File:Hyolithe Spence Shale 01.png

Mark A. Wilson

Professor

Department of Geology

The College of Wooster

Wooster, OH 44691 USA [1]

Contributing to Wikipedia since 9 May 2007.

My philosophy of Wikipedia and education is described in this InsideHigher.com editorial.

All my images below are posted on Wikipedia pages. They are public domain and may be freely used for any purpose.

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  Craniid brachiopod Petrocrania scabiosa from the Bellevue Formation (Upper Ordovician, Katian) in northern Kentucky.
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  Polished section of the Upper Ordovician bryozoan Amplexopora with Trypanites borings; northern Kentucky.
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  Fossils ooimmured in ooids from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic of Utah).
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  Chesapecten, barnacles and sponge borings (Entobia) from the Pliocene of York River, Virginia.
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  Pentremites sp., a blastoid from the Lower Carboniferous of Kentucky.
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  Pentremites sp. from the Glen Dean Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Kentucky; aboral view of theca.
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  Terebratulid brachiopod from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of southwestern France.
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  Pycnodonte vesicularis left valve interior; Aubeterre Formation, Campanian, SW France.
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  Pycnodonte vesicularis right valve interior; Aubeterre Formation, Campanian, SW France.
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  Liostrea strigilecula from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Trepostome bryozoans from the Bellevue Formation (Upper Ordovician, Katian) in northern Kentucky.
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  Fossiliferous slab of the Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed near Richmond, Indiana.
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  Prasopora falesi (James, 1884) from the Decorah Formation (Katian, Upper Ordovician) exposed in Decorah, Iowa.
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  Lecthaylus gregarius, a sipunculan worm from the Silurian of Illinois.
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  Lecthaylus gregarius, a Silurian sipunculan from Illinois.
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  Praeexogyra hebridica from the Frome Clay (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Langton Herring, Dorset, England.
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  Trepostome bryozoan with bioerosion; Bellevue Formation, Upper Ordovician (Katian), northern Kentucky.
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  Ammonite interiors, Pierre Shale, Upper Cretaceous, South Dakota.
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  Cross-section of Stereolasma rectum, a rugose coral from the Middle Devonian of Erie County, New York.
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  Tabulate coral Calapoecia huronensis Billings, 1865; Waynesville Formation, Upper Ordovician, Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Syringothyris texta Hall 1857, dorsal view. Lower Carboniferous of Wooster, Ohio.
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  Lobatus gigas from the Pleistocene (Eemian) of Great Inagua, The Bahamas.
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  Lobatus gigas abapertural view; juvenile; San Salvador Island, The Bahamas.
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  Lobatus gigas apertural view; juvenile; San Salvador Island, The Bahamas.
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  Polinices galianor from the Pliocene of San Diego County, California.
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  Polinices galianor umbilicus; Pliocene of San Diego County, California.
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  Strophomenid brachiopod Leptaena from the Upper Ordovician of Iowa.
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  The trilobite Flexicalymene meeki; Waynesville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Flexicalymene meeki; Waynesville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Cererithyris arkelli Almeras, 1970; dorsal view; Middle Jurassic (Bathonian); Ranville, Calvados, France.
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  Atrypa sp.; Couvinian (Middle Devonian); El Pical, Leon, Spain. Eroded to show spiralia on the right.
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  Zygospira modesta, an atrypid brachiopod from the Waynesville Formation, Upper Ordovician, southern Ohio.
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  Fossils from the Calvert Formation, Zone 10, Calvert Co., MD (Miocene).
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  Fossils from the Calvert Formation, Zone 10, Calvert Co., MD (Miocene).
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  Ladogia sp., a rhynchonellid brachiopod from the Devonian of western Russia.
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  Mytilus (Falcimytilus) jurensis from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Matmor Formation of southern Israel.
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  Kutchirhynchia morieri, Luc-sur-Mer, France, Middle Jurassic (Upper Bathonian), dorsal view.
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  Kutchirhynchia morieri, Luc-sur-Mer, France, Middle Jurassic (Upper Bathonian), ventral view.
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  Leptosphinctes sp., microconch, Dorset, England, Middle Jurassic.
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  Fusinus sp. from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Canadaspis perfecta from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) of British Columbia, Canada.
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  Internal mold of crinoid stem lumen (and external mold of stem); Lower Carboniferous, Ohio.
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  Conus pelagicus Brocchi 1814 from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  The gastropod Gibbula sp. from the Pliocene of Cyprus; note predation scars.
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  Gastropod opercula from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Bolinus brandaris from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767) from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Echinolampas ovalis, Middle Eocene, Civrac-en-Médoc ,France; oral view.
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  Echinolampas ovalis, Middle Eocene, Civrac-en-Médoc ,France; aboral view.
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  Actinostreon spp. from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Makhtesh Gadol, southern Israel.
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  Peronidella, a calcisponge from the Matmor Formation (Callovian) of southern Israel.
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  Peronidella, a calcisponge from the Matmor Formation (Callovian) of southern Israel; osculum view.
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  Pseudocidaris spine; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Esthoniopora sp. from the Upper Ordovician (Kukruse) of Estonia.
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  Constellaria polystomella from the Liberty Formation, Caesar Creek Lake, Ohio.
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  Trepostome bryozoan with borings; Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician, upper Katian), eastern Indiana.
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  Polished petrified wood. Location unknown.
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  Polished section of petrified wood showing rings. Location unknown.
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  Polished petrified wood showing cells. Location unknown.
