Emil Bach House

Emil Bach House
Emil Bach House is located in Greater Chicago
Emil Bach House
Emil Bach House is located in Illinois
Emil Bach House
Emil Bach House is located in the United States
Emil Bach House
Map
Interactive map showing the location of the Emil Bach House
Location7415 N. Sheridan Road
Chicago, Illinois
Coordinates42°00′59.7″N 87°39′53.6″W / 42.016583°N 87.664889°W / 42.016583; -87.664889
Arealess than one acre
Built1915
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright
Architectural stylePrairie style
NRHP reference No.79000821[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJanuary 23, 1979
Designated CLSeptember 28, 1977

The Emil Bach House is a Prairie style house at 7415 North Sheridan Road in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Designed by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright, the house was built for Emil Bach, a German immigrant who had cofounded the Bach Brick Company. The house is an example of Wright's late Prairie style work, just before he began to design Usonian buildings. The Bach House is a Chicago Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Bach commissioned Wright to design the house in 1915 and owned the house until 1931, when he sold the property to Joseph Peacock. The house was resold several more times through the 20th century, remaining a private residence during that time. In 2005, Jane Elizabeth Ferrer bought the Bach House at an auction after several attempts to sell the building had failed. Jennifer Pritzker bought the house in 2010 and renovated it, opening it to the public for tours, events, and overnight stays in 2014. Pritzker donated the house to Loyola University Chicago in 2025.

The Bach House was designed as a two-story single family residence with a basement. The general plan is based on Wright's "Fireproof House for $5000" design, which was published in the Ladies' Home Journal in 1907; the first story has a rectangular floor plan, while the second story is cruciform in arrangement. Though the house is on the eastern side of Sheridan Road, the entrance is from the rear, facing Lake Michigan. The rooms on the first floor (including a living room, dining area, and kitchen) surround a fireplace. The second floor includes either three or four bedrooms, as well as two bathrooms. The design has received praise from architectural critics such as Paul Gapp and Blair Kamin, and it is the subject of a 2019 coffee table book.

Site

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The Bach House is at 7415 North Sheridan Road in the Rogers Park community area of Chicago in Illinois, United States.[2][3] The house is one block west of Lake Michigan.[4] When the house was constructed, it was a "country home" with a clear view of Lake Michigan from its rear (east) facade.[5][6] Due to the changing nature of the Rogers Park neighborhood, the house stands among commercial properties and apartment buildings.[5][7] The house occupies a lot measuring 60 by 150 feet (18 by 46 m).[8]

History

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20th century

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The house's original owner was Emil Bach, a German immigrant who cofounded the Bach Brick Company with his brothers. By the 1910s, the company was somewhat prosperous, producing 200,000 bricks every eight hours.[9] On December 5, 1914, Emil Bach and his wife Anna purchased the site of the Bach House from Amelia Ludwick and her husband. Bach commissioned the architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design a house for him in Rogers Park, Chicago.[10][11] Bach was reportedly impressed with Wright's work, and Bach's brother Otto had recently bought another house from the architect.[12]

Through the 20th century, the house was sold multiple times, remaining a private residence. Joseph Peacock purchased the house from the Bachs in 1934 and owned it until 1947. The property changed ownership twice in 1951. The second owner retained the property for eight years, after which Joseph Blinder bought it in 1959.[10][11] The Blinders resold the house to Frank L. Miller on the condition that Miller take care of the house.[13] By the 1970s, Miller wished to resell the property, saying that the house was too large for him and his son. Since many buildings in Rogers Park were being redeveloped at the time, Miller wanted the buyer to preserve it. Miller also wanted the house to be designated as a Chicago landmark, unusually for property owners in Chicago, who generally resisted landmark designations.[13]

Eastward view from the living room in July 1967

Fedor Banuchi of Wilmette, Illinois, bought the house in 1977 for $130,000, although he continued to live in Wilmette.[14] Banuchi renovated the house extensively and gave the house's windows to the Art Institute of Chicago.[15] He also invited four students from the University of Oxford to live there in 1988, while they were conducting a study of the building for a class.[14] In 1998, the building was listed for sale with an asking price of $800,000.[16] It was ultimately sold in 2000 for $437,000.[15] The new owner, an unidentified local restaurateur, also paid $240,000 for an adjacent vacant lot,[15] which measured 45 by 150 feet (14 by 46 m).[8] The LaSalle Bank National Association is recorded as having officially acquired the building from the Banuchi family.[17]

