Downers Grove, Illinois

Downers Grove, Illinois
Village
Main Street
Main Street
Official seal of Downers Grove, Illinois
Seal
Official logo of Downers Grove, Illinois
Logo
Location of Downers Grove in DuPage County, Illinois
Location of Downers Grove in DuPage County, Illinois
Downers Grove is located in Greater Chicago
Downers Grove
Downers Grove
Downers Grove is located in Illinois
Downers Grove
Downers Grove
Downers Grove is located in the United States
Downers Grove
Downers Grove
Coordinates: 41°47′41″N 88°01′01″W / 41.79472°N 88.01694°W / 41.79472; -88.01694
CountryUnited States
StateIllinois
CountyDuPage
TownshipsDowners Grove, Lisle, York, Milton
Founded1832
Incorporated1873
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • MayorRobert T. Barnett[1]
Area
[2]
 • Total
14.80 sq mi (38.32 km2)
 • Land14.65 sq mi (37.94 km2)
 • Water0.15 sq mi (0.39 km2)
Elevation
705 ft (215 m)
Highest elevation
741 ft (226 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
50,247
 • Density3,430.53/sq mi (1,324.51/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
60515–60517
Area codes630 and 331
FIPS code17-20591
GNIS ID2398745
Websitewww.downers.us
[3][4]
"Downers Grove" redirects here. For the novel, see Downers Grove (novel).
For the township, see Downers Grove Township, DuPage County, Illinois.

Downers Grove is a village in DuPage County, Illinois, United States. It was founded in 1832 by Pierce Downer, whose surname serves as the eponym for the village. Per the 2020 census, the population of the village was 50,247. It is a south-western suburb of Chicago located between I-88 and I-55.

History

[edit]
The Lyman Home (1839) in Downers Grove was a former stop on the Underground Railroad

Downers Grove was founded in 1832 by Pierce Downer,[5] a farmer who traveled to Illinois from Rutland, New York, but was originally from Vermont.[6] Downers Grove was named for a lush grove of old-growth bur oak trees surrounding the village, which stood out from the local savanna landscape.[7] Its other early settlers included the Blodgett, Curtiss, Blanchard, Stanley, Lyman, and Carpenter families. The original settlers were mostly migrants from the Northeastern United States and Northern Europe. In 1839, Reverend Orange Lyman, a presbyterian minister, and his wife Maria Dewey Lyman arrived, and built what is believed to be the first home in Downers Grove.[8] The first schoolhouse was built in 1844. In 1846, the Blodgett house was built by Israel and Avis Blodgett. It was the second (or third) home built in Downers Grove. Both the Lyman and Blodgett homes are of cultural significance, as they were both built by abolitionist families and served as former stops on the Underground Railroad.[9]

The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad was extended from Aurora to Chicago through Downers Grove in 1864, boosting its population. The town was incorporated in March 1873. Its somewhat unusual spelling ("Apostrophe-free since 1873") remains a minor historical mystery.

Main article: Downers Grove train wreck (1947)

In April 1947, the wreck of a Burlington Railroad Twin Cities Zephyr passenger train killed three people, including the engineer. The streamliner struck a large tractor which had fallen from a freight train and two passenger cars crashed through a wall of the Main Street Station.

The construction of two major toll roads along the village's northern and western boundaries, I-355 in 1989, and what is now referred to as I-88 in 1958, facilitated the village's access to the rest of Chicago metropolitan area. I-55 is not far from the south edge of the village. Downers Grove has developed into a bustling Chicago suburb with many diverse businesses, including the headquarters for Devry University, FTD, Ambitech Engineering Corp, Dover, Heartland Food Corporation, and HAVI Global Solutions.