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  Heliophyllum halli, a rugose coral from the Centerfield Limestone Member (Middle Devonian), Bethany Center, New York.
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  Striispirifer niagarensis (Conrad, 1843) from the Sheinwoodian (Silurian) of New York; Rochester Shale, Member D.
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  Cincinnetina meeki (Miller, 1875) from the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio.
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  Cincinnetina meeki (Miller, 1875) from the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio.
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  Raphidonema faringdonense from the Faringdon Sponge Gravels (Cretaceous) of England.
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  Meyeria ornata, a lobster from the Speeton Clay (Lower Cretaceous).
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  Isocrania costata from the Upper Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous), ENCI Quarry, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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  External mold of the Upper Ordovician bivalve Anomalodonta gigantea from the Waynesville Formation of Franklin County, Indiana.
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  Phaenopora superba, a bryozoan from the Brassfield Formation (Silurian) of Ohio.
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  Goldringia cyclops (formerly Gyroceras cyclops), a nautiloid from the Columbus Limestone (Middle Devonian, Eifelian) near Delaware, Ohio.
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  Olenellus terminatus; Pyramid Shale Member of the Carrara Formation; Emigrant Pass, Inyo County, California.
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  The scleractinian coral Microsolena from the Matmor Formation, Middle Jurassic, southern Israel.
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  Base of the scleractinian coral Microsolena showing beekite rings; Middle Jurassic of southern Israel.
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  Epistreptophyllum, a scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel.
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  Axosmilia, a scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel; side view.
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  Axosmilia, a scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel; oral view.
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  Amphiastrea Etallon 1859; a scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Callovian) of southern Israel.
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  Chlamys sp. 1; Nicosia Formation (Pliocene) of Cyprus.
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  Exogyra costata from the Prairie Bluff Formation (Maastrichtian); Starkville, Mississippi.
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  Chesaconcavus sp.; a large barnacle from the Miocene of Maryland.
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  Chesaconcavus sp.; a Miocene barnacle from Maryland. Basal view with bioimmured smaller barnacles.
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  Reptoclausa hagenowi, a bryozoan from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Faringdon Sponge Gravels of England.
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  Jurassic ammonite internal mold redeposited in Cretaceous sediments (and thus remanie); Faringdon Sponge Gravels, England.
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  Productid brachiopod ventral valve exterior; Roadian, Guadalupian (Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Productid brachiopod ventral valve interior; Roadian, Guadalupian (Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Rhynchonellid brachiopod with interior crura (lophophore support) visible; Roadian, Guadalupian (Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Tropidoleptus carinatus, an orthid brachiopod from the Middle Devonian of Ohio.
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  Aspidiscus cristatus; Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) En Yorqe'am Formation; southern Israel; oral view; round holes are bivalve borings-bioclaustrations.
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  Aspidiscus cristatus; Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) En Yorqe'am Formation; southern Israel; aboral view.
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  Asteroid ray fragment (oral surface); 1 m from top of Zichor Formation (Coniacian, Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel.
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  Aulopora (a tabulate coral) from the Silica Shale (Middle Devonian) of northwestern Ohio.
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  Gryphaea sp. from the Cretaceous of Texas; left valve interior and exterior (same specimen).
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  Pycnodonte pulaskiensis from the Clayton Formation (Paleocene) of Mississippi.
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  Laevitrigonia gibbosa from the Portland Limestone Formation (Upper Jurassic), Isle of Portland, Dorset, England.
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  The early Middle Triassic bivalve Ramonalina (Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel).
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  Thecideide brachiopod (T), sabellid worm tube (S) and bryozoans (B) on the shell of the bivalve Ctenostreon from the Upper Jurassic of Poland.
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  Elrathia kingii from the Wheeler Shale (Middle Cambrian), Utah.
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  Apiocrinites negevensis from the Matmor Formation, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), southern Israel.
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  The distinctive proximale of Apiocrinites negevesis; Matmor Formation; Middle Jurassic of southern Israel.
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  The Ordovician cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium from northeastern Estonia.
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  Eucalyptocrinites calyx from the Kaugatuma Formation (Upper Silurian, Pridoli), Saaremaa, Estonia.
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  Calcite crystals inside a test of the cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium (Middle Ordovician, northeastern Estonia).
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  Calcite cements in the Ordovician cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium from northeastern Estonia.
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  Encrusting graptolite (Thallograptus sphaericola) on the cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium (Middle Ordovician, northeastern Estonia).
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  Thallograptus sphaericola, a dendroid graptolite, attached to the cystoid Echinosphaerites aurantium; Ordovician of northeastern Estonia.
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  Pendeograptus fruticosus from the Bendigonian Australian Stage (Lower Ordovician; 477-474 mya) near Bendigo, Victoria, Australia. Two overlapping, three-stiped rhabdosomes.
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  A Middle Ordovician hardground from Utah with echinoderm holdfasts cemented to its upper surface.
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  Carbonate hardground with bryozoan and borings from the Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky, USA.
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  Stigmatella personata; trepostome bryozoan encrusting the underside of a carbonate hardground; borings are Trypanites; Corryville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Mason County, Kentucky.
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  Longitudinal thin-section of Stigmatella personata; a trepostome bryozoan encrusting a carbonate hardground; Corryville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Mason County, Kentucky.
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  Cross-section of a carbonate hardground encrusted by oysters and bored by bivalves (Gastrochaenolites); Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Middle Jurassic (Callovian) crinoid pluricolumnals (Apiocrinites) from the Matmor Formation in Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel (Locality C/W-608).
