EDSA Carousel
EDSA Carousel | |
---|---|
1 | |
![]() One of the EDSA Carousel buses entering PITX | |
Overview | |
System |
|
Operator | |
Began service | July 1, 2020 |
Predecessors | Various private bus companies via EDSA (as LTFRB franchise route) |
Route | |
Route type | Bus rapid transit |
Locale | Metro Manila, Philippines |
Start | Monumento |
Via | EDSA Macapagal Boulevard |
End | PITX |
Length | 28 km (17 mi) |
Stops | 23 |
Service | |
Operates | 24/7 service |
Daily ridership | 389,579 (2022)[1] |
Annual patronage | 80,832,186 (2022)[1] |
The EDSA Carousel, also known as Route 1 and formerly and still referred to as Route E, is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system, part of several bus routes in Metro Manila.[2] It is situated along EDSA (C-4 Road) and other roads, running on a dedicated right-of-way called the EDSA Busway, separated from normal road traffic in most of its stretch by concrete barriers and steel bollards on the innermost lane.[3]
Interim operations began on June 1, 2020, serving as a replacement of the former bus routes along EDSA, acting as an augmentation service to the MRT Line 3 due to the limited capacity restrictions put in place by the general community quarantine in Metro Manila as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.[4] Full operations began later on July 1, 2020. Intended to be largely served by bus stops along the median, some stops are temporarily served by bus stops on the curbside.[3][5][6]
The line is operated by the Mega Manila Consortium Corporation and ES Transport and Partners Consortium under the supervision of the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA).[7]
History
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/EDSA_Kamuning_with_carousel_bus_lane_%28Cubao%2C_Quezon_City%3B_07-18-2020%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-EDSA_Kamuning_with_carousel_bus_lane_%28Cubao%2C_Quezon_City%3B_07-18-2020%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Background
[edit]Epifanio de los Santos Avenue is the main thoroughfare of Metro Manila.[8] Traffic congestion has always been a concern in the area and since 2007, the MMDA ordered buses to stay on the two right-most lanes of the road.[9] Plastic barriers were later added in 2016.[10]
A proposal for a bus rapid transit (BRT) system using funds from the World Bank was approved in 2017.[11] EDSA was intended to be the second phase of the implementation of the bus rapid transit system, following Quezon Avenue.[12] Line 2, known as the Central Corridor, will be eventually realized as the EDSA Carousel.
Development
[edit]On March 16, 2020, the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) imposed a community quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which halted almost all public and private transportation using EDSA. This paved the way for the immediate construction of the EDSA Busway.
Traffic in the EDSA Busway is restricted to authorized city buses, as well as emergency vehicles such as ambulances, firetrucks, and responders to emergencies and vehicles and convoys that have been coordinated beforehand.[13] Enforcement of the Busway is provided by MMDA Regulation No. 20-002, which was signed on July 28, 2020. Public and private motor vehicle drivers that violate the regulation are fined ₱1,000 for each offense.[14]
The EDSA Carousel line is distinct from the World Bank-funded BRT project.[15]
Opening
[edit]On July 1, 2020, the EDSA Carousel line, also designated as Route E, started its interim operations with a total of fifteen stops in a dedicated bus lane completed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority.[16][17]
Proposed privatization and resumption of free rides
[edit]Due to the increasing amount of passengers as restrictions are slowly being relaxed, volumes of passengers began to increase as well. In the wake of increasing inflation and world market movements affecting currency values, free rides for the EDSA Carousel was announced for the remaining months of then-President Rodrigo Duterte's term. Upon Bongbong Marcos's assumption of the presidency, free rides were extended until the end of 2022, in spite of budgetary concerns.[18][19] However, the free rides introduced problems of ridership capacity and the amount of buses available to serve passengers during rush hours.
Proposals to privatize the operations of the EDSA Carousel to further improve its services were explored. Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista is open to such proposals, adding these must be "explored expeditiously."[20]
Ridership
[edit]Since the line's opening in June 2020, the total ridership of the line was 130,238,608 commuters within June 2020 to November 2022. From June to December 2020, total ridership has reached a daily average 41,000 to 60,000 passengers,[21] and continued to rise throughout 2021, wherein the daily average of commuters using the line is 129,000 passengers,[22] with its highest record reaching 160,000 passengers in June 2021.[23] Total ridership in 2021 reached 47,104,197.[22]
In 2022, the line's highest record reached a total of 404,010 passengers on October 24, 2022, while the average daily ridership through the year is 389,579 passengers. Total ridership also increased to a new record high, as the line served 80,832,186 passengers.[1][24]
Stops
[edit]The line initially had 15 bus stops on its interim launch,[16] with additional stops added in the following months.[25][26] As of July 16, 2024[update], 23 bus stops are currently operational.[27] There are 87 operators and 751 authorized buses that serve the entire route.[1]
Selected stops of the Busway also runs parallel to the MRT Line 3 and the northern section of the LRT Line 1. Plans are also underway to expand the Busway system by improving the accessibility and connectivity on various bus stops to nearby transport networks.
