Dominicans

This article is about the Hispanic ethnic group native to the Dominican Republic. For the inhabitants of Dominica, see Demographics of Dominica. For a member of the Catholic Dominican Order, see Dominican Order. For other uses, see Dominican.
Dominicans
Dominicanos
Map of the Dominican people around the world
Total population
~ 14.5 million
Diaspora ~ 2.5 million
Regions with significant populations
 Dominican Republic11,427,557[1]
 United States2,393,718 (2021)[2][3]
 Spain190,190 (2021 census)[4][5]
 Puerto Rico54,025 (2021)[6][7]
 Italy48,000[7]
 Canada23,130[8]
 Chile19,481 (2021)[9]
 Venezuela14,743 (2015)[10]
  Switzerland11,154[11]
 Germany11,091 (2015)[10]
 United Kingdom10,000[12][failed verification]
 Netherlands8,688 (2015)[10]
 Panama8,095 (2015)[10]
 Curaçao7,000[7]
 Aruba5,000[7]
 U.S. Virgin Islands5,442[13][7]
 Sint Maarten4,000[7]
 France3,843 (2019)[14]
 Belgium3,000[7]
 Mexico2,849 (2020)[15]
 Austria2,942[16]
 Turks and Caicos Islands2,000[7]
 British Virgin Islands2,000[7]
 Antigua and Barbuda2,000[7]
 Haiti2,000[7]
Languages
Dominican Spanish
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic;[17]
Protestant
Related ethnic groups
Spaniards, other Caribbean people

Dominicans (Spanish: Dominicanos) are an ethno-national people, a people of shared ancestry and culture, who have ancestral roots in the Dominican Republic.[18][19]

The Dominican ethnic group was born out of a fusion of European (mainly Spanish), native Taino, and African elements, this is a fusion that goes as far back as the 1500s.[18][20] Due to this fusion, all Dominicans are of mixed-race heritage,[21][22] tracing roots mainly to these three sources, the vast majority being evenly mixed,[23] and smaller numbers being predominantly European or African.[24] The demonym Dominican is derived from Santo Domingo (Spanish equivalent Saint Dominic) and directly inherited from the name of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, which was synonymous with the island of Hispaniola as a whole and centered in the city of Santo Domingo, the capital of modern Dominican Republic.[25][26] Recent immigrants and their children, who are legal citizens of the Dominican Republic, can be considered "Dominican" by nationality but not ethnicity due to not having ancestral roots in the country.

"Dominican" was historically the name for the inhabitants of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, the site of the first Spanish settlement in the Western Hemisphere. Majority of Dominicans primarily trace their origin to the Captaincy General's European settlers, with native Taino and African influences.[27]

The majority of Dominicans reside in the Dominican Republic, while there is also a large Dominican diaspora, mainly in the United States and Spain. The total population of the Dominican Republic in 2016 was estimated by the National Bureau of Statistics of the Dominican Republic at 10.2 million, with 9.3 million of those being natives of the country, and the rest being of foreign origin.[28]

Name

[edit]

Historically the Dominican Republic was known as Santo Domingo, the name of its present capital and its patron saint, Saint Dominic. Hence the residents were called "Dominicanos" (Dominicans). The revolutionaries named their newly independent country "La República Dominicana". It was often referred to as the "Republic of San Domingo" in English language 19th century publications.[29]

History

[edit]

Pre-European history

[edit]
Main article: Chiefdoms of Hispaniola

Prior to European colonization, the inhabitants of the island were the Arawakan-speaking Taíno, a seafaring people who moved into Hispaniola from the north-east region of South America, displacing earlier inhabitants,[30] c. AD 650. The native Tainos divided the island into several chiefdoms and engaged in farming, fishing,[31] as well as hunting, and gathering.[30]

The Spaniards arrived in 1492. Columbus and his crew were the first recorded Europeans to encounter the Taíno people. Columbus described the native Taínos as a physically tall and well-proportioned people, with a noble character. After initially amicable relationships, the Taínos fought against the conquest, led by the female Chief Anacaona of Xaragua and her ex-husband Chief Caonabo of Maguana, as well as Chiefs Guacanagaríx, Guamá, Hatuey, and Enriquillo. The latter's successes gained his people an autonomous enclave for a time on the island. Within a few years after the 1492 arrival, the population of Taínos had declined drastically, due to smallpox, measles, and other diseases that arrived with the Europeans. Census records from 1514 reveal that at least 40% of Spanish men in Santo Domingo were married to Taino women,[32] and many present-day Dominicans have significant Taíno ancestry.[33][34]

European colonization

[edit]

Christopher Columbus arrived on the island in December 5, 1492, during the first of his four voyages to the Americas. He claimed the land for Spain and named it La Española due to its diverse climate and terrain which reminded him of the Spanish landscape. In 1496, Bartholomew Columbus, Christopher's brother, built the city of Santo Domingo, Western Europe's first permanent colonization in the "New World." The colony thus became the springboard for the further Spanish conquest of America and for decades the headquarters of Spanish colonial power in the hemisphere.[35]

In 1501, the colony began to import African slaves. In 1697, after decades of armed struggles with the French, Spain ceded the western coast of the island to France with the Treaty of Ryswick, whilst the Central Plateau remained under Spanish domain.[36]

By the middle of the 18th century, the population was bolstered by European emigration from the Canary Islands, resettling the northern part of the colony and planting tobacco in the Cibao Valley, and importation of slaves was renewed. After 1700, with the arrival of new Spanish colonists, the African holocaust resumed. However, as industry moved from sugar to cattle ranching, racial and caste divisions became less important, eventually leading to a blend of cultures—Spanish, African, and indigenous—which would form the basis of national identity for Dominicans.[37] It is estimated that the population of the colony in 1777 was 400,000, of which 100,000 were European, 70,000 African, 100,000 European/indigenous mestizo, 60,000 African/indigenous mestizo, and 70,000 African/European.[38]