Auction and Feerer ownership

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In 2004, the home was placed for sale with an asking price of $2.5 million.[18] After no one expressed interest in the house, the asking price was reduced to $1.9 million.[8][19] At the time, the building's landmark designation prevented owners from making significant alterations without prior approval. The surrounding area had changed from a quiet lakefront to a busy neighborhood. Furthermore, the house was relatively small compared to residences designed by other architects.[5][8] Preservationists expressed concern that the zoning would allow bidders to develop high rise apartments or condominiums on the yard.[20][21] The owner decided to auction the Bach House as a last resort, after other attempts to sell the house had failed.[22] The owner began soliciting bids in February 2005; the starting price of $750,000 was less than a third of the original asking price.[5][23][24] Two hundred people expressed interest in the house.[25]

When bids were opened in March 2005, the house was sold within eight minutes.[25] The buyer planned to move into the house and retain the vacant lot as a yard.[8][21] The sale price was initially reported at $1.2 million,[22] and records show that that Jane Elizabeth Feerer bought the home.[26][27] Ferrer ultimately paid $1.17 million, obtaining a loan from the billionaire Jennifer Pritzker to pay for the house.[26]

Pritzker ownership and donation to Loyola

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Pritzker bought the house for $1.7 million in 2010 through her firm Tawani Enterprises.[26][28][12] Tawani first restored the interior to its original appearance. The restoration was so precise that workers had to review several paint samples to approximate the original paint colors.[29] Workers obtained a paint sample from the historian Tim Samuelson, who, as a teenager, had taken a piece of the house's original plaster with the owner's permission.[30] Pritzker announced in December 2011 that she would renovate the facade and open the building to the public.[29][31] The restoration firm Harboe Architects, which had helped restore other Wright–designed structures,[32] was hired to renovate the exterior.[33][34] Harboe restored the original color scheme, installed replicas of the original windows, and demolished a room that had not been part of the original plans.[33] Tours of the house were hosted during the renovation.[34] Planters and flower beds were added to the yards to approximate the yards' original appearance.[35]

Following an extensive restoration, the house was opened to the public in May 2014.[35][36] The same year, the Commission on Chicago Landmarks gave the house a Preservation Excellence Award for the renovation.[37] The Frank Lloyd Wright Trust hosted tours each Wednesday for five months a year.[33] The house was rented out for events and overnight stays;[36][38] the interior could accommodate 120 people for events such as weddings, while the yard could accommodate 25 people.[39] Up to five[33][40] or six people were allowed to sleep there overnight,[38] except on Wednesdays when tours were hosted.[41] Crain's Chicago Business wrote that the house attracted occupants because of the beaches and commercial districts nearby.[42] The house had no gift shop, but the living room included a stack of commemorative postcards.[30]

Virtual tours of the house were hosted in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois,[43][44] and the house reopened in 2021 for in-person guided tours.[45] By 2023, Pritzker planned to resell the property,[46] and Tawani stopped renting the house out that December.[47] Pritzker donated the Bach House—along with the adjacent Lang House, designed by Edgar M. Newman[28]—to Loyola University Chicago in early 2025.[47][48][a] The gift also included $1 million for the two houses' upkeep.[12][47] Loyola announced plans to use the Bach and Lang houses for events.[28]

Architecture

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The Bach House is one of 11 houses designed by Wright in Chicago[18] and one of his only remaining residential commissions on the North Side of Chicago.[7] The home is one of several homes that Wright designed with cantilevered flat roofs and cubical massings.[9][50] It is also one of his later Prairie style works, as he transitioned to Usonian and Japanese–influenced designs not long afterward.[6][12] The Bach House is one of a few Prairie style buildings that he designed in a city;[50] most of his buildings in that style were built instead in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago.[51] Relatively little was known about the house's design even through the late 20th century,[14]

Exterior

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The Bach House in November 2009

The house was designed as a single-family residence, with a basement and two above-ground stories.[2] The building measures approximately 41 by 52 feet (12 by 16 m) across at ground level.[7] The house's massing, or shape, consists of a rectangular first floor and a cruciform second floor.[7][52] The first floor is clad with tawny brick.[53] To prevent passersby from looking in, the corners of the first floor lack windows,[54] and the windows on that story are recessed between deep vertical piers.[7] By contrast, the second floor has windows on all four sides,[54][55] and the facade on that story is made of wood and cream-colored stucco.[53] Each wing of the second floor is cantilevered outward, protruding above the first floor.[53][55] The casement windows are topped by large protruding eaves to give occupants privacy. The roof above the second floor is cantilevered outward from the facade.[7]