Name | Distance (km) | Type[28] | Connections | Location | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between stops | Total | ||||||
Monumento | — | 0.00 | Median | Caloocan | |||
Bagong Barrio | 0.55 | 0.55 | |||||
Balintawak | 1.55 | 2.10 | Quezon City | ||||
Kaingin Road | 0.80 | 2.90 | none | ||||
Roosevelt Muñoz | 1.10 | 4.00 | | ||||
North Avenue | 1.50 | 5.50 | |||||
Philam QC Ormoc | — | — | |||||
Quezon Avenue | — | 6.80 | |||||
Kamuning | — | — | |||||
Nepa Q-Mart | — | 8.6 |
| ||||
Main Avenue | 1.60 | 10.20 | none | ||||
Santolan | 0.80 | 11.00 | |||||
Ortigas | 2.40 | 13.40 | Mandaluyong | ||||
Guadalupe[a] | 2.40 | 15.80 | Mandaluyong–Makati boundary | ||||
Buendia | — | — | | Makati | |||
Ayala | — | 18.80 | Curbside (northbound) Boarding Lane (southbound) | ||||
Tramo[b] | — | — | Median | Pasay | |||
Taft Avenue | — | 22.00 | |||||
Roxas Boulevard | — | — | |||||
SM Mall of Asia[b] | — | 24.60 | Curbside | ||||
DFA Aseana Macapagal-Bradco | — | — | Parañaque | ||||
Ayala Malls Manila Bay City of Dreams | — | — | |||||
PITX | — | 28.10 | Terminal | ||||
Stops, stations and transit systems in italics are either under construction or proposed. |
- Notes
- ^ Guadalupe bus stop is located on Guadalupe Bridge.
- ^ a b Southbound lane only.
- Monumento bus stop, the northern terminus of the EDSA Carousel
- Balintawak bus stop
- Kamuning bus stop
- Main Avenue bus stop
- Guadalupe bus stop
- Northbound Ayala bus stop, beside McKinley Exchange Corporate Center
Stop layout
[edit]The line utilizes existing pedestrian footbridges along EDSA by constructing additional stairways to the center island of EDSA. It also uses some stations of the MRT Line 3 and LRT Line 1 by making use of the train stations' emergency exit stairways.[25] Some bus stops, such as the ones at Ayala (northbound), SM Mall of Asia, and Macapagal Boulevard, still use the existing stops on the curbside, while the southbound Ayala bus stop is located inside One Ayala.[29][30] Unlike those along EDSA, stops along Macapagal Boulevard are unmarked.
Future
[edit]On November 16, 2020, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) signed an agreement with SM Prime Holdings, DM Wenceslao and Associates Inc., and Double Dragon Properties Corp. for the construction of EDSA busway bridges. The bridges will be shouldered by the three companies, seeking to provide safer, convenient, and PWD-friendly walkways for the riding public using the EDSA Carousel stops, and for pedestrians crossing EDSA.[31] The pedestrian bridges were conceptualized with concourses, concierge, ticketing booths, and turnstiles for the automated fare collection system. Ramps and elevators would also be available to provide accessibility for PWDs, senior citizens, and pregnant passengers. The structures will be strategically located at the SM Mall of Asia, SM North EDSA, SM Megamall, Macapagal Boulevard in Aseana City and the corner of EDSA and Macapagal Boulevard.[31][32] The groundbreaking ceremony for the EDSA Busway Concourse Project was held on May 18, 2021. It was expected to be completed in March 2022,[32] but no updates have been announced since then.
On June 20, 2022, the Department of Transportation announced an additional 11 more stops would be added to the EDSA Carousel, which would bring the total number of stops to 29.[33] The Tramo, Taft Avenue, Roxas Boulevard, Kamuning and Philam (Ormoc) stops have since been completed.