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  Prasopora, a trepostome bryozoan from the Ordovician of Iowa.
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  Fossils in Ordovician oil shale (kukersite), northern Estonia.
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  College of Wooster students collecting fossils; Ordovician of Indiana.
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  Ordovician bryozoans from Indiana.
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  Brachiopods; Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.
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  Bivalves (Aviculopecten) and brachiopods (Syringothyris) in the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Wooster, Ohio.
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  Crinoid external molds; Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous); Wooster. Ohio.
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  Aviculopecten subcardiformis from the Logan Formation, (Lower Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.
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  Syringothyris sp.; a spiriferid brachiopod from the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Wooster, Ohio (internal molds).
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  Gastropod and attached mytilid bivalves on a Jurassic limestone bedding plane in southern Israel.
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  Peltoceras solidum ammonite from the Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) in the Matmor Formation, Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Hederelloids encrusting a brachiopod from the Devonian of Ohio.
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  Scanning electron microscope image of a hederelloid from the Devonian of Michigan.
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  Three hederelloid species on a Devonian rugose coral.
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  Halysites (Silurian tabulate coral).
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  Thin-section of Halysites (Silurian tabulate coral).
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  Ordovician fossils from Minnesota; brachiopods and bryozoans.
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  Receptaculitid, considered a member of the Order Dasycladales; Ordovician of Estonia.
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  Receptaculitid from the Kimmswick Limestone (Middle Ordovician) near Ozora, Missouri.
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  Receptaculitid underside showing merom structure.
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  Brown bodies in an Ordovician bryozoan.
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  Edrioasteroid (Cystaster stellatus) from the Ordovician of northern Kentucky.
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  Ostreolith ("oyster ball") from the Carmel Formation (Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Liostrea strigilecula on an ostreolith ("oyster ball") from the Carmel Formation (Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Ostreolith ("oyster ball") interior showing an aragonitic shell cast as the nucleus and Gastrochaenolites borings; Carmel Formation (Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Hyolithes cerops Walcott from the Spence Shale near Paris, Idaho (Middle Cambrian).
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  Haplophrentis carinatus from the Stephen Formation, Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), Burgess Pass, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Hyoliths from the Middle Ordovician of northern Estonia; these are internal molds.
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  Ordovician strophomenid brachiopod encrusted with bryozoans and inarticulate brachiopods (Petrocrania).
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  Petrocrania brachiopods attached to a strophomenid brachiopod; Upper Ordovician of southeastern Indiana.
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  Baculites specimen in the field; western South Dakota, Late Cretaceous. Part of the phragmocone and part of the body chamber visible.
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  Baculites showing sutures and remnant aragonite; western South Dakota, Late Cretaceous.
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  Close-up of a conulariid from the Mississippian of Indiana.
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  Conulariid from the Mississippian of Indiana.
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  Ichthyosaur vertebrae from the Sundance Formation (Jurassic) of Natrona County, Wyoming.
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  Mosasaur skeleton (Cretaceous); Natural History Museum of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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  Mosasaur front paddle (Cretaceous); Natural History Museum of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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  Nummulitid foraminiferans from the Eocene near Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Microspheric and megalospheric specimens shown.
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  A broken concretion with fossils inside; Late Cretaceous near Ekalaka, Montana.
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  Matthevia, a Late Cambrian polyplacophoran from the Hellnmaria Member of the Notch Peak Limestone, Steamboat Pass, southern House Range, Utah.
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  Gorgonian holdfast on a Miocene limestone surface, Czech Republic.
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  Octocoral holdfast on a limestone substrate (Pleistocene, Sicily); collected by A. Vertino.
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  Crinoid columnals (Isocrinus nicoleti) from the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation at Mount Carmel Junction, Utah.
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  Isocrinus nicoleti columnals from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Kane County, Utah.
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  Amplexograptus from the Ordovician near Caney Springs, Tennessee.
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  Viburnum lesquereuxii leaf with insect damage; Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of Ellsworth County, Kansas.
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  Lepidodendron external mold from the Upper Carboniferous of Ohio.
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  Stigmaria, a root of Lepidodendron. Upper Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio.
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  Lepidodendron root (Stigmaria) with rootlets attached. Upper Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio.
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  Fossil seed fern (Neuropteris ovata Hoffmann) from the Late Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio.
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  Trigonia sp. from the Glen Rose Formation (Cretaceous) near Austin, Texas.
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  Tentaculitids from the Devonian of Maryland. Scale bar is 5.0 mm.
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  Tabulate coral (a syringoporid); Boone Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) near Hiwasse, Arkansas.
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  Favosites sp. from the Upper Ordovician of southern Indiana.
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  Sagittal cross-section of Favosites showing communication pores between the corallites. Upper Ordovician of southern Indiana.
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  Scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) of Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Rudist bivalves (Vaccinites) from the Cretaceous of the Omani Mountains, United Arab Emirates.
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  Platystrophia ponderosa, Maysvillian (Upper Ordovician) near Madison, Indiana.
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  Phacopid trilobite from the Devonian of Ohio.
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  Silurian Pentamerus brachiopod.
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  Solitary rugose coral (Grewingkia) in three views; Ordovician, southeastern Indiana.
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  Tullimonstrum gregarium in a concretion from the Mazon Creek (Upper Carboniferous), Illinois.
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  Inoceramus from the Cretaceous of South Dakota.
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  Internal mold of a nautiloid from the Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky. Note the encruster over the mold.
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  Crinoid holdfasts and bryozoans on an Upper Ordovician cobble from northern Kentucky.