Though it is on the east side of Sheridan Road, the main entrance is through the rear, on the eastern elevation of the facade.[2][7] The entrance is accessed by a winding pathway,[2][39] located to the right (or south) of the house's primary elevation.[56] The winding path has been described as a "path of discovery",[40] and it turns five times before reaching the entrance.[39] There is a porch on the first floor's rear or eastern elevation, which faces the lake and protrudes from the rectangle.[2][3][7] Above it is the "sun deck", a balcony on the second floor.[2][3] The living room, on the western elevation, also protrudes from the house.[7] After other buildings were erected to the east, glass enclosures were built on the porch and sun deck, bringing both of these spaces indoors.[6] There is also a teahouse in the yard next to the house.[35][40]

Interior

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Floor plan of the first story
Floor plan of the second story

The building's interior is variously cited as spanning 2,700 square feet (250 m2)[20] or 2,950 square feet (274 m2).[12][18] The Bach House includes walnut decorations, even though it was built during World War I, when the United States Army managed the nation's supply of walnut.[28] All of the walnut was sourced from a single tree.[18][34] The walls have a light-colored sand-plaster finish.[13][57] Wright decorated the rooms in what he described as a "sunshine" yellow color palette.[57][34] Since the 2010s, the house has included reproductions of its original furniture, which were made by Morgante Wilson, a firm from Evanston.[33][35] The general plan is based on Wright's "Fireproof House for $5000" design, which was published in the Ladies' Home Journal in 1907.[50][52] Variants of the layout had previously been used in the Laura Gale House, the Oscar Balch House, the Coonley Kindergarten, and the Frederick C. Bogk House.[6] The first floor is nearly square in plan; the porch and sun deck are the only deviations from the design.[2][58] In contrast to modern houses with large kitchens and bedrooms, the house has a small kitchen and a large living room and dining room.[5]

Like in many of Wright's other designs, the rooms on the first floor surround a fireplace.[35][38][56] The front door ascends to a hallway that continues straight into the kitchen.[2][56] Behind a partition in the hallway is a set of steep, wood-trimmed stairs, which ascend to the second stair.[2] The living room is to the left of the hallway. An asymmetrical fireplace protrudes into the middle of the living room and includes some shelves and cabinets.[56] There is a dining area at the western end of the living room.[2][56] The dining room, which can be used as a lounging area, also has a long counter.[35] The living room and dining room, together, occupy three of the house's four corners, with the kitchen occupying the fourth corner.[56] Over the years, some of Wright's built-in features have been removed, including a living-room seat and a dining-room counter.[2]

The top of the staircase is illuminated by glass doors and by lamps designed by Wright.[2] On the second floor, there are either three[2][33][40] or four bedrooms.[5][18] Each of the bedrooms occupies its own wing[52] and has a separate outdoor terrace.[33][40] The bedrooms have dark wood trim and sparse furniture, Much of the bedrooms' furniture, aside from the beds, was intended to be located in a particular part of the room. At some point in the 20th century, a bathroom replaced the original servant's room.[2] By the 2010s, the house had two primary bedrooms,[41] in addition to a trundle bed in a study.[38]

Impact

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View of the house's exterior

In 1978, the critic Paul Gapp wrote that the Bach House was "a very nice performance, even if it lacks some of the grace of Wright's more sprawling residences".[59] The historian Thomas J. O'Gorman wrote in 2004 that Wright had "destroyed the box, the shape to which most architecture was constructed", in designing the Bach House.[57] After the house was restored in 2014, Blair Kamin wrote: "The small house packs more creativity than a 10,000-square-foot McMansion."[33]

The city government declared the structure a Chicago Landmark on September 28, 1977,[8][60][61] and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 23, 1979.[62][8] The Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois subsequently obtained an easement on the site, which mandated the historic preservation of the house.[63] According to Ronald Scherubel, the executive director of the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy, the easement has likely been the only thing that has prevented demolition of the Bach House, since many of the buildings surrounding it have been demolished over the years. The easement prohibits the destruction or alteration of the house without approval from the government of Chicago and the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois.[4]

Since 2018, the Emil Bach House has been part of the Frank Lloyd Wright Trail, a collection of 13 buildings designed by Wright in Illinois.[64][65] In addition, a coffee table book about the house, Frank Lloyd Wright’s $10,000 Home, was published in 2019.[58]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Cook County Clerk's office records the transfer to Loyola as having occurred in January 2025.[49] Loyola's acquisition was not formally reported in the news media until the beginning of February.[47][48][12]

