, Amnesty and Abortion" questions about McGovern. Jackson suspended active campaigning in May after a weak showing in the Ohio primary. Jackson did re-emerge at the August Democratic convention after runner-up Humphrey dropped out of the race. Jackson's name was placed in nomination by Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, and he finished second in the delegate roll call, well behind nominee McGovern.[40][41]

March 7: New Hampshire

[edit]

Prior to the New Hampshire primary, the "Canuck Letter" was published in the Manchester Union-Leader. The letter (later revealed to have been forged as part of the "dirty tricks" campaign by Nixon staffers)[42] claimed that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about French-Canadians. The paper subsequently published an attack on Muskie's wife Jane, reporting that she drank and used off-color language. Muskie made an emotional defense of his wife in a speech outside the newspaper's offices during a snowstorm. Though Muskie later stated that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried.[43] Muskie did worse than expected in the primary, while McGovern came in a surprisingly close second. McGovern now had the momentum, which was well orchestrated by his campaign manager, Gary Hart.

May 15–16: Attempted Wallace assassination, Maryland, and Michigan

[edit]
Main article: Attempted assassination of George Wallace

While campaigning in Laurel, Maryland, on May 15, 1972, Wallace was shot five times by Arthur Bremer. Three others wounded in the shooting also survived. Bremer's diary, published after his arrest as a book titled An Assassin's Diary, showed that Bremer's assassination attempt was not motivated by politics, but by a desire for fame, and that President Nixon had been a possible target. The assassination attempt left Wallace paralyzed for the rest of his life, as one of the bullets had lodged in his spinal column.

As a result of the shooting, President Nixon dispatched Secret Service protection to Representatives Shirley Chisholm and Wilbur Mills (two candidates who had not been assigned Secret Service details up to then) as well as Senator Ted Kennedy (though not running, because of his brothers John and Robert having been assassinated).[44]

Following the shooting, Wallace won the May 16 primaries in Maryland and Michigan. Wallace spoke at the Democratic National Convention from his wheelchair in Miami on July 11, 1972. Bremer was sentenced to 53 years in prison for the shooting. He served 35 years of the sentence and was released on parole on November 9, 2007.

In a widely noted article, journalist Seymour Hersh claimed that secret recordings of Nixon prove that, within hours of the assassination attempt, the president and a top aide dispatched a political operative, E. Howard Hunt, who rushed to Milwaukee with plans to surreptitiously enter Bremer's apartment and plant the campaign literature of Democratic contender George McGovern.[45] According to Hersh, Hunt aborted the operation because the FBI had sealed off Bremer's apartment prior to his arrival.

However, a 2007 analysis of the Nixon tapes by the History News Network did not turn up any evidence of the clandestine operation described by Hersh. While the tapes did show that Nixon had instructed presidential aide Charles W. Colson to anonymously spread the false rumor that there was "unmistakable evidence" that Bremer had been a "a supporter of McGovern and Kennedy", there was no apparent trace of Nixon tasking subordinates with entering Bremer's apartment to plant Democratic campaign materials.[46]

Endorsements

[edit]

Results

[edit]

Schedule

[edit]

Tablemaker's Note:[g]