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  Protaraea richmondensis, a heliolitid coral; Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana.
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  Zygospira modesta, atrypid brachiopods, preserved in their original positions on a trepostome bryozoan; Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana.
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  Root-like crinoid holdfast (Ordovician, southern Ohio).
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  Hypostome of the trilobite Isotelus (Ordovician of southern Ohio).
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  Rhynchotrema dentatum, a brachiopod from the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana.
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  Cladocora from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Aporrhais from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Petaloconchus (vermetid gastropod) attached to the coral Cladocora; Nicosia Formation (Pliocene); Cyprus.
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  Gastropod and attached wormtube from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Turritella cingulifera from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Spondylus from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Spondylus from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Diodora italica from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Dentalium from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Anadara from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Amusium cristatum from the Pliocene of Cyprus.
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  Belemnite from the very top of the Zohar Formation (Jurassic) near Neve Atif, the Golan.
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  Anomalocaris from the Mt. Stephen Trilobite Beds, Middle Cambrian, near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Anomalocaridid from the Walcott Quarry, Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Scenella from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, Walcott Quarry, near Field, British Columbia.
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  Vauxia (sponge) from the Walcott Quarry of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Ottoia prolifica (priapulid worm) from the Walcott Quarry of the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Olenoides serratus from the Mt. Stephen Trilobite Beds (Middle Cambrian) near Field, British Columbia, Canada.
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  Stromatolites (Pika Formation, Cambrian) near Helen Lake, Banff National Park, Canada.
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  Stromatolites in the Soeginina Beds (Paadla Formation, Ludlow, Silurian) near Kübassaare, Saaremaa, Estonia.
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  Quinqueloculina sp. from Donegal Bay, Ireland.
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  Triticites sp. cross-section; Plattsmouth Chert; Red Oak, Iowa; Permian.
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  Bolboporites, Frizy Member, Volkhov Formation, near St. Petersburg, Russia (Middle Ordovician, Volkhovian).
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  Bolboporites, Frizy Member, Volkhov Formation, near St. Petersburg, Russia (Middle Ordovician, Volkhovian).
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  Exogyra costata from the Owl Creek Formation, Late Cretaceous, near Ripley, Mississippi.
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  Articulated ostracod valves in cross-section from the Permian of central Texas.
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  Strophomenid brachiopod valve with an encrusting cornulitid (Upper Ordovician, southeastern Indiana).
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  Cornulitids on a bryozoan substrate; Bellevue Member, Grant Lake Formation; Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky.
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  Cornulitid on a strophomenid brachiopod valve (Upper Ordovician, southeastern Indiana).
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  Discoscaphites iris, Owl Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Ripley, Mississippi.
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  Scapanorhynchus texanus, Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel. Collected by Andrew Retzler.
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  Cretaceous shark teeth (mostly Scapanorhynchus) from the Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel.
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  Hadrodus prisca, Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel. Collected by Andrew Retzler.
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  Microconchid on a Middle Devonian (Givetian) brachiopod from the Silica Shale, northwestern Ohio.
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  Helicoconchus elongatus, a microconchid from the Lower Permian of Texas.
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  Helicoconchus elongatus, a microconchid from the Lower Permian of Texas (showing branching).
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  Helicoconchus elongatus, a microconchid from the Lower Permian of Texas (view of branching aggregation of tubes).
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  Microconchid (Palaeoconchus angulatus) on a brachiopod shell from the Potter Farm Formation (Middle Devonian, Givetian) in Alpena, Michigan.
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  Stromatoporoid side view showing laminae and pillars; Columbus Limestone (Devonian), Kelleys Island, Ohio.
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  Stromatoporoid top view showing mamelons; Columbus Limestone (Devonian), Kelleys Island, Ohio.
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  Platyceratid (Palaeocapulus acutirostre) snail on a crinoid calyx (Logan Formation; Mississippian of Ohio).
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  Cross-section of a Lower Carboniferous crinoid with an in situ parasitic platyceratid gastropod.
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  Crinoid stem replaced by marcasite in a siderite concretion; Lower Carboniferous.
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  Platyceras pulcherrimum from the Logan Formation (Mississippian) of Wooster, Ohio.
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  Encrusted hiatus concretion from the Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Covington, Kentucky. Encrusters include bryozoans and crinoids.
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  Belemnites from the Jurassic of Wyoming.
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  Bryozoans encrusting the right valve interior of an oyster from the Coon Creek Beds of the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near Blue Springs, Mississippi.
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  Entobia borings and the cyclostome bryozoan Voigtopora thurni on an oyster valve from the Coon Creek Beds of the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near Blue Springs, Mississippi.
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  Sphenothallus holdfast from the Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician), Gunpowder Creek, Kentucky.
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  Merycoidodon skull right side (Oligocene of Nebraska).
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  Merycoidodon skull left side (Oligocene of Nebraska).
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  Mammut americanum tooth, side view (Pleistocene, Holmes County, Ohio).
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  Mammut americanum tooth surface (Pleistocene, Holmes County, Ohio).
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  Mammuthus tooth, side view (Pleistocene, Holmes County, Ohio).
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  Mammuthus tooth surface (Pleistocene, Holmes County, Ohio).
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  Hercosestria cribrosa Cooper & Grant 1969 (Roadian, Guadalupian, Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Hercosestria cribrosa Cooper & Grant 1969 (Roadian, Guadalupian, Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Hercosestria cribrosa Cooper & Grant 1969 (Roadian, Guadalupian, Middle Permian); Glass Mountains, Texas.
