Fat face

For the UK clothes retailer, see FatFace.

Elephant is a digital fat face typeface by Matthew Carter based on the typefaces of Vincent Figgins.[1]

In typography, a fat face letterform is a serif typeface or piece of lettering in the Didone or modern style with an extremely bold design.[2] Fat face typefaces appeared in London around 1805–1810 and became widely popular; John Lewis describes the fat face as "the first real display typeface."[3][4][5][a]

While decorated typefaces and lettering styles existed in the past, for instance inline and shadowed forms, the fat faces' extreme design and their issue in very large poster sizes had an immediate impact on display typography in the early nineteenth century. Historian James Mosley describes a fat face as "designed like a naval broadside to sock its commercial message ... by sheer aggressive weight of heavy metal."[1] and that (unlike slab serif typefaces) "while the thick lines were very thick, the thin ones remained the same - or in proportion, very thin indeed."[1]

The same style of letters was also widely used executed as custom lettering rather than as a typeface in the nineteenth century, in architecture, on tombstones and on signage. Versions were executed as roman or upright, italics and with designs inside the main bold strokes of the letter, such as a white line, patterns or decorations such as fruits or flowers. They are different in style to the slab serif typefaces which appeared shortly afterwards, in which the serifs themselves are also made bold in weight.

Historical background

[edit]
London poster, c. 1840s
Early theatre poster, 1808: all text is in fonts similar to body text faces.
1818 poster; complete change in style. Fat face, or at least bold, letterforms used throughout; the main heading is in an inline italic design.

Great changes took place in the style of printed letters available from type foundries in the hundred years after 1750. At the beginning of this period, fonts in Latin-alphabet printing were predominantly intended for book printing. The modern concept of text faces having companion bold fonts did not exist, although some titling capitals were quite bold; if a bolder effect was intended blackletter might be used.[7]

From the arrival of roman type around 1475 to the late eighteenth century, relatively little development in letter design took place, as most fonts of the period were intended for body text, and they stayed relatively similar in design, generally ignoring local styles of lettering or newer "pointed-pen" styles of calligraphy.[8][b]

Fat face types have the thin horizontals of modern-face types like Bodoni (top), but much thicker vertical strokes.

Starting in the late seventeenth century, typefounders developed what are now called transitional and then Didone types. These typefaces had daringly slender horizontals and serif details, catching up to the steely calligraphy and copperplate engraving styles of the period, that could show off the increasingly high quality of paper and printing technology of the period.[9][10][11] In addition, Didone typefaces had a strictly vertical stress: without exception, the vertical lines were thicker than the horizontals, creating a much more geometric and modular design.[c][12][13]

A major development of the early nineteenth century was the arrival of the printed poster and increasing use of printing for publicity and advertising material. This presumably caused a desire to make eye-catching new types of letters available for printing.[14][15][16][17] Large typefaces clearly intended for poster use began to appear in London in the second half of the eighteenth century, introduced by the typefounders Thomas Cottrell and by William Caslon II by 1764,[18] although casting large metal type in sand for book titles was used for centuries before that.[19][20] Caslon's were apparently marketed for use by stagecoach services, with lists of towns on the specimen sheets.[21] Although influenced by a textbook on architectural lettering, they still remained similar to magnified body text forms, rather than a new departure, although they did establish one precedent later followed by both fat face typefaces and modern face types generally, that numerals were at a fixed height rather than the old text figures of variable height.[22][d]

The term "fat face" itself is older than the modern genre. Meaning typefaces bolder than normal weight (but only slightly, by modern standards) it was used in 1683 by Joseph Moxon as "a broad-stemmed letter".[23] Reference books on printing from the nineteenth century also used it to refer to new Didone typefaces that were bolder than before but still intended for printing body text or poetry.[24]

First appearances

[edit]
Early typeface in what became the fat face style by Robert Thorne in his 1803 specimen[25]

According to Mosley, "the growth [of fat face letters] from existing models can be continuously traced. There is a clear parallel to it in contemporary architectural lettering...in printing types its fatness was steadily increased".[26][e]

An early example, not particularly bold, of c. 1816.[31] This style of 'W' was common in roundhand calligraphy.[32][33]