Dominican privateers in the service of the Spanish Crown captured British, Dutch, French and Danish ships in the Caribbean Sea throughout the 18th century.[39]

Independence

[edit]
Map of the Dominican Republic

Santo Domingo attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844 from the Haitian government. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865.[40] A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative rule followed, capped by the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo from 1930 to 1961. Trujillo's regime carried out killings of thousands of Haitians and committed crimes in the United States, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Mexico.[41] Raids on the national treasury enabled Trujillo to amass a net worth of 800 million dollars (5.3 billion dollars today).[42] It has been estimated that Trujillo's tyrannical rule was responsible for the death of more than 50,000 Dominicans. The Dominican Civil War of 1965 was ended by a United States-led intervention, and was followed by the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer, the leader from 1966 to 1978. Since that time, the Dominican Republic has moved steadily toward representative democracy.

Genetics and ethnicities

[edit]
Timeline of the Dominican Republic's genetic make-up since 500 years ago showing the impact of migrations. The founder Dominican population was mostly European in origin with some Native Taíno element, but was modified by subsequent African inflows.
  European DNA
  Native American DNA
  Sub-Saharan African DNA

According to recent genealogical DNA studies of the Dominican population, the genetic makeup is predominantly European and Sub-Saharan African, with a lesser degree of Native American ancestry. The average DNA admixture of the founder Dominican population was 73% European, 10% Native, and 17% African, but due to the migration from Haiti and other Afro-Caribbean countries, the current overall admixture is 50%-60% European, 8%-12% Native and 30%-40% African.[18] [43][44][45]

2022 census

[edit]

Responses for the 2022 census population of 12 years old and above.[46] National Statistics Office.[47]

Ethnic-racial group (skin color) Population %
Indio/a[a] 2,946,377 34.2
Moreno/a 2,237,370 26.1
White 1,611,752 18.7
Mestizo/a 665,387 7.7
Black 642,018 7.5
Mulatto/a 330,207 3.8
Asian 28,343 0.3
Other 31,802 0.3
Don't know / no response 123,039 1.4
Total 8,616,295 100
Dominican people in the town of Moca.

A previous survey published in 2021, shows similar results with 74% of Dominicans self-identified as mixed (Indio[b] 45%, mulatto/moreno 25%, mestizo/jabao 2%), 18% as white, 8% black, and 0.5% as "other".[48] Previously, in the 1996 electoral roll, 82.5% of the adult population were Indio, 7.55% white, 4.13% black, and 2.3% mulatto.[49] Other estimates puts the Dominican population at 60% mixed, 35% black, and 5% white.[50]

Other groups in the country include the descendants of West Asians—mostly Lebanese, Syrians and Palestinians. A smaller, yet significant presence of East Asians (primarily ethnic Chinese and Japanese) can also be found throughout the population. Dominicans are also composed of Sephardic Jews that were exiled from Spain and the Mediterranean area in 1492 and 1497,[51] coupled with other migrations dating to the 1700s[52] and during the Second World War[53] contribute to Dominican ancestry.[54][55]

In recent times, Dominican and Puerto Rican researchers identified in the current Dominican population the presence of genes belonging to the aborigines of the Canary Islands (commonly called Guanches).[56] These types of genes have also been detected in Puerto Rico.[57]

Genetic ancestry of Dominican population
Study Year Caucasoid SSA Amerindian
Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations[58] 2010 51% 42% 7%
Reconstructing the Population Genetic History of the Caribbean[43] 2013 57% 35% 8%
Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations[18] 2015 52% 40% 8%
A continuum of admixture in the Western Hemisphere revealed by the African Diaspora genome[59] 2016 52% 38% 9%
Admixture in the Americas: Regional and National Differences[45] 2016 47% 42% 12%
Admixture mapping of peripheral artery disease in a Dominican population reveals a putative risk locus on 2q35[60] 2023 56% 37% 6%

In Dominican Republic

[edit]

Dominican Republic employs the jus sanguinis nationality law principle, unlike majority of other countries in the Americas. Therefore, citizenship is inherited through at least one parent or legal guardian who is a Dominican citizens or alternatively by invoking and proving one's ancestral link to the country.[61][62] This means that being a Dominican citizen and being an ethnic Dominican is not always interchangeable, as the former implies citizenship that one can receive moving from any country in the world to Dominican Republic, while the latter implies a people tied by ancestry and culture. Ethnic Dominicans are people who are not only born in Dominican Republic (and have legal status) or born abroad with ancestral roots in the country, but more importantly have family roots in the country going back several generations and descend from a mix of varying degrees of Spanish, Taino, and African, the three principal foundational roots of Dominican Republic.[21][63] Nearly all Dominicans are mixed race, with 75% being "visibly" and "evenly" mixed, and the remaining 25% being predominantly of African or European blood but still with notable admixture.[24] According to a 2017 estimate from the Dominican government, Dominican Republic had a population of 10,189,895, of which 847,979 were immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants and 9,341,916 were ethnic Dominicans.[1]

Immigration in the 20th and 21st centuries

[edit]

In the twentieth century, many Chinese, Arabs (primarily from Lebanon and Syria), Japanese and to a lesser degree Koreans settled in the country, working as agricultural laborers and merchants. Waves of Chinese immigrants, the latter ones fleeing the Chinese Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA), arrived and worked in mines and building railroads. The current Chinese Dominican population totals 50,000 (2010 year).[64] The Arab community is also rising at an increasing rate.

Population of foreign origin (excluding Haitians) in the Dominican Republic, by regions.