Housing

[edit]

The housing stock in Downers Grove comprises a mixture; some, generally near the center of town, date from the middle of the 19th century, but housing styles of each succeeding generation are represented. Downers Grove has witnessed one of the highest teardown rates in the Chicago area; small older residences are being demolished and replaced with much larger new houses.[10] Teardowns have been the source of much controversy within the village. Since they occupy much more land than the original houses, rainwater that was originally absorbed by their yards is directed into neighboring yards and streets, resulting in flooding.[11] Concerns have been raised that teardowns reduce affordable housing in the town and promote gentrification.[12]

Geography

[edit]
Map of the village's boundaries within DuPage County

According to the 2010 census, Downers Grove has a total area of 14.457 square miles (37.44 km2), of which 14.31 square miles (37.06 km2) (or 98.98%) is land and 0.147 square miles (0.38 km2) (or 1.02%) is water.[13] Only the DuPage County communities of Bartlett, Aurora, Naperville and Bolingbrook have larger land areas. Within the town are two forest preserves: Lyman Woods[14] and Maple Grove Forest Preserve.[15] A small creek runs through Maple Grove forest preserve. Downers Grove has been designated a Tree City USA 28 times by the National Arbor Day Foundation.[16]

Climate

[edit]

Downers Grove is in a humid continental climate zone. On average, January is the coldest month, while July is the warmest month. August typically has the most precipitation, and February the least. The record high for Downers Grove was 105 °F (41 °C) in July 2005, and the record low of −26 °F (−32 °C) was set in January 1985.[17]

Climate data for Downers Grove, Illinois
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 65
(18) 		70
(21) 		85
(29) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		103
(39) 		105
(41) 		100
(38) 		100
(38) 		90
(32) 		78
(26) 		70
(21) 		105
(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32
(0) 		38
(3) 		50
(10) 		63
(17) 		75
(24) 		84
(29) 		87
(31) 		85
(29) 		78
(26) 		67
(19) 		50
(10) 		37
(3) 		62
(17)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 14
(−10) 		19
(−7) 		28
(−2) 		38
(3) 		48
(9) 		57
(14) 		63
(17) 		61
(16) 		53
(12) 		42
(6) 		32
(0) 		20
(−7) 		40
(4)
Record low °F (°C) −26
(−32) 		−21
(−29) 		−10
(−23) 		4
(−16) 		25
(−4) 		32
(0) 		41
(5) 		38
(3) 		27
(−3) 		14
(−10) 		−4
(−20) 		−21
(−29) 		−26
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.85
(47) 		1.56
(40) 		2.62
(67) 		3.80
(97) 		3.94
(100) 		3.91
(99) 		3.97
(101) 		4.60
(117) 		3.38
(86) 		2.66
(68) 		3.20
(81) 		2.45
(62) 		37.94
(965)
Source: [17]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880586—
189096063.8%
19002,103119.1%
19102,60123.7%
19202,076−20.2%
19302,92340.8%
19409,526225.9%
195010,88614.3%
196018,15466.8%
197028,54457.2%
198036,57228.1%
199046,85828.1%
200048,7244.0%
201047,833−1.8%
202050,2475.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[18]
2018 Estimate[19]

As of the 2020 census,[20][21] there were 50,327 people living in Downers Grove. The population density was 3,475.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,341.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 84.3% White alone (not Hispanic or Latino), 3.4% Black or African American alone, 0.1% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 5.3% Asian alone, 0.0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino were 5.0% of the population.[22]

There were 20,115 households, with an average household size of 2.42 and an average family size of 3.09. 53.5% of family households included married couples living together, 16.2% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 26.1% had a female householder with no spouse present. Out of adults in the village, 55.2% were married (not separated), 5.9% were widowed, 9.8% were divorced, 0.7% were separated, and 28.5% were never married.

In the village, 5.9% of the population was under 5 years of age, with 21.5% under the age of 18, and 19.1% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.1 years.

According to the 2020 American Community Survey, the Median Household Income in the village was $97,197 (~$112,743 in 2023). The median income for a family was $131,733, while the median income for a non-family household was $45,193. About 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of minors under age 18, 5.5% of adults aged 18–64, and 6.0% of seniors age 65 or over. The state of Illinois as a whole, has a $68,428 Median Household Income and a 12.0% poverty rate

Downers Grove village, Illinois – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[23] Pop 2010[24] Pop 2020[25] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 42,777 40,631 40,289 87.79% 84.94% 80.18%
Black or African American alone (NH) 911 1,388 1,801 1.87% 2.90% 3.58%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 43 37 34 0.09% 0.08% 0.07%
Asian alone (NH) 2,773 2,623 2,919 5.69% 5.48% 5.81%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 5 4 13 0.01% 0.01% 0.03%
Other race alone (NH) 48 55 118 0.10% 0.11% 0.23%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 420 627 1,664 0.86% 1.31% 3.31%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,747 2,468 3,409 3.59% 5.16% 6.78%
Total 48,724 47,833 50,247 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Economy