Two contemporary sources concurred that fat face letters were popularised by the typefounder Robert Thorne.[34] He had been an apprentice to Thomas Cottrell,[35] who pioneered large-size poster types, before setting up his own company, often called the Fann Street Foundry, in North London.[35] According to Thomas Curson Hansard (1825), "the extremely bold and fat letter, now prevalent in job-printing, owes its introduction principally to Mr. Thorne, a spirited and successful letter-founder" and according to William Savage (1822) he "has been principally instrumental in the revolution that has taken place in Posting Bills by the introduction of fat types."[35][36] Unfortunately, few typeface specimen books from the period or from his foundry survive, making it difficult to confirm this; in addition, typeface specimens of the time generally make no comments at all on the types shown.[29][37][38][39] From his study of specimen books, Sébastien Morlighem does not believe that the escalating trend was entirely driven by Thorne: "a lesser-known, yet decisive, contribution came from the Caslon foundry"[40] and that "it is more accurate to see that several people – punchcutters, founders, printers, publishers – were involved in its development and popularisation".[41]

As to the clients for these types, Mosley writes that "it is tempting to see" the lottery agent Thomas Bish as a force behind them: there were two Thomas Bishes, a father and son who were famous lottery promoters, who were well-known for brash, startling advertising.[f] Mosley highlights as significant a fat face in a later specimen book simply showcased with the single specimen word "Bish",[g] and notes that Bish posters began with "heavy roman lettering engraved on wood, for which fat-face types were substituted as they became available".[26]

Widespread use

[edit]
1838: variation of letterform from ultra-bold down to merely bolder than average in the extended text
An extremely bold fat face design from A.W. Kinsley & Co., Albany, 1829. The counters have been reduced to abrupt, tiny slits.

Fat faces rapidly became popular. Whereas early poster types and titling capitals were generally only upright, fat faces were made in roman and in italics.[29] Swash capitals for A M N V W Y were quite common; the sample text "VANWAYMAN" was used as a sample text by the Caslon type foundry to showcase them.[29][46][h] They were also made down into quite small sizes.[29]

The 1841 Caslon foundry specimen uses "VANWAYMAN" as a sample text for its swash capitals.

Fat faces were also used in the US, where they were used on gravestones.[48][49] In the United States Barnhurst and Nerone comment that fat face newspaper nameplates were in fashion in the 1810s; later they were often replaced by blackletter.[50]

Mosley has particularly praised those of Vincent Figgins' foundry (digitised by Matthew Carter as Elephant, above): "exaggeration puts a huge strain on the designer if the result is to retain any coherence at all. Whoever cut the fat-faces of Vincent Figgins ... handled the problems with what can only be described as elegance."[51] New varieties were added by type foundries, including condensed, wide and contra-italic versions.[29][52][53] Other display typefaces also proliferated following their lead; reverse-contrast typefaces, introduced by 1821, may be seen as an inversion of the style.[54][55]

Ornamented designs

[edit]
A geometric ornamented typeface
An ornamented typeface with vines and grapes on a stippled background.
Two decorated types from the 1838 specimen book of the Austin Letter Foundry[56][i]

Besides simple typefaces, variants were designed with patterns and decorations. These extended from simple inline designs to artwork such as flowers and harvest themes. Decorated fat face typefaces were cut in wood and reproduced by dabbing, or stereotype, a technique in which the wooden pattern is driven into molten metal just at the point of solidifying.[58][59][19][60]

One type foundry particularly known for decorated designs was the London foundry of Louis John Pouchée, active from 1818[j] to 1830.[28][60] Pouchée was a Freemason, and some of his foundry's types were inspired by Masonic emblems. Many of his wooden patterns are preserved.[61][62][63][k] While very striking, it is not clear that these types were much used: John Dreyfus reported that "the late Ellic Howe, a printing historian and a Freemason, failed to discover any piece of printing on which Pouchée's Masonic types were used".[64] He suggested that the fine detail of Pouchée's ornamented letters was not practical for job printing work at the time and that some of the designs were too large for playbills and handbills, their likely market.[64] Ultimately large metal types were only briefly used, as they were soon replaced by routed and pantograph-engraved wood display type, which was much lighter and cheaper.[60][65]