In addition, there are descendants of immigrants who came from other Caribbean islands, including Saint Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, Antigua, St. Vincent, Montserrat, Tortola, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. They worked on sugarcane plantations and docks and settled mainly in the cities of San Pedro de Macorís and Puerto Plata, they have a population of 28,000. There is an increasing number of Puerto Rican immigrants in and around Santo Domingo; they are believed to number at about 10,000. Before and during World War II 800 Jewish refugees moved to the Dominican Republic, and many of their descendants live in the town of Sosúa.[65] Nationwide, there are an estimated 100 Jews left.[66] 82,000 Americans (in 1999),[67] 40,000 Italians,[68] 1,900 French,[66] and 800 Germans.[66]

The 2010 Census registered 311,969 Haitians; 24,457 Americans; 6,691 Spaniards; 5,763 Puerto Ricans; and 5,132 Venezuelans.[69]

In 2012, the Dominican government made a survey of immigrants in the country and found that there were: 329,281 Haitian-born; 25,814 U. S.-born (excluding Puerto Rican-born); 7,062 Spanish-born; 6,083 Puerto Rican-born; 5,417 Venezuelan-born; 3,841 Cuban-born; 3,795 Italian-born; 3,606 Colombian-born; 2,043 French-born; 1,661 German-born; 1,484 Chinese-born; among others.[70][71][72][73]

In the second half of 2017, a second survey of foreign population was conducted in the Dominican Republic. The total population in the Dominican Republic was estimated at 10,189,895, of which 9,341,916 were Dominicans with no foreign background. According to the survey, the majority of the people with foreign background were of Haitian origin (751,080 out of 847,979, or 88.6%), breaking down as follows: 497,825 were Haitians born in Haiti, 171,859 Haitians born in the Dominican Republic and 81,590 Dominicans with a Haitian parent. Other main sources of foreign-born population were Venezuela (25,872), the United States (10,016), Spain (7,592), Italy (3,713), China (3,069), Colombia (2,642), Puerto Rico (2,356), and Cuba (2,024).[28]

Emigration

[edit]

United States

[edit]
Main article: Dominican American

The first recorded person of Dominican descent to migrate to what is now known as the United States was sailor-turned-merchant Juan Rodriguez. He arrived on Manhattan in 1613 from his home in Santo Domingo, which makes him the first non-Native American person to spend substantial time in the island. He also became the first Dominican, the first Latino, first Caribbean and the first person with European (specifically Portuguese) and African ancestry to settle in what is present day New York City.[74]

Dominican emigration to the United States continued throughout the centuries. Recent research from the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute has documented some 5,000 Dominican emigrants who were processed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924.[75]

During the second half of the twentieth century, there were three significant waves of immigration to the United States. The first period began in 1961, when a coalition of high-ranking Dominicans, with assistance from the CIA, assassinated General Rafael Trujillo, the nation's military dictator.[76] In the wake of his death, fear of retaliation by Trujillo's allies, and political uncertainty in general, spurred migration from the island. In 1965, the United States began a military occupation of the Dominican Republic and eased travel restrictions, making it easier for Dominicans to obtain American visas.[77] From 1966 to 1978, the exodus continued, fueled by high unemployment and political repression. Communities established by the first wave of immigrants to the U.S. created a network that assisted subsequent arrivals. In the early 1980s, unemployment, inflation, and the rise in the value of the dollar all contributed to the third and largest wave of emigration from the island nation, this time mostly from the lower-class. Today, emigration from the Dominican Republic remains high, facilitated by the social networks of now-established Dominican communities in the United States.[78]

Besides the United States, significant numbers of Dominicans have also settled in Spain and in the nearby U.S. territory of Puerto Rico.

Dominicans in New York Dominican Day Parade.
Dominicans in Spain dance in culture parade of Valencia.

Dominican Emigration

[edit]
Top Dominican Emigration (2022)[11]
Rank Country Dominican Population
1 United States United States 2,453,185
2 Spain Spain 158,393
3 Italy Italy 43,012
4 Venezuela Venezuela 14,972
5 Switzerland Switzerland 11,154
6 Germany Germany 11,127
7 Canada Canada 9,823
8 Netherlands Netherlands 9,383
9 Panama Panama 8,358
10 Haiti Haiti 5,110
11 France France 3,544
12 Austria Austria 3,441
13 Mexico Mexico 2,043
14 Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda 1,819
15 United Kingdom United Kingdom 1,217
16 Costa Rica Costa Rica 1,104
17 Norway Norway 856
18 Belgium Belgium 745
19 Sweden Sweden 741
20 Argentina Argentina 709
21 Greece Greece 555
22 Colombia Colombia 410
23 Brazil Brazil 381
24 Ecuador Ecuador 363
25 The Bahamas Bahamas 303
26 Chile Chile 289
27 Finland Finland 204
28 Australia Australia 187
29 Denmark Denmark 187
30 Peru Peru 185

Dominican Immigration

[edit]
Top Countries Immigration to the Dominican Republic (2022)[79]
Rank Country Population in the Dominican Republic
1 Haiti Haiti 496,112
2 Venezuela Venezuela 34,063
3 United States United States 14,626
4 Spain Spain 7,272
5 Italy Italy 4,375
6 China China 3,942
7 France France 3,894
8 Cuba Cuba 3,402
9 Colombia Colombia 2,962
10 Germany Germany 1,938
11 Mexico Mexico 1,563
12 Peru Peru 1,489
13 Canada Canada 1,267
14 Argentina Argentina 1,116
15 Switzerland Switzerland 1,088
16 Panama Panama 789
17 Brazil Brazil 671
18 Chile Chile 661
19 Netherlands Netherlands 617
20 Ecuador Ecuador 605
21 South Korea South Korea 587
22 United Kingdom United Kingdom 503
23 Russia Russia 503
24 Guatemala Guatemala 446
25 Honduras Honduras 442
26 Japan Japan 359
27 Costa Rica Costa Rica 320
28 Nicaragua Nicaragua 303
29 El Salvador El Salvador 278
30 Belgium Belgium 266