[edit]

Located 20 miles west of the Chicago Loop, Downers Grove residents commonly commute via the village's three Metra BNSF line stations or highway connections. The village itself also serves as headquarters for multiple businesses, including Advocate Aurora Health and Fortune 500 members Dover Corporation and Univar Solutions. The village is also home to regional satellite offices of numerous national corporations, including Microsoft, MetLife, and State Farm.[26][27]

Downers Grove's retail economy is largely supported by the local section of Ogden Avenue. The stretch of Ogden Avenue through Chicago's western suburbs is particularly known for its automobile dealerships, classic car dealerships, and service centers. Ogden Avenue is also framed by a variety of grocery and convenience stores. Industrial and corporate parks can be found on Ogden's tributaries adjacent to major tollways such as I-355 or I-88.[27][28]

Top employers

[edit]

According to the Village's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[29] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Advocate Good Samaritan Hospital 2,500
2 GCA Services 1,500
3 University Subscription Services 1,050
4 Midwestern University 1,000
4 State Farm 1,000
5 Acxiom 800
5 Coventry Health Care 800
6 Adtalem Global Education 700
6 Ambitech Engineering Corp. 700
7 Invesco 600
8 FTD Inc. 500
9 Advocate Health Care 450
10 SAP America, Inc 425
11 Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois 420
12 HAVI Global Solutions, LLC 400
13 Pepperidge Farm 375
14 JPMorgan Chase 300

Arts and culture

[edit]

Architecture

[edit]

Downers Grove has 68 confirmed Sears Kit Homes, 11 Harris Brothers, 9 Wardway/Gordon-Van Tine, and 1 Aladdin Kit Home. Source Downers Grove Museum. Sears and Other Kit-Home research.

Tivoli Theatre

[edit]

The Tivoli Theatre is located in Downers Grove. Built in 1928, with an initial seating capacity of 1,390, The Tivoli was the first theatre in DuPage County to show "talkies".[30] The Tivoli was equipped with an original Wurlitzer theatre organ. Replaced in 1992, the current instrument, dubbed "Opus 942", originally came from the Indian Theatre in East Chicago, Indiana. The Wurlitzer is frequently played during the opening credits of films shown on weekend evenings.[31]

Parks and recreation

[edit]

Downers Grove contains many parks and forest preserves, including Doerhoefer Park.[32] The 360 acres (150 ha) Hidden Lake Forest Preserve contains a glacier-dug pond that provides boating access to the nearby DuPage River (East Branch).[33]

Lyman Woods, a nature preserve, was originally ranching lands. The 150 acres (61 ha) preserve consists of oak savannas, prairies, and marshes. The land was purchased by Downers Grove in 1987. The preserve contains over 300 native species of plants and animals; six of which are considered rare in northern Illinois. In 1996, residents of Downers Grove passed the referendum to protect Lyman Woods from residential and commercial development.[34]

Government

[edit]

Local

[edit]

The Village of Downers Grove operates under a magisterial council-manager form of government. The Village Council is the policy-making body that authorizes a professional manager to oversee the daily operations of the village. The Village Council is composed of the Mayor and six Commissioners elected at-large. In addition to the Municipal Code, which establishes many of the rules and regulations by which the Village operates, the Council has also adopted separate council policies on several matters related to municipal activities.

The Mayor of Downers Grove is Robert T. Barnett. The Commissioners of Downers Grove are Greg Hose, Nicole Walus, Leslie Sadowski-Fugitt, Rich Kulovany, Chris Gilmartin and Danny Glover.[35] The Mayor and Commissioners are elected for four-year terms at odd-year Consolidated General Elections. The terms for Mayor Barnett and Commissioners Walus, Sadowski-Fugitt, and Kulovany expire in May 2023. The terms for Commissioners Hose, Gilmartin, and Glover expire in May 2025.

The elections for Mayor and Commissioners are non-partisan; the candidates' party affiliations do not appear on the ballot, and direct party funding is not traditionally practiced.

State and national

[edit]

The majority of the Village of Downers Grove is within the 6th US Congressional District of Illinois. Downers Grove resident Sean Casten (Democrat) has represented the district since 2019. Portions of southwest Downers Grove are within 11th US Congressional District. This district is represented by Bill Foster (Democratic).