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  Tentaculitid from the New Creek Limestone (Lochkovian, Early Devonian) of New Creek, West Virginia.
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  Bactroptyxis trachaea, Aubry-en-exmes, Normandy, France; Middle Jurassic (Bathonian).
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  Bactroptyxis trachaea, Aubry-en-exmes, Normandy, France; Middle Jurassic (Bathonian).
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  Modern Mercenaria mercenaria left valve interior.
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  Left valve dentition of modern Mercenaria mercenaria.
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  Venerid bivalve; Wadi Umm Ghudran Formation (early Campanian), near Amman, Jordan.
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  Venerid bivalve dentition; Wadi Umm Ghudran Formation (early Campanian), near Amman, Jordan.
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  Coralliophaga coralliophaga (Gmelin, 1791) from Cockburntown Reef, San Salvador, The Bahamas (Pleistocene, Eemian).
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  Pleurodictyum americanum Roemer from the Kashong Shale (Hamilton Group), Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Livingston County, New York.
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  Pleurodictyum americanum Roemer (reverse) from the Kashong Shale (Hamilton Group), Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Livingston County, New York.
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  Side view of a xenophorid gastropod.
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  Aperture view of a xenophorid gastropod.
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  Hexactinellid sponge on a xenophorid gastropod.
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  Leptodus americanus from the Word Limestone (Permian) in Hess Canyon, Texas.
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  Baculites internal mold with all aragonite dissolved away.
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  Eurypterus from the Bertie Waterlime (Upper Silurian) of New York.
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  Marella splendens from the Burgess Shale (British Columbia, Canada, Middle Cambrian).
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  Lower mandible of Gigantopithecus blacki (cast) in the collections of The College of Wooster.
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  Crassostrea gigantissima (Finch, 1824) from the Eocene of Texas.
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  Crassostrea gigantissima (Finch, 1824) right valve interior (Eocene of Texas).
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  Pygites diphyoides (d'Orbigny, 1849) from Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) of Cehegin, Murcia, Spain.
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  Eroded Jurassic plesiosaur vertebral centrum found in the Lower Cretaceous Faringdon Sponge Gravels in Faringdon, England. An example of a remanié fossil.
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  Calcareous sponge with an encrusting crinoid from the Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) of Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
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  Fusulinids from the Topeka Limestone (Virgilian, Upper Carboniferous) of Greenwood County, Kansas.
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  Burmirhynchia jirbaensis from the Matmor Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) of Makhteash Gadol, Israel.
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  Mammut americanum (American Mastodon) tusk from the Pleistocene of Holmes County, Ohio.
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  Peronopora from the Whitewater Formation of eastern Indiana.
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  Mucrospirifer mucronatus from the Silica Shale Formation (Middle Devonian) of Paulding County, Ohio.
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  The large ostracod Herrmannina from the Silurian (Ludlow) Soeginina Beds (Paadla Formation) on eastern Saaremaa Island, Estonia.
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  Silicified fossils from the Road Canyon Formation (Middle Permian of Texas).
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  Macrophthalmus latreillei, a Pleistocene sentinel crab from northern Australia.
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  Pattersonia ulrichi Rauff, 1894; an Ordovician hexactinellid sponge from near Cincinnati, Ohio.
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  Ophiopetra lithographica from the Lower Hienheim Beds (Lower Tithonian, Upper Jurassic) near Regensburg, Germany.
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  Praeexogyra acuminata (Sowerby, 1816) from the Sharp's Hill Formation (Middle Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) near Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire, England.
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  Otodus obliquus teeth from the Eocene near Khouribga, Morocco.
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  Coenothyris oweni from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) lower Saharonim Formation, Har Gevanim, southern Israel.
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  Onchopristis numidus from Kem Kem, Morocco; Tegana Formation (Cenomanian, Cretaceous).
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  Hibolites hastatus from the Jurassic near Moneva Teruel, Spain. Note the barnacle borings (Rogerella).
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  Deinosuchus hatcheri at the Natural History Museum of Utah.
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  Turritella from the Pleistocene of Sicily.
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  Keratoisis melitensis (Goldfuss, 1826) from the Lower Pleistocene of Cape Milazzo, Sicily, Italy. An octocoral of the Family Isididae.
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  Paracenoceras Spath, 1927 from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel.
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  Galls with perforations on a crinoid stem (Apiocrinites negevensis) from the Middle Jurassic of southern Israel.
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  Discohelix tunisiensis, a gastropod from the Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Israel.
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  Strophodonta demissa from the Silica Shale (Middle Devonian) of Michigan.
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  Terebratula maugerii Boni, 1933. A terebratulid brachiopod from the Upper Miocene of Cordoba, Spain.
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  Septastrea marylandica, a scleractinian coral encrusting pagurized gastropod shells (Pliocene of Florida).
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  Euthria Gray 1850; Nicosia Formation, Pliocene, Cyprus.
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  Astraea rugosa with crab predation traces; Nicosia Formation, Pliocene, Cyprus.
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  Cross-section of an Orthoceras nautiloid from the Siluro-Devonian of Erfoud, Morocco.
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  Fossiliferous limestone slab from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Caesar Creek State Park near Waynesville, Ohio.
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  Streptelasma divaricans (Nicholson, 1875). A rugose coral from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio.
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  Enallhelia, a Callovian (Middle Jurassic) scleractinian coral from the Matmor Formation of southern Israel.
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  Heterotrypa sp., a trepostome bryozoan from the Corryville Formation (Upper Ordovician) in Covington, Kentucky.