Culture

[edit]
Main articles: Culture of the Dominican Republic and Dominican Spanish

The culture of the Dominican Republic, like its Caribbean neighbors, is a blend of the cultures of the European settlers, African slaves and settlers, and Taíno natives. Spanish is the official language. Other languages, such as English, French, German, Italian, and Chinese are also spoken to varying degrees. European, African, and Taíno cultural elements are most prominent in food, family structure, religion, and music. Many Arawak/Taíno names and words are used in daily conversation and for many foods native to the Dominican Republic.[80]

National symbols

[edit]
Dominican flag.

Some of the Dominican Republic's important symbols are the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem, titled Himno Nacional. The flag has a large white cross that divides it into four quarters. Two quarters are red and two are blue. Red represents the blood shed by the liberators. Blue expresses God's protection over the nation. The white cross symbolizes the struggle of the liberators to bequeath future generations a free nation. An alternative interpretation is that blue represents the ideals of progress and liberty, whereas white symbolizes peace and unity among Dominicans.[81]

Dominicans in Santiago de los Caballeros.

In the center of the cross is the Dominican coat of arms, in the same colors as the national flag. The coat of arms pictures a red, white, and blue flag-draped shield with a Bible, a gold cross, and arrows; the shield is surrounded by an olive branch (on the left) and a palm branch (on the right). The Bible traditionally represents the truth and the light. The gold cross symbolizes the redemption from slavery, and the arrows symbolize the noble soldiers and their proud military. A blue ribbon above the shield reads, "Dios, Patria, Libertad" (meaning "God, Fatherland, Liberty"). A red ribbon under the shield reads, "República Dominicana" (meaning "Dominican Republic"). Out of all the flags in the world, the depiction of a Bible is unique to the Dominican flag.

The national flower is the Bayahibe Rose and the national tree is the West Indian Mahogany.[82] The national bird is the Cigua Palmera or Palmchat ("Dulus dominicus").[83]

Language

[edit]

Spanish is the predominant language in the Dominican Republic; the local dialect is called Dominican Spanish, it closely resembles Canarian Spanish, Andalusian Spanish, and has influences from Arawak languages.[84] Schools are based on a Spanish educational model, with English and French being taught as secondary languages in both private and public schools. Haitian Creole is spoken by the population of Haitian descent.[85] There is a community of about 8,000 speakers of Samaná English in the Samaná Peninsula. They are the descendants of formerly-enslaved African Americans who arrived in the 19th century. Tourism, American pop culture, the influence of Dominican Americans, and the country's economic ties with the United States motivate other Dominicans to learn English.

Religion

[edit]
Main article: Religion in the Dominican Republic
Iglesia Sagrado Corazón de Jesus in Moca, Dominican Republic.

The Dominican Republic is 80% Christian, including 57% Roman Catholic and 23% Protestant.[86] Recent but small scale immigration, as well as proselytizing, has brought other religions, with the following shares of the population: Spiritist: 1.2%,[87] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: 1.1%,[88] Buddhist: 0.10%, Baháʼí: 0.1%,[87] Islam: 0.02%, Judaism: 0.01%, Chinese folk religion: 0.1%.[87]

People attending mass in Cathedral of Santo Domingo.

Roman Catholicism was introduced by Columbus and Spanish missionaries. Religion was not really the foundation of their entire society, as it was in other parts of the world at the time, and most of the population did not attend church on a regular basis. Nonetheless, most of the education in the country was based upon the Catholic religion, as the Bible was required in the curricula of all public schools. Children would use religious-based dialogue when greeting a relative or parent. For example, a child would say "Bless me, mother", and the mother would reply "May God bless you". The nation has two patroness saints: Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia (Our Lady Of High Grace) is the patroness of the Dominican people, and Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady Of Mercy) is the patroness of the Dominican Republic. The Catholic Church began to lose popularity in the late nineteenth century. This was due to a lack of funding, of priests, and of support programs. During the same time, the Protestant evangelical movement began to gain support. Religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in the country has been rare.

There have always been religious freedom throughout the entire country. Not until the 1950s were restrictions placed upon churches by Trujillo. Letters of protest were sent against the mass arrests of government adversaries. Trujillo began a campaign against the church and planned to arrest priests and bishops who preached against the government. This campaign ended before it was even put into place, with his assassination.

Judaism appeared in the Dominican Republic in the late 1930s. During World War II, a group of Jews escaping Nazi Germany fled to the Dominican Republic and founded the city of Sosúa. It has remained the center of the Jewish population since.[89]

Cuisine

[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of the Dominican Republic

Dominican cuisine is predominantly made up of a combination of Spanish, Native American, and African influences over the last few centuries. The typical cuisine is quite similar to what can be found in other Latin American countries, but many of the names of dishes are different. One breakfast dish consists of eggs and mangú (mashed, boiled plantain). For heartier versions, these are accompanied by deep-fried meat (typically Dominican salami) and/or cheese. Similarly to Spain, lunch is generally the largest and most important meal of the day. Lunch usually consists of rice, some type of meat (chicken, beef, pork, or fish), beans, plantains, and a side portion of salad. "La Bandera" (literally, The Flag), the most popular lunch dish, consists of meat and red beans on white rice. There is a famous soup "Sancocho" a typical national soup made with seven kinds of variety of meats.[90]

Dominican cuisine usually accommodates all the food groups, incorporating meat or seafood; rice, potatoes, or plantains; and is accompanied by some other type of vegetable or salad. However, meals usually heavily favor starches and meats over dairy products and vegetables. Many dishes are made with sofrito, which is a mix of local herbs and spices sautéed to bring out all of the dish's flavors. Throughout the south-central coast, bulgur, or whole wheat, is a main ingredient in quipes or tipili (bulgur salad). Other favorite Dominican dishes include chicharrón, yuca, casabe, and pastelitos (empanadas), batata, pasteles en hoja, (ground-roots pockets)[91] chimichurris, plátanos maduros (ripe plantain), and tostones.