The proposed Cubao, Connecticut, Greenfields, and Estrella stops still remain under consideration, as the location, funding, and feasibility studies are yet to be determined and conducted.[34]
Name[33] | Type | Connections | Location | Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cubao | Unknown | Planned | |||
Connecticut | none | San Juan | |||
Greenfields | Mandaluyong | ||||
Estrella | none | Makati | |||
Magallanes | |||||
Stops, stations and transit systems in italics are either under construction or proposed. |
EDSA busway concourses
[edit]In 2024, SM Prime and Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista inaugurated the first busway concourse of the Busway route, located along SM North EDSA. The upcoming concourse is the first among three EDSA Carousel Concourse project, which was once part of the Build! Build! Build! project.[35] Other busway concourses being planned are located along the Ortigas Bus Stop, located across SM Megamall, the Roxas Boulevard Bus Stop, which is located across the DoubleDragon Plaza, and the Macapagal – Bradco Avenue, in collaboration with DM Wenceslao.[35] Each concourse will feature a concierge, ticketing booths and turnstiles for the automatic fare collection system.[36]
Controversies
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wheelchair_ramp_at_the_Metro_Rail_Transit%E2%80%99s_%28MRT%29_EDSA-Philam_station.jpg/250px-Wheelchair_ramp_at_the_Metro_Rail_Transit%E2%80%99s_%28MRT%29_EDSA-Philam_station.jpg)
- On October 1, 2020, the "No Beep card, No entry" policy was implemented to minimize physical contact between commuters and public transport personnel to reduce their risk of getting COVID-19 and to allow for more seamless and faster transactions to trim down the queuing of passengers. The new policy has drawn flak from commuters due to the current price of the card and its immediate implementation.[37] Within the first week of its implementation, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) suspended the mandatory use of Beep cards after AF Payments Incorporated refused the government's request to waive the ₱80.00 cost of Beep cards.[38]
- When the bus stops from Monumento to North Avenue were opened, the U-turn slots were closed, causing heavy traffic at the said portion.[39] U-turn slots were reopened after few months to ease traffic flow.[40] In November 2021, traffic lights were installed at the U-turn slots to address concerns both of the bus accessibility and the traffic congestion it causes.
- On April 13, 2022, the EDSA Carousel failed to keep up with the influx of demand as a result of the LRT-2 and MRT-3 being closed for annual Holy Week maintenance from April 13 to 17.[41] As a result, many commuters were stranded as queues overflowed onto roads, with some waiting past midnight or opting to walk home.[41] The shortage of buses was attributed to slow service contracting subsidies and high gasoline prices.[42] Skip buses were deployed, and some motorists offered rides to stranded commuters. However, intensified anti-colorum operations hindered rescue attempts. The next day, Transportation Secretary Arthur Tugade issued a formal apology and promised to prevent such incidents in the future.[42]
- The MMDA reported that newly installed glass elevators at the Balintawak and Guadalupe stops were found shattered by stone-throwers during their installation between April to June 2024. The elevator at Bagong Barrio was also found with its wiring pulled out. In response, the MMDA appealed to the public not to destroy the elevators and stated that the destroyed equipment was replaced by the contractor free of charge.[43][44]
- On July 16, 2024, a photo of a steep ramp at the new Philam QC bus stop went viral for being unfriendly for people with disabilities (PWDs). The next day, GMA Integrated News reported that the ramp was 10 degrees steeper than the standard stipulated by the Accessibility Law (Batas Pambansa Blg. 344). A wheelchair user also found the ramp "too steep to use going up and too dangerous to use going down." The MMDA explained that the design was constrained by a height restriction under the MRT Line 3 and admitted it was "not perfect." They will assign personnel to assist PWDs using the ramp.[45] On July 20, they announced the ramp's temporary closure for "improvements."[46]
Incidents and accidents
[edit]Road crashes
[edit]In a span of two years since the implementation of the EDSA Busway and the start of EDSA Carousel operations, multiple road crashes have been recorded within and outside of the EDSA Busway.[47]
- Multiple instances of motor vehicles crashing into the concrete barriers of the EDSA Busway were recorded since the EDSA Carousel's operations started. According to MMDA traffic czar Edison Nebrija, most of the drivers who crashed their vehicles against the barriers were speeding, drunk, or asleep behind the wheel. Some of the concrete barriers have already been replaced with steel bollards following a series of accidents.[48]
- Several road-related deaths and injuries have also been reported on the EDSA Busway itself due to collisions between buses and other legal and illegal vehicles, as well as jaywalking incidents.[47]
In light of this, the Move As One Coalition, a non-government transport advocacy organization, urged the government to implement at-grade crosswalks and speed limits, widen the EDSA Busway lanes, use safer barriers and BRT-compatible buses, and conduct proper training for bus drivers.[47]
Trespassing of unauthorized vehicles
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/EDSA_Busway_Violators_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-EDSA_Busway_Violators_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Multiple incidents of private and non-emergency government motor vehicles illegally using the EDSA Busway have been recorded, causing disruptions to EDSA Carousel operations.