Date Total pledged
delegates 		Contest
and total popular vote 		Delegates won and popular vote
Other(s)
Unpledged
January 25 0 (of 44) Iowa
Caucuses[h] 		(22.60%) (1.62%) - (35.50%) (1.06%) - (1.33%) - - (1.41%) - - - - (35.80%)
January 29 0 (of 25) Arizona
Caucuses[176]
500 SDs 		102 SDs
(20.40%) 		2 SDs
(0.40%) 		- 189 SDs
(37.80%) 		2 SDs
(0.40%) 		- 1 SDs
(0.20%) 		- 118 SDs
(23.60%) 		- - 1 SDs
(0.20%) 		- - 85 SDs[i]
(17.00%)
February 12 25 (of 25) Arizona
State Convention[177] 		5 Del. - - 9 Del. - - - - 6 Del. - - - - - 5 Del.[j]
February 26 0 (of 44) Iowa
County Conventions[178]
3,641 SDs 		983 SDs
(27.00%) 		- - 1,409 SDs
(38.70%) 		- - - - - - - - - - 1,249 SDs[k]
(34.30%)
February 27 25 (of 25) Mississippi
State Convention[l][179][180] 		- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 Del.[m]
March 7 20 (of 20) New Hampshire
Primary[181]
88,854 		6 Del.
33,007
(37.15%) 		348 WI
(0.39%) 		175 WI
(0.20%) 		14 Del.
41,235
(46.41%) 		197 WI
(0.22%) 		3,563 WI
(4.01%) 		- - - - 5,401
(6.08%) 		2,417
(2.72%) 		- - 2,511[n]
(2.83%)
March 11 40 (of 40) Georgia
District Conventions[182] 		4 Del. - - - - 1 Del. 5 Del. - - - - - - - 30 Del.[o]
March 14 81 (of 81) Florida
Primary[183]
1,264,554 		78,232
(6.19%) 		6 Del.
234,658
(18.56%) 		75 Del.
526,651
(41.65%) 		112,523
(8.90%) 		170,156
(13.46%) 		4,539
(0.36%) 		43,989
(3.48%) 		- 82,386
(6.52%) 		5,847
(0.46%) 		2,564
(0.20%) 		3,009
(0.24%) 		- - -
March 21 0 (of 160) Illinois
Pres. Primary[184]
1,225,144 		3,687 WI
(0.30%) 		1,476 WI
(0.12%) 		7,017 WI
(0.57%) 		766,914
(62.60%) 		442 WI
(0.04%) 		- 777 WI
(0.06%) 		- 118 WI
(0.01%) 		444,260
(36.26%) 		- - - - 453[p]
(0.04%)
160 (of 160) Illinois
Del. Primary[185] 		14 Del. - - 59 Del. - - - - - - - - - - 87 Del.[q]
March 25 34 (of 44) Iowa
District Conventions[186] 		12 Del. - - 14 Del. - - - - - - - - - - 8 Del.[r]
March 29 32 (of 32) South Carolina
State Convention[187] 		- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 Del.[s]
April 4 67 (of 67) Wisconsin
Primary[188]
1,128,584 		54 Del.
333,528
(29.55%) 		13 Del.
233,748
(20.71%) 		248,676
(22.03%) 		115,811
(10.26%) 		88,068
(7.80%) 		913
(0.08%) 		9,198
(0.82%) 		- 75,579
(6.70%) 		15,543
(1.38%) 		2,349
(0.21%) 		766
(0.07%) 		1,213
(0.11%) 		- 3,009[t]
(0.27%)
April 17 0 (of 17) Idaho
Caucuses[189]
425 SDs 		191 SDs
(44.94%) 		21 SDs
(4.94%) 		4 SDs
(0.94%) 		76 SDs
(17.88%) 		5 SDs
(1.18%) 		- 20 SDs
(4.71%) 		- - - - - 1 SDs
(0.24%) 		- 107 SDs[u]
(25.18%)
April 20 0 (of 12) Vermont
Caucuses[190]
1,146 SDs 		504 SDs
(43.98%) 		18 SDs
(1.57%) 		1 SDs
(0.09%) 		309 SDs
(26.96%) 		1 SDs
(0.09%) 		2 SDs
(0.17%) 		2 SDs
(0.17%) 		- - - - - - - 165 SDs[v]
(14.40%)
April 25 102 (of 102) Massachusetts
Primary[191]
618,516 		102 Del.
325,673
(52.65%) 		48,929
(7.91%) 		45,807
(7.41%) 		0 Del.[w]
131,709
(21.29%) 		8,499
(1.37%) 		19,441
(3.14%) 		0 Del.[x]
22,398
(3.62%) 		- 2,107
(0.34%) 		8,736
(1.41%) 		646
(0.10%) 		874
(0.14%) 		- - 0 Del.
[y]3,697[z]
(0.60%)
0 (of 182) Pennsylvania
Pres. Primary[192]
1,374,894 		280,861
(20.43%) 		481,900
(35.05%) 		292,437
(21.27%) 		279,983
(20.36%) 		38,767
(2.82%) 		- 336 WI
(0.02%) 		- - - - - - - 610 [aa]
(0.04%)
182[ab] (of 182) Pennsylvania
Del. Primary[192][193] 		54 Del.[ac] 74 Del.[ad] 2 Del. 40 Del.[ae] - - - - - - - - - - 12 Del.[af][ag]
April 28–30 11 (of 11) Nevada
State Convention[194] 		4.95 Del. 1.65 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.40 Del.[ah]
April 29 0 (of 47) Kentucky
Caucuses[195]
1,944 SDs 		381 SDs
(19.60%) 		6 SDs
(0.31%) 		22 SDs
(1.13%) 		59 SDs
(3.03%) 		- - - - - - - - - - 1,526 SDs[ai]
(78.50%)
May 2 29 (of 37) Alabama