Some treats Dominicans enjoy are arroz con dulce (or arroz con leche), bizcocho dominicano (lit. Dominican cake), habichuelas con dulce (sweet creamed beans), flan, frío frío (snow cones), dulce de leche, and caña (sugarcane).[92]

The beverages Dominicans enjoy include Morir Soñando, rum, beer, Mama Juana, batida (smoothie), jugos naturales (freshly squeezed fruit juices), mabí, and coffee.[93]

Music and dance

[edit]
Main article: Music of the Dominican Republic
Dominican merengue singer Fernando Villalona

Musically, the Dominican Republic is known for the creation of the musical style called merengue,[94] a type of lively, fast-paced rhythm and dance music consisting of a tempo of about 120 to 160 beats per minute (it varies wildly) based on musical elements like drums, brass, and chorded instruments, as well as some elements unique to the music style of the DR. It includes the use of the tambora (Dominican drum), accordion, and güira. Its syncopated beats use Latin percussion, brass instruments, bass, and piano or keyboard. Between 1937 and 1950 the merengue music was promoted internationally, by some Dominicans groups like, Billo's Caracas Boys, Chapuseaux and Damiron Los Reyes del Merengue, Joseito Mateo and others. Later on it was more popularized via television, radio and international media, well-known merengue singers include singer/songwriter Juan Luis Guerra, Fernando Villalona, Eddy Herrera, Sergio Vargas, Toño Rosario, Johnny Ventura, and Milly Quezada and Chichí Peralta. Merengue became popular in the United States, mostly on the East Coast, during the 1980s and 90s,[95] when many Dominican artists, among them Victor Roque y La Gran Manzana, Henry Hierro, Zacarias Ferraira, Aventura, Milly, and Jocelyn Y Los Vecinos, residing in the U.S. (particularly New York City) started performing in the Latin club scene and gained radio airplay. The emergence of bachata, c along with an increase in the number of Dominicans living among other Latino groups in New York, New Jersey, and Florida have contributed to Dominican music's overall growth in popularity.[96]

Dominican musician Juan Luis Guerra

Bachata, a form of music and dance that originated in the countryside and rural marginal neighborhoods of the Dominican Republic, has become quite popular in recent years. Its subjects are often romantic; especially prevalent are tales of heartbreak and sadness. In fact, the original name for the genre was amargue ("bitterness", or "bitter music", or blues music), until the rather ambiguous (and mood-neutral) term bachata became popular. Bachata grew out of and is still closely related to, the pan-Latin American romantic style called bolero. Over time, it has been influenced by merengue and by a variety of Latin American guitar styles.

Salsa music has had a great deal of popularity in the country. During the late 1960s Dominican musicians like Johnny Pacheco, creator of the Fania All Stars played a significant role in the development and popularization of the genre.[97]

Visual arts

[edit]
Main article: Dominican art
Lluvia en el mercado (English: Rain in the Market), 1942 (Museo de Arte Moderno, Santo Domingo).

Historically, the painting of this time were centered around images connected to national independence, historical scenes, portraits but also landscapes and images of still life. Styles of painting ranged between neoclassicism and romanticism. Between 1920 and 1940 the art scene was influenced by styles of realism and impressionism. Dominican artists were focused on breaking from previous, academic styles in order to develop more independent and individual styles. The artists of the times were Celeste Woss y Gil (1890–1985), Jaime Colson (1901–1975), Yoryi O. Morel (1906–1979) and Darío Suro (1917–1997).

  • El Puerto sobre el Río Ozama. Alejandro Bonilla 1868
    El Puerto sobre el Río Ozama. Alejandro Bonilla 1868
  • El amor que llega. Abelardo Rodriguez Urdaneta without date
    El amor que llega. Abelardo Rodriguez Urdaneta without date
  • Abelardo Rodríguez Urdaneta. Urdaneta. Mujer de espalda. date unknown
    Abelardo Rodríguez Urdaneta. Urdaneta. Mujer de espalda. date unknown
  • Abelardo Rodríguez Urdaneta. Marina. date unknown.
    Abelardo Rodríguez Urdaneta. Marina. date unknown.
  • El Moro. Arturo Grullón. 1900
    El Moro. Arturo Grullón. 1900
  • Arturo Grullon – Still life with bird, 1898
    Arturo Grullon – Still life with bird, 1898
  • Arturo Grullon – Water from the fountain
    Arturo Grullon – Water from the fountain
  • Grullon Retrato de Monsieur
    Grullon Retrato de Monsieur
  • Grullón, Paisaje Urbano
    Grullón, Paisaje Urbano
  • Canastera. Leopoldo Navarro 1900
    Canastera. Leopoldo Navarro 1900
  • The Spinners Navarro
    The Spinners Navarro

Between 1950 and 1970 Dominican art expressed the social and political conditions of the time. A need for a renewal of the image language emerged and, as a result, paintings were created in non-figurative, abstract, geometric and cubistic styles. The most notable artists included Paul Giudicelli (1921–1965), Clara Ledesma (1924–1999), Gilberto Hernandez Ortega (1924–1979), Gaspar Mario Cruz (1925–2006), Luichy M. Richiez (1928–2000), Eligio Pichardo (1929–1984), Domingo Liz (b. 1931), Silvano Lora (1934–2003), Cándido Bidó (1936–2011) and José Ramírez Conde (1940–1987).