Bold lettering also appears on copperplate engraving, such as engraved maps of the period. Digital font designer Andy Clymer reports finding on engraved maps that it was more common for bold lettering to be decorated, leaving spaces not engraved out, than it was to be solid black: "whenever things would get heavier, they would often just get more ornamented…not filled in solid [but] with some kind of ornamentation or decoration."[66] This is seen in A Specimen of the Print Hands, an internal specimen of lettering styles used by the Ordnance Survey in the early nineteenth century, in which the boldest lettering is decorated.[67][68]

Late nineteenth century

[edit]

New types of display type proliferated in the late nineteenth century.[69] In 1863, printer H. Morgan in Madras wrote that fat-face letter "is seldom used now".[70] In 1901 the influential American printer Theodore Low De Vinne criticised the style as "an object lesson of absurdity".[71]

The term "fat face" continued to be used for bolder types, not just for the ultra-bold poster types. In 1893 William B. MacKellar of the major American type foundry MacKellar, Smiths, & Jordan showed a wide body text face described as a fat face in discussing pay scales for compositors.[72]

Twentieth century and later

[edit]
Mid-century poster by Lewitt-Him, an example of the revival of fat faces in graphic design around this time. The "f"s are "non-kerning", a style that only became popular from the middle of the nineteenth century.[73]

Fat faces returned to some popularity in the twentieth century, in the UK as part of the Victoriana style promoted by John Betjeman and others in the 1930s.[74][75][76][l] Fat face types sold as metal type in the twentieth century included:

Digital-period fat face types include:

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Although note that, unsurprisingly, other authors have had different views: for instance Fred Smeijers describes Hendrik van den Keere's large heavy types of the 1560s make him "one of the first to make roman display types that were explicitly conceived as such."[6]
  2. ^ This was not the only way in which fonts could appear different, however: differences in x-height, spacing, condensation and colour on the page can make body text fonts look different in design even if individual letters are not that different.
  3. ^ Didone types were at the time called 'modern' for their sophisticated image; the name has fallen from use as they have become less common in body text from around the end of the nineteenth century.
  4. ^ Caslon II's numerals, like many early examines of modern "lining" figures, are slightly below cap height.
  5. ^ Writers on the history of printing have discussed the increasing boldness of fat face-style types in the early nineteenth century as a transition from bold designs to truly fat typefaces, although it is not clear that nineteenth-century printers made any distinction. According to Alfred F. Johnson, bold typefaces begin to appear in the 1800s with the more extreme fat face types appearing on advertisements for the state lottery from around 1810.[27] The Fry Foundry's French Canon No. 2 of around 1806 has been described as a "semi-fat face";[28] in the opinion of Paul Barnes the letterforms in Thorne's specimen of 1803 are not yet true fat faces, only bold.[29] Nicolete Gray in her book Nineteenth Century Ornamented Typefaces describes the Fry Foundry's as an early paradigm but not quite the "fully developed fat face": "a superb, wide, generous letter, magnificently roman, but with a good deal less of order and more of pomp than Trajan's classic. It is the same style as the best English architectural lettering ... it is not a modern face ... this noble letter is merely transitional; by 1815 it has entirely disappeared from the specimen books. It is replaced by the fully developed fat face."[30]
  6. ^ There were two Thomas Bishes, father and son. Both have been extensively discussed in literature on the history of advertising; see following sources.[42][43][44]
  7. ^ Specifically, the Caslon foundry specimen of 1830, reprinted in 1841.[45]
  8. ^ It also appears in the White Foundry of New York specimen book of 1831[47] and the Caslon foundry specimen book of 1841.[45]
  9. ^ A very similar design to the first type was issued in the 1841 specimen of George F. Nesbitt, this time as chromatic multi-layer wood type with multiple types for multicoloured printing.[57]
  10. ^ But possibly slightly earlier.[60]
  11. ^ Some websites have assumed that Pouchée engraved these faces himself. This is unlikely to be correct as he was not an engraver but a businessman, he was the owner of a restaurant and then a coal merchant before he became a typefounder. The blocks do not have any engravers' names on them; Mosley assumes that they are the work of multiple engravers based on the mixture of styles and notes that a few similar hand-carved wooden types have come to light in England from other sources.[60]
  12. ^ Name used for convenience: fat faces were introduced long before Victoria came to the throne in 1837; their presumed architect, Robert Thorne, died when she was less than a year old.[77]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mosley 2003, p. 35.
  2. ^ Ford, Thomas (1854). The Compositor's Handbook. T. Ford. p. 243.
  3. ^ Lewis 1962, p. 12.
  4. ^ Kennard, Jennifer (3 January 2014). "The Story of Our Friend, the Fat Face". Fonts in Use. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  5. ^ Phinney, Thomas. "Fat Faces". Graphic Design and Publishing Centre. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  6. ^ Smeijers, Fred (1999). "Renard: an idiosyncratic type revival1". Quaerendo. 29 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1163/157006999X00077.
  7. ^ Mosley, James. "Comments on Typophile thread "Where do bold typefaces come from?"". Typophile. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016. John Smith says in his Printer's grammar (London, 1755). 'Black Letter … is sometimes used … to serve for matter which the Author would particularly enforce to the reader.'
  8. ^ Lane, John A.; Lommen, Mathieu. "John Lane & Mathieu Lommen: ATypI Amsterdam Presentation". YouTube. ATypI. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  9. ^ Meggs, Philip B. & Purvis, Alston W. (2006). "Graphic Design and the Industrial Revolution". History of Graphic Design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 122.
  10. ^ Sutton, James & Sutton, Alan (1988). An Atlas of Typeforms. Wordsworth Editions. p. 59. ISBN 1-85326-911-5.
  11. ^ Mosley 1993, p. 8.
  12. ^ Phinney, Thomas. "Transitional & Modern Type Families". Graphic Design & Publishing Center. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  13. ^ Hoefler, Jonathan. "Didot History". Hoefler & Frere-Jones. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  14. ^ David Raizman (2003). History of Modern Design: Graphics and Products Since the Industrial Revolution. Laurence King Publishing. pp. 40–3. ISBN 978-1-85669-348-6.
  15. ^ Eskilson, Stephen J. (2007). Graphic Design: A New History. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780300120110.
  16. ^ Frere-Jones, Tobias. "Scrambled Eggs & Serifs". Frere-Jones Type. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  17. ^ John Lewis (April 2007). Typography: Design and Practice. Jeremy Mills Publishing. pp. 13–17. ISBN 978-1-905217-45-8.
  18. ^ Wolpe 1964, pp. 59–62.
  19. ^ a b Mosley 1990, pp. 9–10.
  20. ^ Howes, Justin (2004). "Caslon's Patagonian". Matrix. 24: 61–71.
  21. ^ Wolpe 1964, p. 63.
  22. ^ Wolpe 1964, p. 62.
  23. ^ Morlighem 2020, p. 6.
  24. ^ Morlighem 2020, pp. 6–7.
  25. ^ [Specimen of improved printing types]. London: Robert Thorne. 1803. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  26. ^ a b Mosley 1993, p. 10.
  27. ^ Johnson 1970, p. 410.
  28. ^ a b Coles, Stephen (7 May 2016). "Ornamented Types Introduction and Prospectus". Fonts in Use. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Barnes, Paul. "Isambard: read the story". Commercial Type. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  30. ^ Gray 1977, p. 14.