Del. Convention[196] 		- - 23 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Del.[aj]
76 (of 76) Indiana
Primary[197]
751,458 		- 49 Del.
354,244
(47.14%) 		27 Del.
309,495
(41.19%) 		87,719
(11.67%) 		- - - - - - - - - - -
145 (of 153) Ohio
Primary[198][199]
1,205,194 		66 Del.
478,434
(39.70%) 		74 Del.
497,538
(41.28%) 		- 105,903
(8.79%) 		97,896
(8.12%) 		- - - - 25,423
(2.11%) 		- - - - 13 Del.[ak]
20 (of 20) Washington D.C.
Primary[200]
29,560 		- - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Del.
21,217
(71.78%) 		8,343
(28.22%)[al]
May 4 49 (of 49) Tennessee
Primary[201]
751,458 		35,551
(7.22%) 		78,350
(15.90%) 		49 Del.
335,858
(68.16%) 		9,634
(1.96%) 		5,896
(1.20%) 		2,543
(0.52%) 		18,809
(3.82%) 		- 1,476
(0.30%) 		2,267
(0.46%) 		692
(0.14%) 		1,621
(0.33%) 		- - 24
(0.01%)
May 5 [am] 51 (of 64) Minnesota
District Conventions[202] 		14 Del. 26 Del. - - - - 6 Del. - - - - - - - -
May 6 57 (of 57) North Carolina
Primary[181]
821,410 		- - 37 Del.
413,518
(50.34%) 		30,739
(3.74%) 		9,416
(1.15%) 		- 61,723
(7.51%) 		27 Del.
306,014
(37.26%) 		- - - - - - -
May 9 22 (of 22) Nebraska
Primary[203]
192,137 		18 Del.
79,309
(41.28%) 		4 Del.
65,968
(34.33%) 		23,912
(12.45%) 		6,886
(3.58%) 		5,276
(2.75%) 		377
(0.20%) 		1,763
(0.92%) 		- 1,244
(0.65%) 		3,194
(1.66%) 		3,459
(1.80%) 		249
(0.13%) 		- - 500[an]
(0.26%)
0 (of 35) West Virginia
Pres. Primary[204]
368,484 		- 246,596
(66.92%) 		121,888
(33.08%) 		- - - - - - - - - - - -
35 (of 35) West Virginia
Del. Primary[204] 		7 Del. [ao] 14 Del. [ap] - 5 Del. [aq] - - - - - - - - - - 9 Del.[ar]
May 12 11 (of 11) Wyoming
State Convention[205] 		0.55 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10.45 Del.[as]
May 13 3 (of 3) Canal Zone
Territorial Convention[206] 		2.5 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.5 Del. [at]
30 (of 35) Kansas
District Conventions[207] 		12 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 Del.[au]
44[av](of 44) Louisiana
District Conventions[208][209] 		10 Del. - 3 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - 32 Del.[aw]
May 16 53 (of 53) Maryland
Primary[210]
568,131 		6 Del.
126,978
(22.35%) 		6 Del.
151,981
(26.75%) 		41 Del.
219,687
(38.67%) 		13,363
(2.35%) 		17,728
(3.12%) 		4,776
(0.84%) 		12,602
(2.22%) 		- 2,168
(0.38%) 		4,691
(0.83%) 		13,584
(2.39%) 		- 573
(0.10%) 		- -
132 (of 132) Michigan
Primary[211][212]
1,588,073 		38 Del.
425,694
(26.81%) 		27 Del.
249,798
(15.73%) 		67 Del.
809,239
(50.96%) 		38,701
(2.44%) 		6,938
(0.44%) 		- 44,090
(2.78%) 		- - - - 2,862
(0.18%) 		- - 10,751 [ax]
(0.68%)
May 19 20 (of 20) Maine
State Convention[213] 		- - - 20 Del. - - - - - - - - - - -
May 19–21 17 (of 17) Hawaii
State Convention[214][215] 		1.5 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - 1.5 Del. - 14 Del.[ay]
May 20 10 (of 44) Iowa
State Convention[216] 		5 Del. - - 3 Del. - - - - - - - - - - 2 Del.[az]
12 (of 12) Vermont
State Convention[217] 		9 Del. - - 3 Del. - - - - - - - - - - -
46 (of 52) Washington
District Conventions[218][219] 		0 Del. [ba] - - - 46 Del. - - - - - - - - - -
May 23 55 (of 73) Missouri
District Conventions[220] 		11 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Del. [bb]
34 (of 34) Oregon
Primary[221]
408,644 		34 Del.
205,328
(50.25%) 		51,163
(12.52%) 		81,868
(20.03%) 		10,244
(2.51%) 		22,042
(5.39%) 		1,208
(0.30%) 		2,975
(0.73%) 		- 5,082
(1.24%) 		8,943
(2.19%) 		- - 6,500
(1.59%) 		- 13,291 [bc]
(3.25%)
22 (of 22) Rhode Island
Primary[222]
37,864 		22 Del.
15,603
(41.21%) 		7,701
(20.34%) 		5,802
(15.32%) 		7,838
(20.70%) 		138
(0.36%) 		41
(0.11%) 		- - - 245
(0.65%) 		6
(0.02%) 		- - - 490 [bd]
(1.29%)
May 26 10 (of 10) Alaska