Citations

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  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n National Park Service 1979, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b c Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy; Hoglund, Joel (2014). Wright Sites: A Guide to Frank Lloyd Wright Public Places. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-61689-590-7.
  4. ^ a b Mertens, Richard (March 9, 2005). "Wright house. Wrong place?". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 14. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 405676488. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Frank Lloyd Wright house to be auctioned". NBC News. February 25, 2005. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  6. ^ a b c d "Emil Bach House Archived October 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine," (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i O'Gorman 2004, p. 298.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g "Landmark Wright house auctioned at fraction of asking price". Waterloo Region Record. March 10, 2005. p. 16. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b National Park Service 1979, p. 3.
  10. ^ a b "Issue 360". Weekly Frank Lloyd Wright News. May 31, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2025.
  11. ^ a b Emil Bach House Archived October 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Historic American Buildings Survey, Survey Number: HABS IL-1088, Library of Congress. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  12. ^ a b c d e f McLaughlin, Katherine (February 5, 2025). "Billionaire Jennifer Pritzker Donates Frank Lloyd Wright Home to a Worthy Cause". Architectural Digest. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
  13. ^ a b c Gapp, Paul (November 15, 1975). "Home by Wright: Sincerity is price". Chicago Tribune. p. S_B5. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 169451631 – via newspapers.com.
  14. ^ a b c Burnside, Tina (August 5, 1988). "Wright firsthand". Chicago Tribune. p. 44. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved March 1, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  15. ^ a b c Goldsborough, Bob (April 16, 2000). "Base line". Chicago Tribune. p. 369. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  16. ^ Goldsborough, Bob (June 7, 1998). "Wright on: Ranks of architect's homes on market rises by one". Chicago Tribune. p. O5. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 2288992183.
  17. ^ "Viewing Document: 00005690". cookcountyclerkil.gov. Cook County Clerk. January 4, 2000. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  18. ^ a b c d e Goldsborough, Bob (February 1, 2004). "Landmark North Side Wright house up for sale ; $2.5M price includes adjacent buildable lot". Chicago Tribune. p. 3. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 419898451.
  19. ^ Prichard, James (January 21, 2005). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Humble Usonian House is Hard to Leave: Okemos Owner Hired Famed Architect to Design His Family Home". Detroit Free Press. p. G.1. ProQuest 436537544.
  20. ^ a b Foster, Margaret (August 24, 2006). "Preservation Online: Today's News Archives: 1915 Wright House to be Auctioned". Online Preservation. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on September 28, 2006. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  21. ^ a b "Historic Frank Lloyd Wright Home Auction Brings Sale Price Well above Opening Bid; The New Owner Will Not Develop the Side Yard". Business Wire. March 9, 2005. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via Find Articles.
  22. ^ a b Gould, Whitney (May 29, 2005). "For some, a Wright home is the incorrect choice". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 7. ProQuest 263529131.
  23. ^ "One of Country's First Frank Lloyd Wright Home Auctions Set for March in Chicago" (Press release). Business Wire. December 12, 2009. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via Find Articles.
  24. ^ "Landmark Wright home put up for sale in auction". Chicago Tribune. February 22, 2005. p. 2.3. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  25. ^ a b "8 minutes of going, going, and Wright house is gone". Chicago Tribune. March 9, 2005. p. 2.3. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  26. ^ a b c Schroedter, Andrew (December 2, 2010). "James Pritzker buys Wright house". ChicagoRealEstateDaily.com. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  27. ^ "Viewing Document: 0509702324". cookcountyclerkil.gov. Cook County Clerk. April 7, 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  28. ^ a b c d Goldsborough, Bob (February 3, 2025). "Billionaire Jennifer Pritzker donates Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Emil Bach House and neighboring home to Loyola University". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
  29. ^ a b Harris, Melissa (December 15, 2011). "James Pritzker to restore, open Frank Lloyd Wright's Emil Bach House". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Archived from the original on December 15, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  30. ^ a b Sachs, Andrea (September 8, 2019). "Modernist majesty". The Washington Post. p. F.4. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 2286130805.