  31. ^ Caslon, William IV (1816). Untitled fragment of a specimen book of printing types, c. 1816. London: William Caslon IV. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  32. ^ Berry, John (3 February 2016). "A History: English round hand and 'The Universal Penman'". Typekit. Adobe Systems. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  33. ^ Shaw, Paul. "Flawed Typefaces". Print magazine. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  34. ^ Johnson 1970, p. 409.
  35. ^ a b c Hansard 1825, p. 360.
  36. ^ Savage 1822, p. 72.
  37. ^ Macmillan, David. "Reading Metal Type Specimens". Circuitous Root. Retrieved 9 August 2023. It is always a good idea to remember that these metal type specimens are not academic treatises on the aesthetics of typefaces - they're selling fonts of type or of matrices.
  38. ^ Sowersby, Kris (18 January 2023). "Family design information". Klim Type Foundry. Retrieved 9 August 2023. Writing about typefaces is a relatively recent act. We rarely know what typefaces designers thought about their own work, or their rationale for making them.
  39. ^ Mosley 1958, p. 32.
  40. ^ Morlighem 2020, p. 9.
  41. ^ Morlighem 2020, p. 22.
  42. ^ Strachan, John (2007). "'Publicity to a lottery is certainly necessary': Thomas Bish and the culture of gambling". Advertising and Satirical Culture in the Romantic Period. Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–203. ISBN 978-0-521-88214-9.
  43. ^ Short, Gill. "The Art of Advertising: an exhibition in waiting". Bodleian Library. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  44. ^ Hicks, Gary. "The First Adman: Thomas Bish and the Birth of Modern Advertising". Victorian Secrets. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  45. ^ a b Specimen of Printing Types by Henry Caslon. London. 1841. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  46. ^ Specimen of Printing Types. Caslon & Catherwood/Henry Caslon. 1821. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  47. ^ White, E. (1831). Specimen of modern and light face printing types and ornaments. New York. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  48. ^ Shaw, Paul. "By the Numbers no. 2—Fat Faces in New England Cemeteries". Paul Shaw Letter Design. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  49. ^ Shields, David. "A History of 'Aetna' Typefaces". Mark Simonson. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  50. ^ Barnhurst, Kevin G.; Nerone, John (1 April 2002). The Form of News: A History. Guilford Press. pp. 54–58. ISBN 978-1-57230-791-9.
  51. ^ Mosley 2003, pp. 35–36.
  52. ^ De Baerdemaeker, Jo. "Lean Back: The Evolution of Reverse Italics". YouTube. ATypI. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  53. ^ De Baerdemaeker, Jo. "Lean back: the evolution of reverse italics". studio type. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  54. ^ Shields, David (2008). "A Short History of the Italian". Ultrabold: The Journal of St Bride Library (4): 22–27.
  55. ^ Tracy, Walter (2003). Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design. Boston: David R. Godine. ISBN 9781567922400.
  56. ^ Foundry, Austin Letter (1838). The Specimen Book of Types Cast at the Austin Foundry by Wood & Sharwoods. London. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  57. ^ Shields, David. "George Fash Nesbitt was born 214 years ago on January 13, 1809...Nesbitt's 1841 wood type specimen catalog remains the first know example showing chromatics. The Butler Library at Columbia University holds the only known surviving copy of the 1841 catalog". Instagram. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  58. ^ Mosley, James. "Dabbing, abklatschen, clichage..." Type Foundry (blog). Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  59. ^ Bergel, Giles. "Printing cliches". Printing Machine. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  60. ^ a b c d e Mosley 1993.
  61. ^ "Ornamented types: a prospectus" (PDF). imimprimit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  62. ^ Daines, Mike. "Pouchee's lost alphabets". Eye Magazine. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  63. ^ "Ornamented Types". Letterform Archive. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  64. ^ a b Dreyfus, John. "Book Reviews: Ornamented Types". Bulletin of the Printing Historical Society: 28–30.
  65. ^ Shields, David. "What Is Wood Type?". Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  66. ^ a b Clymer, Andy (3 April 2015). "Designing Obsidian with Andy Clymer". Vimeo. Cooper Union. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  67. ^ Mosley, James. "Working Letters – an affectionate view of the vernacular". Letter Exchange. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  68. ^ "A Specimen of the Print Hands, for the Instruction of the Cadets, in the Corps of Royal Military Surveyors and Draftsmen, Engraved by desire of Lieutenant General Mann, Inspector General of Fortifications". National Library of Scotland/Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  69. ^ Gray 1977.
  70. ^ Morgan, H. (1863). A Dictionary of Terms used in Printing. p. 40.
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  72. ^ MacKellar, William B. (1893). "The MacKellar Movable Unit System for measuring type composition". The Inland Printer: 409–411. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
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  76. ^ Rennie 2001, p. 110.
  77. ^ Gray 1977, p. 16.
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  81. ^ "Bitstream Normande". MyFonts. Bitstream. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  82. ^ "Thorowgood". MyFonts. Linotype. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  83. ^ "Elephant - Microsoft". Microsoft. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  84. ^ Step-by-step Graphics. Dynamic Graphics, Incorporated. 1993. p. 46.
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  87. ^ "New Faces in Washington". Font Bureau. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
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  92. ^ de Wilde, Barbara. "Martha Stewart Living". Barbara de Wilde. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
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Sources

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Cited literature

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