State Convention[223] 		- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 Del.[be]
May 27 3 (of 3) Guam
Territorial Convention[224] 		1 Del. 1.5 Del. - 0.5 Del. - - - - - - - - - - -
3 (of 3) Virgin Islands
Territorial Convention[225][226] 		- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Del.
June 2 38 (of 51) Connecticut
District Conventions[227] 		15 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Del.[bf]
35 (of 47) Kentucky
District Conventions[228] 		7 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 Del. [bg]
June 3 12 (of 47) Kentucky
State Convention[228] 		3 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 Del. [bh]
30 (of 39) Oklahoma
District Conventions[229] 		10 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Del. [bi]
June 6 271 (of 271) California
Primary[230]
3,564,518 		271 Del.
1,550,652
(43.50%) 		1,375,064
(38.58%) 		268,551 WI
(7.53%) 		72,701
(2.04%) 		28,901
(0.81%) 		- 157,435
(4.42%) 		- 26,246
(0.74%) 		34,203
(0.96%) 		50,745
(1.42%) 		- - - 20 WI
(1.59%)
17 (of 17) South Dakota
Primary[231]
28,017 		17 Del.
28,017
(100.00%) 		- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0 (of 109) New Jersey
Pres. Primary[232]
76,834 		- - - - - - 51,433
(66.94%) 		25,401
(33.06%) 		- - - - - - -
109 (of 109) New Jersey
Del. Primary[233] 		72 Del. 10 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 Del. [bj]
18 (of 18) New Mexico
Primary[232]
153,293 		10 Del.
51,011
(33.28%) 		39,768
(25.94%) 		8 Del.
44,843
(29.25%) 		6,411
(4.18%) 		4,236
(2.76%) 		- 3,205
(2.09%) 		- - - - - - - 3,819 [bk]
(2.49%)
June 9 13 (of 64) Minnesota
State Convention[234] 		5 Del. 7 Del. - - - - 1 Del. - - - - - - - -
41 (of 53) Virginia
District Conventions[235][236] 		18 Del. 2 Del. - 1 Del. - - - 1 Del. - - - - - - 19 Del. [bl]
June 10 5 (of 35) Kansas
State Convention[237] 		- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Del.[bm]
18 (of 73) Missouri
State Convention[238] 		- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 Del. [bn]
9 (of 39) Oklahoma
State Convention[239] 		3 Del. [bo] - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Del. [bp]
12 (of 53) Virginia
State Convention[236][240] 		9 Del. 1 Del. - - - - 2 Del. - - - - - - - -
June 13 130 (of 130) Texas
State Convention[241] 		34 Del. 21 Del. 42 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - 33 Del.[bq]
June 16 27 (of 36) Colorado
District Conventions[242][243] 		17 Del. 6 Del. - - - - 1 Del. - - - - - - - 13 Del.[br]
13 (of 51) Connecticut
State Convention[244] 		5 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 Del. [bs]
17 (of 17) Idaho
State Convention[245] 		7 Del. 1 Del. - 3 Del. - - 2 Del. - - - - - - - 4 Del.[bt]
14 (of 14) North Dakota
State Convention[246] 		7.7 Del. 4.2 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - 2.1 Del.[bu]
19 (of 19) Utah
State Convention[247] 		11 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 Del.[bv]
June 17 17 (of 17) Montana
State Convention[248] 		14.5 Del. - - - - - 1 Del. - - - - - - - 1.5 Del.[bw]
7 (of 7) Puerto Rico
Local Convention[249] 		6 Del. 0.5 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.5 Del. [bx]
June 18 9 (of 36) Colorado
State Convention[250] 		7 Del. 1 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Del.[by]
June 20 278 [bz](of 278) New York
Del. Primary[251][252] 		251 Del. - - 1 Del. - - 4 Del. - - - - - - - 22 Del. [ca]
June 23 6 (of 52) Washington
State Convention[253] 		- - - - 6 Del. - - - - - - - - - -
June 24 27 (of 27) Arkansas
State Convention[254] 		- - - - - 27 Del. - - - - - - - - -
13 (of 13) Delaware
State Convention[255] 		5.85 Del. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7.15 Del.[cb]
Total
3,016 pledged delegates