The majority of the Village of Downers Grove is within the Illinois Senate 41st Legislative District, which is represented by John Curran (Republican) as of 2023. A portion of northern Downers Grove is within the Illinois Senate 24th Legislative District, which is represented by Suzanne Glowiak (Democratic) as of 2019.

The majority of the Village of Downers Grove is within the Illinois House of Representatives 81st Representative District, which was represented by Ron Sandack (Republican) as of 2015. Sandack abruptly resigned in July 2016 citing issues with social media and "ugly" politics. In August, local Republican officials chose David S. Olsen, previously the mayor pro tem of Downers Grove, as the new Representative of the 81st District. In 2018, newcomer Anne Stava-Murray overcame David S. Olsen in the election with only approximately $30,000 (~$35,860 in 2023). Portions of northern Downers Grove are within the Illinois House of Representatives 47th Representative District, which is represented by Deanne Mazzochi (Republican) and the Illinois House of Representatives 48th Representative District, which is represented by Terra Costa Howard (Democratic).

In 2006, the July 4 parade in Downers Grove featured both of the major Illinois gubernatorial candidates at the time, Judy Baar Topinka (R) and Rod Blagojevich (D).[36]

Education

[edit]

Downers Grove is home to twelve public elementary schools, two public middle schools and two public high schools, Downers Grove North High School and Downers Grove South High School. Eleven of the elementary schools, including Hillcrest, Belle Aire, El Sierra, Kingsley, Fairmount, Highland, Whittier, Pierce Downer, Henry Puffer, Lester, and Indian Trail Schools and two of the middle schools-Herrick and O'Neill Middle School, are part of Downers Grove Grade School District 58.[37] The other elementary schools, Prairieview and Elizabeth Ide and Lakeview Jr. High School, are part of Center Cass School District 66.[38] Downers Grove has two Catholic Schools, St. Joseph's and St. Mary's of Gostyn, that enroll students from pre-school through 8th grade. The two high schools in Downers Grove, North and South, are part of Community High School District 99. They serve the entire community of Downers Grove, the majority of the village of Woodridge, and parts of Westmont, Darien, Lisle, Bolingbrook, Oak Brook and unincorporated Downers Grove and Lisle Townships.

Good Shepherd Lutheran School is a Christian Pre-K-8 school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Downers Grove.[39]

Downers Grove is home to the Avery Coonley School.[40] Founded in 1906 and in its present location in Downers Grove since 1929, it is a private K-8 school, known for its math and science-oriented teaching as well as its focus on the arts and foreign language.

Downers Grove is also the home of Midwestern University, which trains osteopathic physicians and surgeons, physician assistants, pharmacists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, and dentists.

According to the American Community Survey 2010, Downers Grove has one of the nation's most educated citizenry, with 50.7% of individuals over the age of 25 holding bachelor's or advanced degrees; the national average is 27.9%.[41]

Downers Grove Christian School celebrated their 50 year anniversary in 2020 and offers classes for Preschool 2 and 3, Pre-K 4, K-8th Grade. Located next to the Lincoln Center and a ministry of First Baptist Church of Downers Grove.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

The main line of the BNSF Railway is also used by Metra commuter rail. Metra's BNSF Line has three stops in Downers Grove at Belmont Road, Main Street, and Fairview Avenue. Interstate Highways 355 and 88 pass through the community, as well as the major surface street US 34-Ogden Avenue. Downers Grove is served by the Pace Bus Service, a system of suburban public transportation.

The Grove Commuter Shuttle runs four routes throughout the community to two of the three train stations that are in the village.[42] The shuttle also operates for the RotaryGrove Fest from remote parking lots on the north and south sides of the village located at the respective north and south high schools.

Utilities

[edit]

Downers Grove drinking water comes from Lake Michigan, via the DuPage Water Commission pipeline, which purchases the water from the City of Chicago Department of Water Management.[43] Its electricity infrastructure is largely maintained by Commonwealth Edison Company (ComEd);[44] its natural gas infrastructure was built by Northern Illinois Gas.[45]

Household waste pickup is contracted out by the village to Republic Services, as is yard waste pickup; these are paid for by either household-purchased stickers or rented carts. Curbside recycling is free.