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  Cheilostome bryozoan (Schizoporella) with serpulid tubes; Recent; Cape Cod Bay, Duck Creek, near Wellfleet, Massachusetts; collected by H.A. Curran.
• 
  Macrocrinus verneuilianus (Shumard, 1855) from the Burlington Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) near Burlington, Iowa.
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  Hiatus concretion encrusted with crinoids and bryozoans; Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician), Gunpowder Creek, Kentucky.
• 
  Archaeocidaris plates and spines from the Bird Spring Formation (Carboniferous) exposed in Kyle Canyon, Spring Mountains, southern Nevada.
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  Glyptodon carapace fragment (Pleistocene).
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  Close view of Hexagonaria percarinata, a Devonian rugose coral from Michigan.
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  Agatized coral from the Hawthorn Group (Oligocene-Miocene) of Florida.
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  The coral Protaraea richmondensis on the brachiopod Rafinesquina ponderosa; Whitewater Formation, Indiana, Upper Ordovician.
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  Trigonocarpus trilocularis Hildreth 1838. Fossil ovule showing stalk attachment. Massillon Sandstone (Upper Carboniferous), NE Ohio.
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  Xenocrinus baeri (Meek, 1872); Upper Ordovician crinoid calyx from the Liberty Formation, Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Densastroma pexisum, a stromatoporoid from the Silurian of Saaremaa Island, Estonia.
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  Densastroma pexisum, a stromatoporoid from the Silurian of Saaremaa Island, Estonia. In the upper left is the boring Osprioneides.
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  Naticarius millepunctatus, Nicosia Formation, Pliocene, Cyprus.
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  Vermetus sp., Nicosia Formation, Pliocene, Cyprus.
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  Syringothyris external mold with borings; Logan Formation (Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.
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  Fimbria sp.; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian); Makhtesh Gadol, southern Israel.
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  Encrinite from the Brassfield Formation (Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio.
• 
  Chaetetid cross-sections, Benxi Formation (Moscovian) near Benxi, Liaoning, North China.
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  Chaetetid (top view), Bird Spring Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Chaetetid (close view) from the Bird Spring Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Chaetetid cross-section, Bird Spring Formation (Upper Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Utahraptor (Early Cretaceous) at Museum of Ancient Life (Lehi, Utah).
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  Rudist bivalve, Maurens Formation, Upper Cretaceous, SW France.

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  Trace fossil Gyrochorte from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of SW Utah.
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  Thalassinoides burrow system in the Sherborne Building Stone (Jurassic, Bajocian) of Dorset, England; slab cut parallel to bedding.
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  Thalassinoides burrow system in the Sherborne Building Stone (Jurassic, Bajocian) of Dorset, England; slab cut perpendicular to bedding.
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  Borings in an Upper Ordovician bryozoan, Bellevue Formation, northern Kentucky; polished cross-section.
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  Entobia gallery; a boring produced by a clionaid sponge in a bivalve shell.
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  Gastrochaenolites (G) and Entobia (E) in limestone cobble from the Los Banós Formation, Upper Miocene, SE Spain.
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  Naticid boring in Stewartia from the Calvert Formation, Zone 10, Calvert Co., MD (Miocene).
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  Trace fossils from the Bull Fork Formation (Upper Ordovician); Caesar Creek, Ohio.
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  Helminthopsis ichnosp.; a trace fossil from the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Wooster, Ohio.
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  Thalassinoides burrows produced by crustaceans; Middle Jurassic, Makhtesh Qatan, southern Israel.
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  Asteriacites, a trace fossil of an ophiuroid echinoderm; Carmel Formation (Jurassic), near Gunlock, Utah.
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  Asteriacites (sea star trace fossil) from the Devonian of northeastern Ohio.
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  Skolithos trace fossil.
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  Rusophycus trace fossil from the Ordovician of southern Ohio.
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  Zoophycos trace fossil from the Mississippian of northern Kentucky.
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  Viburnum lesquereuxii leaf with insect damage; Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous) of Ellsworth County, Kansas.
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  Catellocaula vallata bioclaustration; Ordovician of Ohio.
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  Cretaceous hardground from Texas with encrusting oysters and borings.
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  Gastrochaenolites borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground, southern Utah.
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  Cross-section of a carbonate hardground encrusted by oysters and bored by bivalves (Gastrochaenolites); Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Carbonate hardground; Ora Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Turonian), southern Israel.
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  Gastrochaenolites in a coral, Matmor Formation (Jurassic), Israel.
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  Rogerella in a crinoid stem, Matmor Formation (Jurassic), Israel.
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  Entobia, a modern boring formed by clionaid sponges.
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  Entobia sponge borings and the cyclostome bryozoan Voigtopora thurni on an oyster valve from the Coon Creek Beds of the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near Blue Springs, Mississippi.
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  Numerous borings in a Cretaceous cobble, Faringdon, England.
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  Petroxestes pera borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, Whitewater Formation, southern Ohio.
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  Petroxestes pera borings in a hardground; Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician) of southern Ohio.
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  Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground, southeastern Indiana.
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  Sponge borings and encrusters on a modern bivalve shell, North Carolina.
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  Cross-section of a Jurassic rockground; borings include Gastrochaenolites (some with boring bivalves in place) and Trypanites; Mendip Hills, England.
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  Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground from northern Kentucky.
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  Trypanites borings in an Upper Ordovician hardground from northern Kentucky. The borings are filled with diagenetic dolomite (yellowish). Note that the boring on the far right cuts through a shell in the matrix.