16,207,757 votes

1319.55
4,051,565
(25.00%) 		345.85
4,119,230
(25.42%) 		371
3,755,424
(23.17%) 		172.5
1,838,314
(11.34%) 		52
504,596
(3.11%) 		28
37,401
(0.23%) 		22
430,733
(2.66%) 		28
331,415
(2.04%) 		6
196,406
(1.21%) 		0
553,352
(3.41%) 		0
79,446
(0.49%) 		0
11,798
(0.07%) 		1.5
8,286
(0.05%) 		20
20,717
(0.13%) 		618.6
47,518
(0.29%)
Suspected Delegate Count
as of June 27[256] 		1,466.15
(48.61%) 		385.50
(12.78%) 		377
(12.50%) 		208.85
(6.92%) 		53.75
(1.78%) 		30.55
(1.01%) 		23.65
(0.78%) 		27
(0.90%) 		0
(0.00%) 		0
(0.00%) 		0
(0.00%) 		0
(0.00%) 		0
(0.00%) 		0
(0.00%) 		441.25 [cc]
(14.63%)

Results by county

[edit]
1972 Democratic primary results by county popular vote
[edit]
1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries[257]
Candidate Votes %
Hubert H. Humphrey 4,121,372 25.8
George S. McGovern 4,053,451 25.3
George C. Wallace 3,755,424 23.5
Edmund S. Muskie 1,840,217 11.5
Eugene J. McCarthy 553,955 3.5
Henry M. Jackson 505,198 3.2
Shirley A. Chisholm 430,703 2.7
James T. Sanford 331,415 2.1
John V. Lindsay 196,406 1.2
Sam W. Yorty 79,446 0.5
Wilbur D. Mills 37,401 0.2
Walter E. Fauntroy 21,217 0.1
Unpledged delegates 19,533 0.1
Edward M. Kennedy 16,693 0.1
Rupert V. Hartke 11,798 0.1
Patsy M. Mink 8,286 0.1
"None of the names shown" 6,269 0
Others 5,181 0
Total votes 15,993,965 100