Waste water is treated by the Downers Grove Sanitary District.[46]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Village Council". Village of Downers Grove. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  3. ^ "Village of Downers Grove, Illinois". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  4. ^ "U.S. Census website". Census 2010 Fact Sheet. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  5. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 108.
  6. ^ Downer, David Robinson (1900). The Downers of America, with genealogical record. Newark, New Jersey: Baker Printing Co. pp. 191.
  7. ^ "Downers Grove is rich in history – Chicago Tribune". www.chicagotribune.com. February 5, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  8. ^ "Lyman Woods Nature Center History". www.dgparks.org. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  9. ^ "1846 Blodgett House". www.1846blodgetthouse.org. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  10. ^ Teardowns in the News. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved October 29, 2007. Archived October 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ "Downers Grove Coalition for Managed Redevelopment". Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  12. ^ 7 candidates, 7 visions for future of village. The Downers Grove Sun, February 15, 2007. Retrieved October 29, 2007. Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  14. ^ "Downers Grove Park District". Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  15. ^ "Maple Grove".
  16. ^ "2011 Tree Cities USA Communities in Illinois Updated May, 2012". www.arborday.org. Arbor Day Foundation. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  17. ^ a b "Average Weather for Downers Grove, IL – Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
  18. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  19. ^ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  20. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  21. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Downers Grove village, Illinois". www.census.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  22. ^ "Downers Grove (village), Illinois". QuickFacts. United States Census Bureau. 2012. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  23. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Downers Grove village, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  24. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Downers Grove village, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  25. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Downers Grove village, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  26. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ a b "Downers Grove, a premier location for corporate headquarters". Choose DuPage. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  28. ^ "Car dealer part of development activity on Ogden Avenue". chicagotribune.com. September 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
  29. ^ Village of Downers Grove 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
  30. ^ "Tivoli Theatre". Downtown Downers Grove Management Corp. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  31. ^ "Tivoli Theatre in Downers Grove, IL - Cinema Treasures". cinematreasures.org. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  32. ^ "Downers Grove Parks". Downers Grove Park District.
  33. ^ "Hidden Lake". www.dupageforest.org. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  34. ^ "Lyman Woods Nature Center". www.dgparks.org. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  35. ^ Grove, Village of Downers. "Mayor & Council | Village of Downers Grove". www.downers.us. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  36. ^ "abc7chicago.com - ABC7 WLS Chicago and Chicago News". ABC7 Chicago. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012.
  37. ^ "Downers Grove District #58 / Homepage".
  38. ^ Center Cass School District 66.
  39. ^ "Good Shepherd Lutheran School - Downers Grove, IL".
  40. ^ The Avery Coonley School Archived June 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Downers Grove (village) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
  42. ^ "Grove Commuter Shuttle FAQ". Archived from the original on August 9, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  43. ^ "Village of Downers Grove" (PDF). Downers.us. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  44. ^ Village of Downers Grove. "Utilities". Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  45. ^ "Nicor Gas".
  46. ^ "Downers Grove Sanitary District". Dgsd.org. August 7, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  47. ^ Reinhardt, Haydn (2008). My Chemical Romance: This Band Will Save Your Life. London: Plexus Publishing.
  48. ^ "Burdi excited for MLB draft | Suburban Life Media". Mysuburbanlife.com. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
  49. ^ "About". JBTV Music Television. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  50. ^ Thigpen, David (July 12, 2008). "Downer's Grove native Miles Harvey is a master of non-fiction storytelling". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  51. ^ Wayne, Leslie (April 17, 2002). "F. Kenneth Iverson, 76, Dies; Reshaped the Steel Industry". New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  52. ^ Derocher, Robert (August 26, 1999). "Dupage Native Shoots For Olympics". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  53. ^ "Hospital Apprentice First Class Fred Faulkner Lester, USNR (Deceased)". MCB Quantico: Marine Corps University. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  54. ^ "Player Profile: Eric Lichaj". Aston Villa F. C. 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
  55. ^ "Player Bio: Eric Lichaj". Men's Soccer. North Carolina Tar Heels. 2009. Archived from the original on April 22, 2009. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
  56. ^ "National Journal Almanac, Washington District 7, Rep. Jim McDermott". Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
[edit]
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