Barring exceptional emergency situations, trespassing by unauthorized vehicles is strictly prohibited. Violators will face apprehension, ticketing, and possible revocation of their driver's license, even if they belong to a government agency. Vehicles considered authorized include EDSA Carousel buses, ambulances carrying patients, responding law enforcement vehicles, fire trucks, and essential on-duty government vehicles and convoys, including those from the MMDA and of the top five government officials (i.e., President, Vice President, Senate President, House Speaker, and Chief Justice), that have been coordinated beforehand.[49]
- During the first month of operations in 2020, the MMDA reported that over 900 violators were apprehended and ticketed, with half of them being government personnel. [50]
- On July 20, 2023, photos of a sting operation conducted by the Inter-Agency Council on Traffic enforcers went viral online as over 150 motorists were apprehended and ticketed for illegally using the EDSA Busway in Pasay. The DOTr and MMDA issued a reminder to motorists to respect the exclusivity of the EDSA Busway.[51]
- According to the MMDA, some motorists were taking advantage of the ₱1,000 fine for trespassing on the busway by offenders who could afford regularly paying it. As a result, the MMDA issued MMDA Regulation 23-002, increasing fines for both public and private vehicles.[52]
Current fines
[edit]As of November 13, 2023, the fines for illegally trespassing the EDSA Busway are as follows: [53]
- First offense - ₱5,000
- Second offense - ₱10,000 with a one-month suspension of driver’s license and mandatory road safety seminar
- Third offense - ₱20,000 with a one-year suspension of driver’s license
- Fourth offense - ₱30,000 with a recommendation to the Land Transportation Office for the revocation of driver’s license
The new fines came into effect through the passing of Metro Manila Council Resolution 23-002. Any driver who attempts to flee from officers automatically incurs a third offense.[52]
See also
[edit]- List of bus routes in Metro Manila
- Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System
- Davao Public Transport Modernization Project
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Luna, Franco. "DOTr to privatize EDSA carousel to 'conform to international standards'". Philstar.com.
- ^ Zurbano, Joel (June 24, 2020). "EDSA Busway seamless and faster—DOTr". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ a b Subingsubing, Krixia (July 2, 2020). "Edsa 'transformation' now comes with loops, 'carousel'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
- ^ "Interim operation of busway along 'new Edsa' begins". Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 1, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ "New Edsa bus stops 80% complete: MMDA". Philippine News Agency. July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ Zurbano, Joel; Amojelar, Darwin (July 2, 2020). "EDSA Busway rolls out with 12 stop stations". Manila Standard. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ "Resolution No. 81 Series of 2020" (PDF). Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. May 30, 2020.
- ^ Peter Uckung (February 22, 2012). "History in Asphalt (Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (Edsa) is the longest road in Metro Manila. Peter Uckung, senior researcher at the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), explains how this thoroughfare came to be.)". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
- ^ "MMDA Resolution No. 03-28". Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. Archived from the original on November 30, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
- ^ Zarzuela, Maricar B. (January 12, 2016). "Private cars can't enter Edsa bus lanes starting Jan. 18". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
- ^ Zhang, Jane; Llorito, David (March 16, 2017). "Philippines: First Metro Manila Bus Rapid Transit Line to Benefit Thousands of Commuters Daily". World Bank. World Bank. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ^ "Project Details - BUILD". Build, Build, Build: Philippine Infrastructure Transparency Portal. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ^ "MMDA: Gov't men top violators of Edsa busway rule". Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ "MMDA Regulation No. 20-002: Designating Exclusive City Bus Lanes Along EDSA and Providing Penalties for Violation thereof, Subject to Exceptions" (PDF). Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. July 28, 2020.
- ^ "San Miguel plans bus rapid transit on Skyway 3". Rappler. April 26, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
- ^ a b Rodriguez, Mia (July 1, 2020). "The New EDSA Busways: Bus Routes, Stops + More". SPOT.PH. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ San Juan, A.D. (September 4, 2020). "DOTr, MMDA to open 3 additional median bus stops on EDSA Busway". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- ^ "Marcos extends free EDSA Bus Carousel rides, approves free rides for students in select train lines". CNN Philippines. July 1, 2022. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022.
