Epopeus of Sicyon

In Greek mythology, Epopeus (/ɪˈpoʊpiːəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἐπωπεύς) was the 17th king of Sicyon, with an archaic bird-name that linked him to epops (ἔποψ), the hoopoe, the "watcher".^[1] A fragment of Callimachus' Aitia ("Origins") appears to ask, "Why, at Sicyon, is it the hoopoe, and not the usual splendid ravens, that is the bird of good omen?"^[2]

Etymology

Epopeus name means 'all-seer', from epopao, 'to look out', 'observe', in turn from epi, 'over' and ops, 'eye'. A suitable for one who is to be a king and oversee his people.^[3]

Family

Epopeus was the son of Poseidon either by princess Canace, daughter of King Aeolus of Thessaly,^[4] or by the Pleiad Alcyone.^[5] Yet, in some accounts, his father was Aloeus, son of Helius.

Epopeus married the Theban princess Antiope, daughter of King Nycteus, by whom he had children: Oenope^[6] and Marathon.^[7]

Mythology

Reign

Epopeus migrating from his homeland in Thessaly seized the kingdom of Sicyon from Lamedon, the supposed successor of the latter's elder brother King Corax.^[8] He reigned in his new home for a period of 35 years.^[9]

Epopeus was the most memorable king at Sicyon and features in Euripides' Antiope. He founded a sanctuary of Athena on the Sicyonian acropolis where he performed victory rites, celebrating his defeat of Theban intruders. Athena caused olive oil to flow before the shrine.

At Titane in Sicyonia, Pausanias saw an altar, in front of it a tumulus raised to the hero Epopeus, and, near to the barrow-tomb, the "Gods of Aversion"—the apotropai—"before whom are performed the ceremonies which the Hellenes observe for the averting of evils".^[10]

War with Thebes

In the etiological myth that accounted for the origin of rituals propitiating the daimon of Epopeus, it was told that Zeus impregnated the daughter of Nycteus, Antiope, who fled in shame to Epopeus, king of Sicyon, abandoning her children, Amphion and Zethus. They were exposed on Mount Cithaeron, but, in a familiar mytheme, were found and brought up by a shepherd. Unable to retrieve his daughter, Nycteus made war with Epopeus but was wounded by the latter and carried back to Thebes. Before Nycteus died, he sent his brother Lycus to take Antiope. This time Epopeus was killed in battle by Lycus, or he died of a neglected wound that he received when his army defeated Nycteus. After Epopeus's death, Lamedon became the king of Sicyon and gave up Antiope to her uncle Lycus who then gave her as a slave to his own wife, Dirce.^[11]^[12]

Regnal titles
Preceded by Corax	King of Sicyon 35 years	Succeeded by Lamedon

Notes

^ "Now the long list of Sicyonian kings which we find in Pausanias touches on bird lore at more than one juncture", Noel Robertson observes, in "Callimachus' Tale of Sicyon ('SH' 238)" Phoenix 53.1/2 (Spring 1999:57-79): a previous king at Sicyon was Korax, the "raven" king, son of Koronos (Pausanias 2.5.8), the "crow" king who was born of a love-match of Apollo, to whom the crow belonged; a later king at Sicyon took as a bride Φηνω, the "vulture" (Pausanias 2.6.5); in other locales one might compare Tereus, transformed into a hoopoe (Pausanias, 1.41.9); and Celeus, the "woodpecker" king in Eleusis— and indeed the Latin Picus, also a "woodpecker" king.
^ The fragment is interpreted so by Noel Robertson, "Callimachus' Tale of Sicyon ('SH' 238)" Phoenix 53.1/2 (Spring 1999:57-79); Robertson continues by elucidating Epopeus.
^ "Epopeus". Mythology Names.
^ Apollodorus, 1.7.4
^ Hyginus, Praef. Fab. p. 11, ed. Staveren
^ Hyginus, Fabulae 157
^ Pausanias, 2.1.1 & 2.6.5
^ Pausanias, 2.6.1
^ Eusebius, Chronographia 63
^ Pausanias, 2.11.1
^ Apollodorus, 3.5.5
^ Pausanias, 2.1.1 & 2.6.1–3

References

Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

[1] "Now the long list of Sicyonian kings which we find in Pausanias touches on bird lore at more than one juncture", Noel Robertson observes, in "Callimachus' Tale of Sicyon ('SH' 238)" Phoenix 53.1/2 (Spring 1999:57-79): a previous king at Sicyon was Korax, the "raven" king, son of Koronos (Pausanias 2.5.8), the "crow" king who was born of a love-match of Apollo, to whom the crow belonged; a later king at Sicyon took as a bride Φηνω, the "vulture" (Pausanias 2.6.5); in other locales one might compare Tereus, transformed into a hoopoe (Pausanias, 1.41.9); and Celeus, the "woodpecker" king in Eleusis— and indeed the Latin Picus, also a "woodpecker" king.

[2] The fragment is interpreted so by Noel Robertson, "Callimachus' Tale of Sicyon ('SH' 238)" Phoenix 53.1/2 (Spring 1999:57-79); Robertson continues by elucidating Epopeus.

[3] "Epopeus". Mythology Names.

[4] Apollodorus, 1.7.4

[5] Hyginus, Praef. Fab. p. 11, ed. Staveren

[6] Hyginus, Fabulae 157

[7] Pausanias, 2.1.1 & 2.6.5

[8] Pausanias, 2.6.1

[:0-9] Eusebius, Chronographia 63

[10] Pausanias, 2.11.1

[11] Apollodorus, 3.5.5

[12] Pausanias, 2.1.1 & 2.6.1–3

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