Environment of Canada

The environment is the subject of ministries at the federal and provincial level in Canada, with the current highest environmental government official being the national Minister of the Environment Steven Guilbeault. Canada's large landmass and coastline make it very susceptible to any climate changes, so any contemporary changes of climate in the country are of national concern. Of the factors caused by human intervention that can affect this environment, activities that sustain the economy of Canada such as oil and gas extraction, mining, forestry and fishing are influential. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions in Canada between 1990 and 2015 was mainly due to larger emissions from mining, oil, and gas extraction and transport.^[1] In 2011 United Nations said Canada's environment was the best in the world.

Several governmental programs have been created to mitigate 20th and 21st century climate change, such as the One-Tonne Challenge. In late 2005 Canada hosted the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Montreal, Quebec. Hundreds of environmental organizations have been founded in Canada.^[2]

On October 21, 2019 Canada held a Federal election which resulted in the Liberal Party of Canada (LPC) being able to form a minority government with 157 deputies. The balance of power is held by the Conservative Party of Canada (CPC) at 121 deputies, the Bloc Québécois (BQ) at 32 deputies, and the New Democratic Party (NDP) at 24 deputies. A government in Canada requires at least 170 deputies to pass legislation, therefore the LPC will need at least one of the above-mentioned parties to pass environmental legislation.^[3] Based on the 2019 party platforms a few policy outcomes become possible. The LPC's carbon tax has a chance of remaining since both the NDP and the BQ support a version of it. Meanwhile, a ban on single-use plastics, forming a reforestation plan and formally protecting some of Canada's land and oceans is supported by both the LPC and the NDP. Also, a promise to end fossil fuel subsidies is supported by the LPC, the NDP, and the BQ. While all parties have said that they were committed to the 2016 Paris Climate Agreement, pipeline plans remain because the LPC and the CPC both support some pipelines (with NDP ambiguity regarding an LNG project in British Columbia).^[4]

In 2021, amid the COP26, a poll concluded that 25% of Canadians believed that international conferences on climate change were useful to fight climate change.^[5]

The environmental landscape of Canada can be classified through its 15 terrestrial and 5 marine ecozones, 53 ecoprovinces, 194 ecoregions, and 1021 ecodistricts.^[6] Forest cover is around 38% of the total land area, equivalent to 346,928,100 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 348,272,930 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 328,764,710 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 18,163,390 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 59% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 1% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 91% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership, 8% private ownership.^[7] Canada has a variety of forest regions (especially throughout British Columbia and Alberta), possessing 9% (347 million hectares) of the world's total forest land and 24% of the world's boreal forest land.^[8] There are eight forest regions in Canada: Acadian, Boreal, Carolinian (Deciduous), Coast, Columbia, Great Lakes-St Lawrence, Montane, and Subalpine.^[9] Although, just in the summer of 2023, 18.4 million hectares of forest were destroyed because of climate change.^[10] In terms of iconic wildlife, the beaver became Canada's official emblem in 1975 for its historical significance in the fur trade.^[11] Other iconic wildlife include the Canada goose, the moose, and the polar bear.

Education is a key factor to improve the environmental situation. Therefore, in Canada is easy to find different centers and institutions in which people can learn more about the environment. The Canadian government is funding environmental education^[12][13], especially for the youth. For instance, the Ministry of Ontario has developed a program that consists of teaching students to create a sustainable future, not only at school but also in their daily life. There are different associations in which those who are interested in the environment can learn and go more deeply in this area. The aim of this institution is to provide more information from different perspectives. Environmental careers center of Canada (ECO) offers many different kinds of programs, from post-secondary Environmental Education in Canada to undergraduates students who have also the possibility to study a bachelor's degree in Environmental Practices from Royal Roads University and propose certificates for adults as well. The main purpose is to create environmental professionals. Another association is The Canadian Network for Environmental Education and Communication (EECOM) is a network for environmental learning

• Canadian Environment Awards
• Environmental issues in Canada
  • Athabaska oil sands § Environmental impacts
• Environment and Climate Change Canada
• Hard Choices: Climate Change in Canada
• Interprovincial Cooperatives v. The Queen
• Pesticides in Canada
• Sustainable Development Strategy in Canada
• Environmental policy of the Harper government

• DesRoches, C. Tyler, Frank Jankunis, and Byron Williston, eds. Canadian Environmental Philosophy (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2019) online.
• Flannery, Tim. The eternal frontier: an ecological history of North America and its peoples (Grove Press, 2002) online; also see online review
• Ingram, Darcy. "Governments, Governance, and the 'Lunatic Fringe': The Resources for Tomorrow Conference and the Evolution of Environmentalism in Canada." International Journal of Canadian Studies 51 (2015): 69-96. online
• Lakanen, Raili. "Dissent and descent: tracing Canada’s environmental governance from regulatory beginnings to dismissal and reversals by the Harper government." Local Environment 23.5 (2018): 549-564. online
• MacDowell, Laurel Sefton. An environmental history of Canada. (UBC Press, 2012) online
• Sandlos, John. "Nature’s nations: the shared conservation history of Canada and the USA" International Journal of Environmental Studies (2013) 70:358-371.
• Sandwell, Ruth Wells. Canada's Rural Majority: Households, Environments, and Economies, 1870-1940 (University of Toronto Press, 2016) online.
• Schneider, Richard R. Biodiversity conservation in Canada: from theory to practice (Canadian Centre for Translational Ecology, 2023). online

• A National Ecological Framework For Canada
• Nunavut Environmental Database