Fashion

[edit]

In only seven years, the Dominican Republic's fashion week has become the most important event of its kind in all of the Caribbean and one of the fastest-growing fashion events in the entire Latin American fashion world. The country boasts one of the ten most important design schools in the region, La Escuela de Diseño de Altos de Chavón, which is making the country a key player in the world of fashion and design.

World-famous fashion designer Oscar de la Renta was born in the Dominican Republic in 1932 and became a US citizen in 1971. He studied under the leading Spaniard designer Cristóbal Balenciaga and then worked with the house of Lanvin in Paris. Then by 1963, de la Renta had designs carrying his own label. After establishing himself in the US, de la Renta opened boutiques across the country. His work blends French and Spaniard fashion with American styles.[98][99] Although he settled in New York, de la Renta also marketed his work in Latin America, where it became very popular, and remained active in his native Dominican Republic, where his charitable activities and personal achievements earned him the Juan Pablo Duarte Order of Merit and the Order of Cristóbal Colón.[99]

Sports

[edit]
Main article: Sports in the Dominican Republic
Dominican native and Major League Baseball player Albert Pujols

Baseball is by far the most popular sport in the Dominican Republic.[100] After the United States, the Dominican Republic has the second-highest number of Major League Baseball (MLB) players. Some of these players have been regarded among the best in the game. Historically, the Dominican Republic has been linked to MLB since Ozzie Virgil Sr. became the first Dominican to play in the league. Juan Marichal is the first Dominican-born player in the Baseball Hall of Fame.[101]

Dominican ambassador Jonny de Jesús Martínez showcasing baseball culture.

Olympic gold medalist and world champion over 400 m hurdles Félix Sánchez hails from the Dominican Republic, as does current defensive end for the San Diego Chargers (National Football League [NFL]), Luis Castillo. Castillo was the cover athlete for the Spanish language version of Madden NFL 08.[102]

Holidays

[edit]
Date Name
January 1 New Year's Day Non-working day.
January 6 Catholic day of the Epiphany Movable.
January 21 Día de la Altagracia Non-working day. Patroness Day (Catholic).
January 26 Duarte's Day Movable. Founding Father.
February 27 Independence Day Non-working day. National Day.
(Variable date) Holy Week Working days, except Good Friday.
A Catholic holiday.
May 1 International Workers' Day Movable.
Last Sunday of May Mother's Day
(Variable date) Catholic Corpus Christi Non-working day. A Thursday in May or June
(60 days after Easter Sunday).
August 16 Restoration Day Non-working day.
September 24 Virgen de las Mercedes Non-working day. A Patroness Day (Catholic)
November 6 Constitution Day Movable.
December 25 Christmas Non-working days.

Notes:

  • Non-working holidays are not moved to another day.
  • If a movable holiday falls on Saturday, Sunday or Monday then it is not moved to another day. If it falls on Tuesday or Wednesday, the holiday is moved to the previous Monday. If it falls on Thursday or Friday, the holiday is moved to the next Monday.

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • The Mulatto Republic: Class, Race, and Dominican National Identity. April J. Mayes. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014. ISBN 978-0-8130-4919-9

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The term "indio" in the Dominican Republic is not associated with people of indigenous ancestry but people of mixed ancestry or skin color between light and dark
  2. ^ The term "indio" in the Dominican Republic is not associated with people of indigenous ancestry but people of mixed ancestry or skin color between light and dark