  31. ^ Spula, Ian (December 15, 2011). "Emil Bach House to be Polished Up and Opened to Public". Curbed Chicago. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  32. ^ Hindery, Rachel K. (May 26, 2017). "Unity Temple officials on restoration of 'internationally iconic' Frank Lloyd Wright building". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h Kamin, Blair (October 4, 2014). "Bach and Robie: Tale of two Wright homes has different angles, outcomes". GoErie. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  34. ^ a b c d "Get rare look inside Wright's Bach House". Daily Herald. May 27, 2012. p. 5. ProQuest 1016579161.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Spula, Ian (April 25, 2014). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Emil Bach House Is Back". Chicago Magazine. Archived from the original on August 5, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  36. ^ a b Bauer, Andrea (May 25, 2014). "Stay at Frank Lloyd Wright's Emil Bach House". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  37. ^ Woodard, Benjamin (May 15, 2014). "Emil Bach House, Indian Boundary Field House Win Preservation Awards". DNAinfo Chicago. Retrieved March 2, 2025.
  38. ^ a b c d Mathew, Viju (April 19, 2015). "In the Wright: Chicago's Frank Lloyd Wright–Designed Emil Bach House Is Now a Vacation Rental". Robb Report. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  39. ^ a b c Collins, Sarah; Darnell, Felicia (March 7, 2016). "Best New Event Spaces". Crain's Chicago Business. Vol. 39, no. 10. p. 15. ProQuest 1771780045.
  40. ^ a b c d e "Book a party or stay in the Emil Bach house in Rogers Park". Time Out Chicago. April 27, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  41. ^ a b Rubenstein, Dan (June 13, 2014). "An Architecture-Lover's Road Trip; Some of the best modernist and contemporary buildings in the world are clustered in the Midwest along a route from Cleveland to Chicago". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 1535268960.
  42. ^ Rodkin, Dennis (February 28, 2018). "Could Airbnb be next for Frank Lloyd Wright house?". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  43. ^ Koziarz, Jay (April 3, 2020). "Take virtual tours of 12 Frank Lloyd Wright masterpieces each week". Curbed Chicago. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  44. ^ Pastrick, Chris (April 27, 2020). "Virtually tour Fallingwater and other Frank Lloyd Wright sites". TribLIVE.com. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  45. ^ Kiser, Chloe (February 3, 2021). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Emil Bach House to Reopen for Guided". Daily Herald. ProQuest 2485514352.
  46. ^ Rodkin, Dennis (December 22, 2022). "What's next for this Frank Lloyd Wright house in Rogers Park when Jennifer Pritzker unloads it?". Crain's Chicago Business. Archived from the original on October 3, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  47. ^ a b c d Harrington, Adam (February 3, 2025). "2 historic Rogers Park houses, one designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, donated to Loyola University Chicago". CBS Chicago. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
  48. ^ a b Bey, Lee (February 1, 2025). "Frank Lloyd Wright house is one of two homes given to Loyola by Pritzker family member". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  49. ^ "Viewing Document: 2502130132". cookcountyclerkil.gov. Cook County Clerk. January 21, 2025. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  50. ^ a b c Bleiberg, Larry (June 5, 2015). "10 Great: Frank Lloyd Wright Homes". USA Today. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  51. ^ Sawyers, June (April 24, 1992). "Neighborhood architecture". Chicago Tribune. pp. 7.3, 7.8. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved March 1, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  52. ^ a b c McCarter 1997, pp. 105–107.
  53. ^ a b c O'Gorman 2004, pp. 298–299.
  54. ^ a b McCarter 1997, p. 105.
  55. ^ a b National Park Service 1979, pp. 2–3.
  56. ^ a b c d e f McCarter 1997, p. 107.
  57. ^ a b c O'Gorman 2004, p. 299.
  58. ^ a b Nielsen, Duncan (November 6, 2019). "Inside the Bach House, Frank Lloyd Wright's "$10,000 Home" in Chicago". Dwell. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  59. ^ Gapp, Paul (September 22, 1978). "Touring: 46 landmark decisions: A guide to Chicago's honored sites". Chicago Tribune. p. C2. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 171762442.
  60. ^ Rice, Linze (October 20, 2015). "Inside The Frank Lloyd Wright Home People Line Up To See: PHOTOS". DNAinfo Chicago. Archived from the original on January 23, 2025. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  61. ^ "Landmark Details". Chicago Landmarks. September 28, 1977. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  62. ^ National Register Information System Archived June 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  63. ^ McCarron, John (October 11, 1987). "Landmarks May Get Tax Break". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 291048834.
  64. ^ Malone, David (May 8, 2018). "Illinois Office of Tourism unveils new Frank Lloyd Wright Trail". Building Design+Construction. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
  65. ^ "13 Wright sites on Illinois trail". Los Angeles Times. May 4, 2018. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved February 9, 2025.

Sources

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