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  Teredolites borings in a modern wharf piling; the work of bivalves known as "shipworms".
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  Teredolites; an ichnogenus formed by boring bivalves in wood.
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  Cross-section of mammoth footprints at The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs, South Dakota.
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  Eubrontes, a dinosaur footprint in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
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  Gigandipus, a dinosaur footprint in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
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  Cameloid footprint (convex hyporelief) from the Barstow Formation (Miocene) of Rainbow Basin, California.
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  Petalichnus, trilobite walking traces. Devonian of northeastern Ohio.
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  Rusophycus and other trace fossils from the Gog Group, Early Cambrian, Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada.
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  Lockeia from the Dakota Formation (Upper Cretaceous).
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  Lockeia from the Chagrin Shale (Upper Devonian) of northeastern Ohio.
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  Gastroliths from Jurassic strata near Starr Springs, Utah.
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  Ropalonaria venosa, an etching trace fossil of a Late Ordovician ctenostome bryozoan; Cincinnatian of southeastern Indiana.
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  Gnathichnus pentax echinoid trace fossil on an oyster from the Cenomanian of Hamakhtesh Hagadol, southern Israel.
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  Hibolites hastatus from the Jurassic near Moneva Teruel, Spain. Note the barnacle borings (Rogerella).
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  Entobia, a sponge boring from the Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Starkville, Mississippi. Preserved as a cast of the excavations.
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  Geopetal structure in bivalve boring in coral; bivalve shell visible; Matmor Formation (Middle Jurassic), southern Israel.
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  Syringothyris external mold with borings; Logan Formation (Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.

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  Pseudocoprolite from the Wilkes Formation (upper Miocene) of southwestern Washington state.
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  Pseudocoprolite from the Wilkes Formation (upper Miocene) of southwestern Washington state.
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  Manganese dendrites on a limestone bedding plane from Solnhofen, Germany. Scale in mm.
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  Concretion with calcite-filled septarian cracks. Scale in mm.
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  Eozoön canadense, a metamorphic rock made of interlayered calcite and serpentine. A famous pseudofossil. Scale in mm.
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  Cone-in-cone structures produced by compression of limestone. Sometimes mistaken for fossils, thus becoming examples of pseudofossils.
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  Cross-section of a concretion showing layers which resemble tree rings.

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  Encrinite within the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) exposed at Mt. Carmel Junction, Utah.
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  Intraclasts (marked "In") in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) near Gunlock, Utah.
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  Corryville Formation (Upper Ordovician, Katian) exposed in Maysville, Kentucky.
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  Fossiliferous slab of the Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed near Richmond, Indiana.
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  Shakopee Formation (Lower Ordovician) exposed in Hernke's Rock Quarry near Cannon Falls, SE Minnesota.
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  Platteville Limestone (Upper Ordovician) exposed in Decorah, Iowa.
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  Bull Fork Formation (Richmondian, Upper Ordovician) exposed in Caesar Creek State Park, southern Ohio.
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  Hunstanton Formation ("Red Chalk") exposed south of Speeton Cliffs, North Yorkshire.
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  Passage Beds (Jurassic) at Filey Brigg, North Yorkshire.
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  Lower Lias sequence exposed at Nash Point, Glamorgan, Wales.
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  Carbonate hardground with corals, bryozoans and brachiopods from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician), southern Ohio.
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  Crinoid columnals (Isocrinus nicoleti) in a biosparite/grainstone from the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation at Mount Carmel Junction, Utah. Scale in mm.
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  Ripplemarks in a biosparite/grainstone from the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation, southwestern Utah.
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  Ooids in limestone of the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southwestern Utah.
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  Fossils ooimmured in ooids from the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic of Utah).
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  Ooids in thin-section; Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Ooids on the surface of a limestone; Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Ooids from a beach on Joulter's Cay, The Bahamas.
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  Pisolites in the Conococheague Limestone (Upper Cambrian) of eastern Pennsylvania.
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  Coral sand from a beach on Aruba.
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  Gastrochaenolites borings in a Middle Jurassic hardground, Carmel Formation, southern Utah.
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  Cross-section of a carbonate hardground encrusted by oysters and bored by bivalves (Gastrochaenolites); Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah.
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  Ordovician limestones, Tennessee.
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  Outcrop of Upper Ordovician rubbly limestone and shale, southern Indiana.
• 
  Thin-section of peloid sediment and sparry calcite cement in a recrystallized bivalve shell showing "way up" (thus a geopetal structure); limestone of the Bird Spring Formation (Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Peloids and a brachiopod shell visible in a limestone thin-section; Bird Spring Formation (Carboniferous) of southern Nevada.
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  Cross-section of a Jurassic rockground; borings include Gastrochaenolites (some with boring bivalves in place) and Trypanites; Mendip Hills, England.
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  Thrombolites in the Purbeck Formation (Jurassic), Isle of Portland, Dorset, England.
• 
  Cross-section of an Upper Ordovician hardground from Ohio. The light-colored vertical elements are Trypanites borings filled with dolomite.
• 
  A Middle Ordovician hardground from Utah with echinoderm holdfasts cemented to its upper surface.
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  Cretaceous hardground from Texas with encrusting oysters and borings.
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  Carbonate hardground with encrusting bryozoan; Kanosh Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Utah; scale in mm.
• 
  Portland Admiralty Roach from a quarry face on the Isle of Portland, Dorset.
• 
  Portland stone quarry, Isle of Portland, Dorset.
• 
  Holocene eolianite on Long Island, Bahamas.