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Worldometer Domican Republic population based on 2024 UN Data".
  2. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov.
  3. ^ US Census Bureau. "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin".
  4. ^ "Población por comunidades y provincias, país de nacimiento, edad (Grupos quinquenales) y sexo". Archived from the original on 2021-01-30. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  5. ^ "El Nuevo Diario - Los dominicanos en el exterior".[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "International Migrant Stock 2020 (Destination and origin)" (XLSX). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2021-01-15. Tab "Table 1"; Column F (origin) "Dominican Republic"; Column B (destinations); Data for 2020 is in Column N. Archived from the original on 2021-11-18. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
    • The web page which contains link to this file: "International Migrant Stock 2020". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  8. ^ "Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". Canada 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 2019-02-20. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  9. ^ "Estimaciones de extranjeros". Extranjeria. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  10. ^ a b c d "The Dominican Republic's migration landscape" (PDF). www.oecd-ilibrary.org. 2017. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  11. ^ a b "República Dominicana - Emigrantes totales 2017". Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  12. ^ "Otros Servicios - Embassy of the Dominican Republic". 22 August 2016.
  13. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov.
  14. ^ "República Dominicana - Emigrantes totales". expansion.com/ Datosmacro.com.
  15. ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020". INEGI (in Spanish).
  16. ^ AUSTRIA, STATISTIK. "Bevölkerungsstruktur". www.statistik.at. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  17. ^ "Central America :: Dominican Republic — The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  18. ^ a b c d Montinaro, Francesco; et al. (24 March 2015). "Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations". Nature Communications. 6. See Supplementary Data. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6596M. doi:10.1038/ncomms7596. PMC 4374169. PMID 25803618.
  19. ^ Turits, Richard (2005-10-14). "Race beyond the Plantation: Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Santo Domingo" (PDF). agrarianstudies.macmillan.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  20. ^ "Search results Dominican Republic". UNHCR Refworld Global Law & Policy Database. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  21. ^ a b "Ancestry DNA Results: Dominicans are Spaniards Mixed with Africans and Tainos". 2019-11-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03.
  22. ^ "Dominicans are 49% Black, 39% White and 4% Indian".
  23. ^ Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadística de la República Dominicana. 2022.
  24. ^ a b "Differences in Labels between the United States and the Dominican Republic". 2022-11-05. Archived from the original on 2022-05-23.
  25. ^ Balcácer, Juan Daniel (September 8, 2012). "Acerca del gentilicio de los dominicanos". Diario Libre.
  26. ^ Silverio, Marian. "El gentilicio dominicano - litteranova.com". litteranova.com.
  27. ^ Esteva Fabregat, Claudio «La hispanización del mestizaje cultural en América» Revista Complutense de Historia de América, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. p. 133 (1981)
  28. ^ a b Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes en la República Dominicana [ENI-2017] - Versión resumida del Informe General [Second National Survey of Immigrants in the Dominican Republic [ENI-2017] - Summary version of the General Report] (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadística. June 2017. p. 48. ISBN 978-9945-015-17-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  29. ^ "Southern Workman 1 April 1885 — Virginia Chronicle: Digital Newspaper Archive". virginiachronicle.com.
  30. ^ a b Luna Calderón, Fernando (December 2002). "ADN Mitocondrial Taíno en la República Dominicana" [Taíno Mitochondrial DNA in the Dominican Republic] (PDF). Kacike (in Spanish) (Special). ISSN 1562-5028. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2008.
  31. ^ "Dominican Republic". Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  32. ^ Ferbel Azcarate, Pedro J. (December 2002). "Not Everyone Who Speaks Spanish is from Spain: Taíno Survival in the 21st Century Dominican Republic" (PDF). KACIKE: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology (Special). ISSN 1562-5028. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2004. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
  33. ^ Guitar, Lynne (December 2012). "Documenting the Myth of Taíno Extinction" (PDF). Kacike (Special). ISSN 1562-5028. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  34. ^ Martínez Cruzado, Juan Carlos (December 2002). "The Use of Mitochondrial DNA to Discover Pre-Columbian Migrations to the Caribbean: Results for Puerto Rico and Expectations for the Dominican Republic" (PDF). Kacike (Special). ISSN 1562-5028. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  35. ^ "Hispaniola - Genocide Studies Program - Yale University".
  36. ^ "Dominican Republic: History - globalEDGE".
  37. ^ P. J. Ferbel (2002). "La sobrevivencia de la cultura Taína en la República Dominicana" [Survival of the Taino culture in the Dominican Republic] (in Spanish). suncaribbean.net. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  38. ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Dominican Republic". Minority Rights Group International – MRGI. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  39. ^ "Corsairs of Santo Domingo a socio-economic study, 1718-1779" (PDF).
  40. ^ "Central America :: Dominican Republic — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. 29 November 2022.
  41. ^ "Documentary Heritage on the Resistance and Struggle for Human Rights in the Dominican Republic, 1930-1961" (PDF).
  42. ^ Rogozinski 258
  43. ^ a b Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gravel, Simon; Zakharia, Fouad; McCauley, Jacob L.; Byrnes, Jake K.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia A.; Martínez, Ricardo J.; Hedges, Dale J.; Morris, Richard W.; Eng, Celeste; Sandoval, Karla; Acevedo-Acevedo, Suehelay; Norman, Paul J.; Layrisse, Zulay; Parham, Peter; Martínez-Cruzado, Juan Carlos; Burchard, Esteban González; Cuccaro, Michael L.; Martin, Eden R.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (2013). "Reconstructing the Population Genetic History of the Caribbean". PLOS Genetics. 9 (11): e1003925. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003925. PMC 3828151. PMID 24244192.
  44. ^ Estrada-Veras, Juvianee I.; Cabrera-Peña, Giselle A.; Pérez-Estrella de Ferrán, Ceila (12 May 2016). "Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the Dominican Republic: challenges and opportunities". Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. 4 (3): 243–256. doi:10.1002/mgg3.224. PMC 4867558. PMID 27247952.
  45. ^ a b "Admixture in the Americas: Regional and National Differences".
  46. ^ "REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA: Población de 12 años y más, por percepción del informante acerca de las facciones, color de piel y otras características culturales de los miembros del hogar, según región, provincia y grupos de edades". one.gob.do. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  47. ^ "REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA: Población de 12 años y más, por percepción del informante acerca de las facciones, color de piel y otras características culturales de los miembros del hogar, según región, provincia y grupos de edades". one.gob.do. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  48. ^ "Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana" (PDF). Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadística de la República Dominicana. September 2021. p. 22. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  49. ^ Moya Pons, Frank (2010). "Evolución de la población dominicana". In Frank Moya Pons (ed.). Historia de la República Dominicana [History of the Dominican Republic] (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santo Domingo: CSIC Press. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-84-00-09240-5. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  50. ^ [1]