Analysis

[edit]

In the end, McGovern succeeded in winning the nomination by winning primaries through grass-roots support in spite of establishment opposition. He had led a commission to redesign the Democratic nomination system after the messy and confused nomination struggle and convention of 1968. The fundamental principle of the McGovern-Fraser Commission—that the Democratic primaries should determine the winner of the Democratic nomination—lasted throughout every subsequent nomination contest. However, the new rules angered many prominent Democrats whose influence was marginalized, and those politicians refused to support McGovern's campaign (some even supporting Nixon instead), leaving the McGovern campaign at a significant disadvantage in funding compared to Nixon.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ This number doesn't include Walter Fauntroy, Wayne Hays, and Carl Stokes, who were considered to be favorite sons
  2. ^ Channing Phillips had previously been placed in nomination at the 1968 convention and won the Washington D.C. delegation but was not a contender for national support.[citation needed]
  3. ^ Senator Margaret Chase Smith had previously contested the Republican nomination in 1964.
  4. ^ Endorsed McGovern in the Ohio Presidential Primary
  5. ^ Endorsed Chisholm in the Michigan Presidential Primary
  6. ^ Switched to McGovern on July 9th.
  7. ^ This should not be taken as a finalized list of results. While a significant amount of research was done, there were a number of Delegates who were not bound by the instruction, or "Pledged" to a candidate, and to simplify the data these delegates were considered "Uncommitted". Many states also held primaries for the delegate positions, and these on occasion were where slates or candidates pledged to a certain candidate might be elected; however, as these elections allowed for a single person to vote for multiple candidates, as many as the number of positions being filled, it is difficult to determine how many people actually voted in these primaries. For this reason, while such results may be found, they are not included in the popular vote summaries at the bottom of the table.
  8. ^ Technically this is only a partial result; over two dozen counties did not hold caucuses when these results were announced, accounting for around (12%) of the expected number of Caucus goers. However, a full tabulation including these counties was not found. Only percentages were found in terms of the number of delegates elected per candidate, not their number nor their total allotment.
  9. ^ All were Uncommitted.
  10. ^ Both are Uncommitted.
  11. ^ 1,176 SD's were Uncommitted at (32.30%), and 73 SD's were for other candidates at (2.00%).
  12. ^ Two rival delegate slates were named, as the Mississippi Democratic party was severely divided between White-lead Regulars and Black-lead Loyalists, with their contests being held at different dates. As the Loyalists were the ones seated at the National Convention, it is their slate and nomination date that is presented here.
  13. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  14. ^ Includes 954 Write-In votes for Senator Edward Kennedy at (1.07%), 854 Write-In votes for President Richard Nixon at (0.96%), 280 votes for Edward T. Coll at (0.32%), 133 Write-In votes for Congressman Pete McCloskey at (0.15%), 27 Write-In votes for Congressman John Ashbrook at (0.03%), and 19 Write-In votes for Comedian Pat Paulsen at (0.02%)
  15. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  16. ^ Includes 242 Write-In votes for Senator Edward Kennedy at (0.02%).
  17. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  18. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  19. ^ Both are Uncommitted.
  20. ^ Includes 2,450 votes for "None of the Names Shown" at (0.22%).
  21. ^ All were Uncommitted.
  22. ^ All were Uncommitted except two, which were pledged to Senator Edward Kennedy.
  23. ^ Technically won seven delegates, but these delegates were required to vote for McGovern on the first ballot.
  24. ^ Technically won five delegates, these delegates were technically required to vote for McGovern on the first ballot.
  25. ^ Technically Uncommmited won one delegate, but they were required to vote for McGovern on the first ballot.
  26. ^ Includes 2,348 Write-in votes for Senator Edward Kennedy at (0.38%), and 589 votes for Edward T. Coll at (0.10%).
  27. ^ Includes 262 Write-in votes for President Richard Nixon at (0.02%).
  28. ^ 45 delegates were technically named later in mid-June, 27 by the elected delegates and 18 by the Democratic State Committee.
  29. ^ 14 delegates were named later in June.
  30. ^ 19 delegates were named later in June.
  31. ^ 11 delegates were named later in June.
  32. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  33. ^ 1 delegate was named later in June.
  34. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  35. ^ All were Uncommitted bar one, who was pledged to Senator Edward Kennedy.
  36. ^ All are part of an Anti-Wallace slate.
  37. ^ A slate of eight delegates supporting Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes was elected in the 21st District, and a slate of five delegates supporting Congressman Wayne Hays was elected in the 18th District.
  38. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  39. ^ Some District Conventions were held earlier in April.
  40. ^ Includes 293 Write-in votes for Senator Edward Kennedy at (0.15%).
  41. ^ Uncommitted by state law.
  42. ^ Uncommitted by state law.
  43. ^ Uncommitted by state law.
  44. ^ All are Uncommitted
  45. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  46. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  47. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  48. ^ Four delegates were picked on May 20.
  49. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  50. ^ 10,700 votes are for an Uncommitted slate at (0.67%)
  51. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  52. ^ Both are Uncommitted.
  53. ^ McGovern won eight delegates in these contests, but they were later replaced by Jackson delegates at the state convention.
  54. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  55. ^ Includes 12,673 votes for Senator Edward Kennedy at (3.10%), and 480 Write-in votes for President Richard Nixon at (0.12%).
  56. ^ All votes were for an Uncommitted slate.
  57. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  58. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  59. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  60. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  61. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  62. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  63. ^ All votes are for an Uncommitted slate.