- ^ "P1.4B released for free EDSA bus rides until yearend". BusinessWorld. August 16, 2022.
- ^ Piatos, Tiziana Celine (September 11, 2022). "Privatization of the EDSA busway eyed – DoTr". The Manila Times.
- ^ "LTFRB eyes more passengers on buses to cut long Edsa Busway queues". Philippine Daily Inquirer. June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
- ^ a b Abadilla, Emmie V. (January 21, 2022). "EDSA busway ridership hits over 47 M". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
- ^ Ramos, Mariejo S. (June 19, 2021). "More commuters seeking free bus rides". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
- ^ "Edsa busway commuters reach all-time high at 404K in October". MSN.
- ^ a b Villanueva, Ralph Edwin. "3 EDSA Busway stops open today". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ "3 additional median stops open on EDSA Busway". UNTV News. September 7, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ Cabalza, Dexter (July 16, 2024). "2 new Edsa busway stations open in QC". Retrieved July 16, 2024.
- ^ "Ilan ang operational stations sa EDSA Busway at saan-saan ang mga ito?". Facebook. Department of Transportation Philippines. June 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
- ^ Yu, Lance Spencer (November 19, 2022). "New EDSA Ayala bus terminal opens ahead of holiday rush". Retrieved November 22, 2022.
- ^ Amojelar, Darwin (November 20, 2022). "DOTr opens One Ayala Terminal in Makati to serve bus passengers". Manila Standard. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
- ^ a b San Juan, Alexandria Dennise (November 16, 2020). "DOTr signs EDSA Busway bridge agreement". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ a b Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 19, 2021). "Construction of 3 concourse of EDSA Busway starts". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ a b "May plano pa bang magdagdag ng mga istasyon sa EDSA Busway?". Facebook. Department of Transportation Philippines. June 20, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
- ^ "Current Status of Proposed EDSA Carousel Stops". eFOI Philippines. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
- ^ a b "Private firms to build 5 busway stations along EDSA". Philstar.com.
- ^ Cordero, Ted (February 15, 2024). "DOTr, SM start construction of EDSA Busway concourses". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
- ^ "EDSA busway passengers must pay fares via beep cards starting Oct. 1". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Marquez, Consuelo (October 4, 2020). "Mandatory use of beep cards along Edsa busway halted — DOTr". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ "Closure of EDSA U-Turn Slots". motoringtoday.ph. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ^ Ong, Ghio. "MMDA reopens EDSA U-turn slot". Philstar.com. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
- ^ a b Malasig, Jeline (April 13, 2022). "Scenes from the ground: Commuters struggle to go home on last workday of Holy Week". Interaksyon. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ a b Luna, Franco. "Train maintenance, lack of buses bring EDSA to a halt on Holy Week". Philstar.com. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ Ong, Ghio (July 16, 2024). "EDSA Carousel elevators destroyed". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
- ^ Nuñez, John Patrick (July 15, 2024). "EDSA Busway elevators' glass panel broken due to rock-throwing spree - MMDA". UNTV (Video). Retrieved July 16, 2024.
- ^ Ferreras, Vince (July 17, 2024). "PWD ramp on EDSA busway found steeper than standard". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ Delizo, Michael (July 20, 2024). "MMDA to close controversial wheelchair ramp for improvements". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
- ^ a b c Madarang, Catalina (November 18, 2022). "Alarms raised over 'preventable' road crashes along EDSA Busway". InterAksyon. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
- ^ "LOOK: EDSA concrete barriers replaced with steel bollards". GMA News. August 23, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Rosales, Brando (November 17, 2023). "Only the President, 4 other VIPs can use the EDSA Busway -MMDA". AutoIndustriya.com. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ Cabalza, Dexter (July 13, 2020). "MMDA: Gov't men top violators of Edsa busway rule". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
- ^ Dela Cruz, Raymond Carl (July 20, 2023). "Enforcers apprehend over 150 EDSA Busway violators". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
- ^ a b "Fines for EDSA Busway violators will soon start at P5,000". TopGear Philippines. November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
- ^ "Edsa Carousel Bus Lane Policy and Penalty". November 12, 2023.
External links
[edit]Media related to EDSA Carousel at Wikimedia Commons
- MMDA Regulation No. 20-002 s. 2020