Fehim Zavalani

Fehim Zavalani
Born1859
Zavalan, Janina Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (modern Albania)
Died1935
NationalityAlbanian
Known forSecret Committee for the Liberation of Albania, Congress of Monastir, Congress of Dibra
SpouseQerime Frashëri[1]
ChildrenAdile (daughter), Asim, Hysen, Dalip, Tajar Zavalani (son)[1]
RelativesSabri, Shefqet Frashëri (brother-in-law)[1]

Fehim bey Zavalani (1859-1935) was an Albanian landowner from the Kolonjë area,[2] journalist and activist of the Albanian National Awakening. He was also the editor of Bashkimi i Kombit (Nation's Unity), one of the most important Albanian newspapers of the era. In 1908 he became one of the head organizers of the Congress of Monastir, in which the Albanian alphabet was standardized.

Life

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According to Gawrych, Fehim Zavalani came from a Muslim family of Kolonjë, southern part of Albania.[3] According to Albanian official historiography, he was born in the village of Zavalan of Dangëlli region, today's Frashër, in the outskirts of the Kolonjë area.[4] In 1879 he went in Istanbul to study, and after that settled in Korçë in 1881.[4] Soon after, he settled in Monastir.

In 1896, along with Sabri Frashëri and Shefqet Frashëri, his brothers-in-law,[1] he founded the patriotic Secret Association of the Albanians of Manastir (Albanian: Organizata e Fshehtë e Shqiptareve të Manastirit)[5] In 1905/1906, along with Gjergj Qiriazi and Bajo Topulli he founded the Secret Committee for the Liberation of Albania, one of the first çetë (armed guerilla groups) in Monastir (modern Bitola).[2][3] Reflecting on guerilla activity during 1906–08, Zavalani felt that "no useful and desirable results could be obtained through written and verbal propaganda" and that preparing the public "to accept the idea of an armed revolt" was the course of action to pursue.[6]

Ottoman authorities crippled the committee for months after learning of its activities in 1906 by removing all its leaders from Monastir, except for Zavalani.[7] In Monastir Zavalani also founded the organization Bashkimi, whose alphabet proposal would become the official alphabet of Albania, and became the editor of Bashkim i Kombit, the organization's newspaper. After the newspaper published an eye-witness account of a massacre perpetrated by the Ottoman army in northern Albania, the Ottoman authorities arrested Zavalani and the rest of the staff of Bashkimi i Kombit.[8]

On October 8, 1908 Luigj Gurakuqi proposed him to organize a conference for the standardization of the Albanian alphabet.[9]

The conference, known as the Congress of Monastir, was organized by Bashkimi club in Zavalani's house in Monastir and led by Zavalani from November 14 to November 22, 1908.[5] Fehim Zavalani held the introductory speech at the congress and was one of its delegates. Other delegates of the congress from his family include Izet Zavalani, delegate of Florina and Gjergj Zavalani.[5] By July 23–28, 1909 he was one of main participants and the leader of the Albanian faction of the Congress of Dibra, organized in Debar by the Young Turk association Union and Progress.[10] The Young Turks aimed to impose an ottomanization of the Albanian society. Zavalani was one of the group of the Albanian nationalists who declined to sign off on the already prepared document, and instead forced the organizers to accept a series of articles in the final document, one of the most important of which was to allow the Albanian language to be taught in elementary schools freely.[10]

Fehim Zavalani's son, Tajar Zavalani (1903–1966), was an important Albanian historian, journalist, and translator. He started in 1940 the BBC Radio service in the Albanian language where he was the speaker for 26 years until his death in 1966.

Bibliography

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  • Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400847761.
  • Zavalani, Gjergj. "Jeta me dritë e një atdhetari : (Fehim Zavalani)" [Life with light of a patriot: (Fehim Zavalani)]. Drita (in Albanian). IV, 3, c (30 march 2003).

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Kastriot Bezati (2012-09-19), Të pathënat e familjes së Abdyl Frashërit [What's unsaid on Abdyl Frasheri's family] (in Albanian), Tirana Observer Online, archived from the original on 2015-01-10, retrieved 2015-01-10, djalin e Fehim bej Zavalanit dhe të Qerime Frashërit. Qerimeja ishte motra e atdhetareve Sabri e Shefqet Frashërit, nga të cilët ky i dyti ishte delegat në Kongresin e Manastirit të vitit 1908 si delegat i Klubit të Korçës...Tajari, lindur më 1903 në Manastir dhe martuar më 1936 me Selmanë, kishte një motër dhe tre vëllezër, Adilenë, Asimin, Hysenin dhe Dalipin.
  2. ^ a b Skendi 1967, pp. 207, 353.
  3. ^ a b Gawrych 2006, p. 147.
  4. ^ a b Zija Xholi, Ylli Vejsiu (2009), Fjalor enciklopedik shqiptar, vol. 3: N - ZH, Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë, p. 2979, ISBN 978-9995610326, OCLC 838142604, lindi në Zavalan të Dangëllisë (rrethi i Përmetit). Në v. 1879 shkoi në Stamboll për të vijuar studimet. Në v. 1881 u vendos ne Korçë, ku u perfshi ne levizjen kulturoro-kombetare per perhapjen e shkollave shqipe djhe mesimit shqip
  5. ^ a b c Frashëri, Alfred (13 November 2008). "Njeqind vjet pas Kongresit te Manastirit" [One hundred years after the Manastir Congress]. Hermes News (in Albanian). Doriana Metollari. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  6. ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. p. 148. ISBN 9781845112875.
  7. ^ Skendi 1967, p. 209.
  8. ^ Skendi 1967, p. 407.
  9. ^ Studia Albanica p.45
  10. ^ a b Gazeta 55 (27 July 2009). "100 vjetori i "Kongresi i Dibrës"" [100 anniversary of the Debar Congress]. Gazeta 55 (in Albanian). Retrieved 20 August 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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