  64. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  65. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  66. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  67. ^ This was suspected, not confirmed.
  68. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  69. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  70. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  71. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  72. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  73. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  74. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  75. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  76. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  77. ^ Is Uncommitted.
  78. ^ 30 were named on the June 25th by the Democratic State Committee.
  79. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  80. ^ All are Uncommitted.
  81. ^ Includes one delegate supporting Louisiana Governor Edward Edwards, and five delegates supporting Congressman Wayne Hays of Ohio.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Benen, Steve (May 5, 2015). "Biggest. Field. Ever". MSNBC.
  2. ^ Jacobson, Louis (May 2, 2019). "Warren just took the lead in a key polling average. History is vague on what happens next". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
  3. ^ Jack Anderson (June 4, 1971). "Don't count out Ted Kennedy". The Free Lance–Star.
  4. ^ a b Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 298. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  5. ^ a b Freeman, Jo (February 2005). "Shirley Chisholm's 1972 Presidential Campaign". University of Illinois at Chicago Women's History Project. Archived from the original on 2015-01-26.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "CQ Almanac Online Edition".
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "McGovern Shy 130 Votes as Delegate Choice Ends; Tally Finds McGovern is Shy 130 Votes" (PDF). The New York Times.
  8. ^ "McGovern Assails Nixon on Cambodia" (PDF). The New York Times.
  9. ^ "Humphrey Joins the Race; Asks U.S. To End War Now; Humphrey in Race; Urges War End Now" (PDF). The New York Times.
  10. ^ "Wallace Joins Florida Race as Democrat; Wallace Enters Primary in Florida as a Democrat" (PDF). The New York Times.
  11. ^ "Muskie Formally in Race; Pledges 'a New Beginning'; Muskie Formally in Nomination Race" (PDF). The New York Times.
  12. ^ "Admits Strategy Failed; Muskie Abandons Primary Contention" (PDF). The New York Times.
  13. ^ "Jackson Cites Lack of Funds in Quitting" (PDF). The New York Times.
  14. ^ "Jackson in Race; He Asserts Nixon Fails to Win Trust; Jackson in Race for President; Says Nixon Fails to Win Trust" (PDF). The New York Times.
  15. ^ "Rep. Mills Officially Enters Race for the Democratic Nomination; Mills Joins Race for Nomination" (PDF). The New York Times.
  16. ^ "New Hat in Ring: Mrs. Chisolm's; Representative is Seeking Presidency as Democrat Mrs. Chisholm Joins Presidential Race" (PDF). The New York Times.
  17. ^ "Sanford, Ex-Governor, Runs in Carolina for White House" (PDF). The New York Times.
  18. ^ "Lindsay, in Race, Scores His Rivals; in Miami, He Also Attacks Nixon -- Says Washington Ignores Cities' Problems Lindsay, in Race, Attacks Nixon and Rivals in Democratic Party" (PDF). The New York Times.
  19. ^ "Mayor Runs Sixth; Says Returns Indicate He Cannot Continue as a Candidate Lindsay Quits the Race After Sixth-Place Finish" (PDF). The New York Times.
  20. ^ "McCarthy, Casually, Enters the '72 Race; A Casual McCarthy Enters 1972 Race" (PDF). The New York Times.
  21. ^ "Yorty Enters Race; Eyes 2 Primaries; Yorty Enters Race; Eyes Two Primaries" (PDF). The New York Times.
  22. ^ "Minnesotan Won't Quit; Humphrey Concedes Loss in California Voting Today" (PDF). The New York Times.
  23. ^ "Petitions Raise Hartke Hopes" (PDF). The New York Times.
  24. ^ "Rep. Mink Withdraws from President Race" (PDF). The New York Times.
  25. ^ "19 Oct 1971, 10 - Hawaii Tribune-Herald at". Newspapers.com. 1971-10-19. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  26. ^ "Harris in Race for Presidency, the Second Democrat to Declare; Harris in Race for Presidency, the Second Democrat to Declare" (PDF). The New York Times.
  27. ^ "Harris, Declaring 'I Am Broke,' Withdraws from '72 Contention; $40,000 in Debt, Oklahoman Abandons a Short Campaign Based on 'New Populism'" (PDF). The New York Times.
  28. ^ "27 Apr 1972, Page 8 - The Akron Beacon Journal at". Newspapers.com. 1972-04-27. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  29. ^ "Bayh Quits Race; Cites Wife's Illness" (PDF). The New York Times.
  30. ^ "Hughes Quits as Presidential Aspirant" (PDF). The New York Times.
  31. ^ "Proxmire States He Will Not Run; Opens Way for McGovern in the Wisconsin Primary" (PDF). The New York Times.
  32. ^ "31 Mar 1972, Page 2 - El Paso Herald-Post at". Newspapers.com. 1972-03-31. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  33. ^ "Black in Capital to Enter Primary; Fauntroy to Run May 2 as Favorite-Son Candidate" (PDF). The New York Times.
  34. ^ a b "Humphrey Victor in Ohio Vote; Wallace Wins Tennessee Race; HUMPHREY VICTOR BY SLIM OHIO EDGE" (PDF). The New York Times.
  35. ^ "15 Nov 1971, Page 30 - The Philadelphia Inquirer at". Newspapers.com. 1971-11-15. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  36. ^ "13 Dec 1971, Page 20 - The Ithaca Journal at". Newspapers.com. 1971-12-13. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  37. ^ "20 Jan 1972, Page 4 - The Orlando Sentinel at". Newspapers.com. 1972-01-20. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  38. ^ "28 Feb 1972, Page 17 - The Ithaca Journal at". Newspapers.com. 1972-02-28. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
  39. ^ Pantazi, Andrew (2016). "Past Duval Presidential Elections". Jacksonville.com. The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 25 December 2018. Later that year segregationist George Wallace would be shot and handicapped, but before then, he won Florida's primary decisively, carrying every county but Miami-Dade.
  40. ^ Salam, Reihan (May 27, 2003). "Double Scoop". The New Republic Online.
  41. ^ "A Message of Discontent from Wisconsin Archived 2007-11-18 at the Wayback Machine", "AllPolitics", Time, 04-17-1972.
  42. ^ Bernstein, Carl; Woodward, Bob (10 October 1972). "FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 Dec 2018.
  43. ^ "Remembering Ed Muskie Archived 1999-04-27 at the Wayback Machine", Online NewsHour, PBS, March 26, 1996
  44. ^ "Washingtonpost.com: George Wallace Remembered". The Washington Post.
  45. ^ Molotsky, Irvin (1992-12-07). "Article Says Nixon Schemed To Tie Foe to Wallace Attack". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  46. ^ "nixontapes.org - Nixon Tapes and Transcripts". nixontapes.org. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  47. ^ a b c "New Strength For McGovern". The Boston Globe.