  51. ^ "The Exile of the Jews due to the Spanish Inquisition". Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  52. ^ "Jews migration in the 1700s". Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  53. ^ "Jews migration to the Dominican Republic to seek refuge from the Holocaust". Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  54. ^ "A partial, brief summary of Jews in the Dominican Republic". Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  55. ^ "Dominican Republic-Jews". Archived from the original on 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
  56. ^ "Un estudio descubre la presencia de genes guanches en la República Dominicana". Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
  57. ^ "La Comunidad » DOCUMENTALES GRATIS » UN ESTUDIO DEL GENOMA TAINO Y GUANCHE. ADN o DNA. Primera parte". February 6, 2010. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010.
  58. ^ Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations
  59. ^ A continuum of admixture in the Western Hemisphere revealed by the African Diaspora genome
  60. ^ Admixture mapping of peripheral artery disease in a Dominican population reveals a putative risk locus on 2q35
  61. ^ Katz, Jonathan M. (2018-11-12). "What Happened When a Nation Erased Birthright Citizenship". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  62. ^ Wuchold, Eva (January 18, 2021). "Dominican Republic: Changing the rules - RLS Geneva".
  63. ^ Ferbel-Azcarate, Pedro (January 2002). "Not Everyone Who Speaks Spanish is From Spain: Taino Survival in the 21st Century Dominican Republic". Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  64. ^ "The Chinese Community and Santo Domingo's Barrio Chino". Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  65. ^ "CCNY Jewish Studies Class to Visit Dominican Village that Provided Refuge to European Jews During World War II" (Press release). City College of New York. Archived from the original on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  66. ^ a b c "Joshua Project People-in-Country Profile". Archived from the original on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  67. ^ "American Citizens Living Abroad by Country" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  68. ^ "* INFORM *; Giovani italiani nel Centro America e Caraibi". Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  69. ^ Oficina Nacional de Estadística (June 2012). "IX Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2010: Volumen 1 (Informe General)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Santo Domingo. pp. 99–103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  70. ^ "El panorama de la migración en República Dominicana". Interacciones entre Políticas Públicas, Migración y Desarrollo en República Dominicana. Caminos de Desarrollo. June 22, 2017. pp. 39–59. doi:10.1787/9789264276918-6-es. ISBN 978-92-64-27690-1 – via OECD iLibrary.
  71. ^ Martínez, Darlenny (2 May 2013). "Estudio: en RD viven 534,632 extranjeros". El Caribe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014. Según la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes de la República Dominicana (ENI-2012), (...) Después de Haití, explica la investigación, las 10 naciones de donde proceden más inmigrantes son Estados Unidos, con 13,524; España, con 6,720, y Puerto Rico, con 4,416. Además Italia, con 4,040; China, con 3,643; Francia, con 3,599; Venezuela, con 3,434; Cuba con 3,145 inmigrantes; Colombia con 2,738 y Alemania con 1,792.
  72. ^ "Primera Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes (ENI-2012)" Archived 2015-06-21 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (former 'Oficina Nacional de Estadística') & United Nations Population Fund. p. 63. 2012.
  73. ^ Juan Bolívar Díaz (4 May 2013). "RD país de emigrantes más que de inmigrantes" (in Spanish). Hoy. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  74. ^ "Dominican Who was City's First Settler to Get Street". Voices Of NY. December 11, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  75. ^ "Preview of Research Findings October 22: Dominican Immigration Through Ellis Island". CUNY Dominican Studies Institute News. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  76. ^ "Justice Department Memo, 1975" (PDF). National Security Archive. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-06-27. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
  77. ^ Morrison, Thomas K.; Sinkin, Richard (1982). "International Migration in the Dominican Republic: Implications for Development Planning". International Migration Review. 16 (4): 819–36. doi:10.2307/2546161. JSTOR 2546161. PMID 12265312.
  78. ^ "Social Studies In Action: Migration From Latin America". www.learner.org. Archived from the original on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
  79. ^ "República Dominicana - Inmigración". Datosmacro.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  80. ^ "Dominican Republic: Explore Dominican Culture".
  81. ^ "Ejército Nacional de la República Dominicana – Bandera Nacional" (in Spanish). National Army of the Dominican Republic. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  82. ^ López, Yaniris (July 17, 2011). "La rosa de Bayahíbe, nuestra flor nacional". Listin Diario.
  83. ^ Pérez, Faustino. "El jardín Botánico Nacional" [The National Botanical Garden]. DiarioDigitalRD.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 23, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  84. ^ Henríquez Ureña, Pedro (1940). El Español en Santo Domingo (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Filología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.
  85. ^ Baker, Colin; Prys Jones, Sylvia, eds. (1998). Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. Multilingual Matters. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-85359-362-8. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  86. ^ "Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region" (PDF). November 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  87. ^ a b c "Religious Freedom Page". Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  88. ^ "Country Profiles > Dominican Republic". Archived from the original on October 17, 2009.
  89. ^ Haggerty, Richard (1989). "Dominican Republic - Religion". Dominican Republic: A Country Study. U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2006-09-23. Retrieved 2006-05-21.
  90. ^ "Customs & Cuisine of the Dominican Republic - Together Women Rise". 10 June 2021.
  91. ^ "Pasteles en hoja (Ground-roots pockets) - Dominican Cooking". 2002-12-20. Archived from the original on 2008-10-21. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
  92. ^ Morris, Kerry-Ann; Ismail, Nafisah (2004). Dominican Republic. Gareth Stevens. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8368-3110-8.
  93. ^ "Dominican Republic Cuisine by Hispaniola.com". Archived from the original on 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
  94. ^ Harvey, Sean (January 2006). The Rough Guide to The Dominican Republic. Rough Guides. pp. 376–7. ISBN 978-1-84353-497-6.
  95. ^ Harvey, Sean (January 2006). The Rough Guide to The Dominican Republic. Rough Guides. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-84353-497-6.
  96. ^ Harvey, Sean (January 2006). The Rough Guide to The Dominican Republic. Rough Guides. pp. 378. ISBN 978-1-84353-497-6.
  97. ^ Hernandez, Deborah Pacini (1995). Bachata: A Social History of a Dominican Popular Music. Temple University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-56639-300-3. - Article on the book: Bachata: A Social History of a Dominican Popular Music
  98. ^ Fashion: Oscar de la Renta (Dominican Republic) Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine WCAX.com – Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  99. ^ a b Oscar de la Renta Archived 2013-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  100. ^ Harvey, Sean (January 2006). The Rough Guide to The Dominican Republic. Rough Guides. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-84353-497-6.
  101. ^ "Marichal, Juan". Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  102. ^ Shanahan, Tom (2007-03-24). "San Diego Hall of Champions - Sports at Lunch, Luis Castillo and Felix Sanchez". San Diego Hall of Champions. Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominicans&oldid=1264136625"