  48. ^ a b c "McGovern Gains More Support". The Minneapolis Star.
  49. ^ "Proxmire Endorses McGovern". The Boston Globe.
  50. ^ "Gruening Back In Headlines Again". Daily Sitka Sentinel.
  51. ^ "Denholm: Reactions". The Daily Republic.
  52. ^ a b c "Black Supporters Boost McGovern's Campaign". The Lowell Sun.
  53. ^ a b "Tunney Dropped From California Delegation". Redlands Daily Facts.
  54. ^ "Denholm: McGovern Is Leader of Issues". The Daily Republic.
  55. ^ a b "Drinan Endorsed McGovern's Candidacy". The Lowell Sun.
  56. ^ "McCloskey Endorses McGovern". The Boston Globe.
  57. ^ a b c "State Democratic Leaders Laud McGovern Decision". Argus-Leader.
  58. ^ "Troy Drums Up Midwestern Support For McGovern" (PDF). The New York Times.
  59. ^ "Date Of Primary In California Hangs On A Decision By Reagan". The New York Times. 26 December 1971.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h "McGovern And Muskie To Speak". The Peninsula Times Tribune.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as "Most Florida VIPs Backing Muskie, Jackson, Humphrey". The Miami Herald.
  62. ^ Ronan, Thomas P. (10 December 1971). "McGovern In City Criticizes Mayor Doubts Lindsay Could Stand On His". The New York Times.
  63. ^ "Muskie Bids Liberals Form A Coalition To Win Change" (PDF). The New York Times.
  64. ^ "Clingan Backs McGovern For Democratic Nomination" (PDF). The New York Times.
  65. ^ "McGovern Gains Troy's Support" (PDF). The New York Times.
  66. ^ "McGovern Endorsed". Concord Monitor.
  67. ^ a b c d e f "California Lead Held By Muskie" (PDF). The New York Times.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i "New Hollywood Aura Highlights McGovern Dinner". Los Angeles Times.
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj "Who's For Whom". Newsday (Suffolk Edition).
  70. ^ a b "McGovern Leaves Democratic Chaos For Ohio". The Boston Globe.
  71. ^ "Dave Hoeh Urges Independent To Skip Pete, Vote For George". Valley News.
  72. ^ a b "3 Democrats Fail To Reach Accord". The New York Times. 19 December 1971.
  73. ^ a b c d e "Shirley's Great Leap Forward". Los Angeles Times.
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Parker, Jerry (June 5, 1972). "Politicians Aim For The Stars". The Record.
  75. ^ a b "McGovern Rally". Los Angeles Times.
  76. ^ a b c "Stars Plan Benefit Concert For Senator". Los Angeles Times.
  77. ^ "Four Sing For Politics At Forum". Los Angeles Times.
  78. ^ a b c d e "Sen. McGovern Goes After Ohio Blacks". The Winona Daily News.
  79. ^ a b c d "Scientists For McGovern" (PDF). The New York Times.
  80. ^ "Democratic Hopefuls Jockeying For The Reform Group's Support" (PDF). The New York Times.
  81. ^ "McGovern To Face Problems At Liberals' Dinners" (PDF). The New York Times.
  82. ^ "Former Woman Paratrooper In Vietnam Says War Is Top Issue In N.H. Primary". Nashua Telegraph.
  83. ^ "McCarthy Is Undismayed By His Defeat In Massachusetts Caucus" (PDF). The New York Times.
  84. ^ a b "The Nation". The New York Times.
  85. ^ "Blacks Will Decide President -- Jackson". The San Francisco Examiner.
  86. ^ "Issues, Not Pols, Swayed Voters". The Boston Globe.
  87. ^ "HHH, McGovern Open Drives In West". Star Tribune.
  88. ^ "HHH, McGovern Seek UAW Backing". The New York Times.
  89. ^ a b c d "Lindsay Asks Senate To Defeat Kleindienst". The Boston Globe.
  90. ^ a b c d e "Florida Paper Endorses Scoop". The Daily Herald. Associated Press. March 7, 1972.
  91. ^ "Gov. Wallace Will Carry South And Border States". The Daily Sentinel.
  92. ^ a b c "Carter Emphasizes Wallace Stand At Rally". The Anniston Star.
  93. ^ "Maddox No Candidate". The Macon Telegraph.
  94. ^ a b c d e "Footnotes In The News". Alabama Journal.
  95. ^ "Melba Backing Wallace On Demo Ticket Only". Birmingham Post-Herald.
  96. ^ "Barrow Says Demos Should Back Wallace". The Tampa Tribune.
  97. ^ "Carter Says Georgia Delegates Should Support Wallace". The Columbus Ledger.
  98. ^ "Black Wallace Supporter Quits". The Opelika-Auburn News.
  99. ^ "Mayor Studies Several Races". The Macon News.
  100. ^ "Wallace, Jackson 'Even' In Meeting But Wallace Pulls Biggest Crowd". The Montgomery Advertiser.
  101. ^ "Wallace For President". The Miami Herald.
  102. ^ "Wallace Rally Tonight At Dorton". The News and Observer.
  103. ^ "Attendance". The Charlotte Observer.
  104. ^ "Klan Wizard Backs Wallace; Cross-Burning Rally Planned". Fort Lauderdale News.
  105. ^ a b "GCW Pledged Support By S.C. Groups". The Dothan Eagle.
  106. ^ "Freeman Endorses Humphrey". Star Tribune.
  107. ^ "Ex-Ambassador To Poland Endorses HHH". The Minneapolis Star.
  108. ^ "Hubert Starts Campaign For Florida's Primary". The Austin Daily Herald.
  109. ^ "Alioto Endorses HHH Candidacy". The Winona Daily News.
  110. ^ a b "Humphrey On Attacking Cuba: 'Out of One War, Into Another'". The Miami Herald.
  111. ^ a b c d e f g h i "HHH Names Creditor To Head His Fund Drive". Star Tribune.
  112. ^ a b "Campaigning: A Growing Show Biz Tradition". The Ithaca Journal.
  113. ^ "Page Waits In Vain For Advertising Offers". The Winona Daily News.
  114. ^ a b "Candor Marks Bay Area Demo Caucuses". The San Francisco Examiner.
  115. ^ a b "HHH Loses Support Of Davis". Star Tribune.
  116. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Primary Splits Pols, Pals". The Tennessean.
  117. ^ "Retail Clerks Group Will Back Humphrey". The Winona Daily News.
  118. ^ "United Rubber Workers Union Endorses Humphrey". The Albert Lea Tribune.
  119. ^ a b c "Top State Democrats To Push Muskie". Arizona Daily Star.
  120. ^ a b c d e "More Muskie Support" (PDF). The New York Times.
  121. ^ "Top Dems Endorse Muskie During Stopover In Idaho". Idaho State Journal.
  122. ^ a b c "Key Missourians Choose Muskie". The Kansas City Star.
  123. ^ "Hart Backs Muskie". The Times Herald.
  124. ^ "Muskie Wins Support Of Senator Hughes Of Iowa" (PDF). The New York Times.
  125. ^ "McIntyre Backs Muskie Candidacy". Concord Monitor.
  126. ^ a b "Moss, Rampton Say: Muskie's Our Man in '72 Race". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  127. ^ a b c "Can Reform Change Nature Of The 'Beast'?" (PDF). The New York Times.
  128. ^ "Endorses Muskie". The Fresno Bee.
  129. ^ "Most Florida VIPs Backing Muskie, Jackson, Humphrey". The Miami Herald.
  130. ^ a b c d e f g h "Muskie Slate Sends SOS On It's [sic] Own". The Boston Globe.
  131. ^ a b c d e f g "Hop On The Bandwagon". Desert Dispatch.
  132. ^ "Udall Supports Muskie". Tucson Daily Citizen.
  133. ^ a b "Muskie To Campaign In Mass., Penn., Ohio". The Boston Globe.
  134. ^ "Kentucky Official Endorses Muskie". Star Tribune.
  135. ^ "Gilligan Endorses Muskie for President". The Delaware Gazette.