• 
  Oncolites in the Alamo impact breccia (Guilmette Formation, Late Devonian, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit, Pahranagat Range, Nevada.
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  Atlantic shore of Long Island, The Bahamas.
• 
  Northern rocky shore of Great Inagua exposing Pleistocene reefal limestones.
• 
  Concretion from the Cretaceous of western South Dakota.
• 
  A broken concretion with fossils inside; Late Cretaceous near Ekalaka, Montana.
• 
  Bored hiatus concretions at the base of the Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), the Negev, southern Israel.
• 
  Coquina from Florida. The scale bar is in mm.
• 
  Close-up of coquina from Florida.
• 
  Bioclasts in an Ordovician limestone; T = trilobite; E = echinoderm (crinoid).
• 
  Scientific papers on hardgrounds by period. Serves as a proxy for hardground abundance over time. Calcite and aragonite sea intervals are plotted on the time axis.
• 
  Eemian erosion surface in a fossil coral reef on Great Inagua, The Bahamas. Foreground shows corals truncated by erosion; behind the geologist is a post-erosion coral pillar which grew on the surface after sea level rose again.
• 
  Lithographic limestone from the Gerofit Formation (Turonian) north of Makhtesh Ramon, southern Israel; a variety of Jerusalem Stone (meleke).
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  Brassfield Limestone (Early Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio, USA. An encrinite.
• 
  Broken surface of Brassfield Limestone (Early Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio, showing sparry calcite cement.
• 
  Encrinite from the Brassfield Formation (Silurian) near Fairborn, Ohio.
• 
  Outcrop of Brassfield Limestone (Early Silurian) in Oakes Quarry near Fairborn, Ohio, USA.
• 
  Fossiliferous limestone slab from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Caesar Creek State Park near Waynesville, Ohio.
• 
  Hiatus concretion encrusted with crinoids and bryozoans; Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician), Gunpowder Creek, Kentucky.
• 
  Ripley Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) rockground exposed near Greenville, Alabama.
• 
  Prairie Bluff Chalk Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) in Starkville, Mississippi.
• 
  Paleontologist studying the Reynales Formation (Silurian) in Hickory Corners, New York.

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  Dundee Falls, Ohio; Dundee Sandstone (Upper Carboniferous).
• 
  Basal conglomerate of the Upper Cretaceous Iron Springs Formation (dark) overlying the light carbonates of the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic). Near Gunlock, southwestern Utah.
• 
  Mudcracks in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) near Gunlock, Utah.
• 
  Sandy conglomerate in the Hazeva Formation (Miocene) of southern Israel.
• 
  Monument to the 20th Massachusetts Infantry on the Gettysburg battlefield; Roxbury Puddingstone.
• 
  Roxbury Conglomerate used in the 20th Massachusetts Infantry monument on the Gettysburg Battlefield.
• 
  Rochester Shale (Silurian, Wenlockian) exposed in the Niagara Gorge, New York.
• 
  Kinneyia-like structure in the Grimsby Foramtion (Silurian) exposed in Niagara Gorge, New York.
• 
  Triassic wadi deposit near Ogmore-By-Sea, Wales. Clasts are Carboniferous limestone.
• 
  Osgodby Formation (Middle Jurassic) exposed on the shore of Cayton Bay, North Yorkshire.
• 
  Beach cobbles at Nash Point, South Wales.
• 
  Aztec Sandstone (Lower Jurassic) at Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area near Las Vegas, Nevada.
• 
  Middle and Upper Triassic shallow marine sequence, Makhtesh Ramon, Israel.
• 
  Middle Triassic marginal marine sequence, southwestern Utah.
• 
  Kelso Dunes, Mojave National Preserve, California.
• 
  Avalanche deposits on a crest of the Kelso Dunes, Mojave National Preserve, California.
• 
  Sand blowing on the Kelso Dunes, Mojave National Preserve, California.
• 
  Sand from the Kelso Dunes, Mojave National Preserve, California.
• 
  Glacial outwash sediment, Knud Rasmussen Glacier, Greenland.
• 
  Black sand from a beach on Maui, Hawaii.
• 
  Papakōlea Beach sand near South Point, Kaʻū district, the island of Hawaiʻi. Sample from Lizzie Reinthal.
• 
  Papakōlea Beach sand near South Point, Kaʻū district, the island of Hawaiʻi. Sample from Lizzie Reinthal.
• 
  Quartz-rich sand from the Western Desert near Sakkara, Egypt.
• 
  Pitted sand grains from the Western Desert, Egypt. Pitting is a consequence of wind transportation.
• 
  Loess deposits in northern Patagonia, Argentina.
• 
  Loess exposed in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
• 
  Desert pavement near Barstow, California.
• 
  Heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India.
• 
  Morton Salt facilities, Great Inagua, The Bahamas.
• 
  Basal conglomerate from the Cambrian of the Black Hills, South Dakota.
• 
  Tertiary debris flow deposit, Resting Springs Pass, California.
• 
  Badlands of Hell's Half-Acre in Natrona County, Wyoming.
• 
  Sand dune on the Sinai Peninsula.
• 
  Centripetal mudcracks in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
• 
  Syneresis Cracks from the Drakes Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Adams County, Ohio, USA.
• 
  Conglomerate in the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous); Wooster, Ohio.
• 
  Sand from Pismo Beach, California.
• 
  Gypsum sand from White Sands National Monument, New Mexico.
• 
  Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, Utah.
• 
  Wadi sediments from the Barstow Formation (Miocene), Rainbow Basin, California.
• 
  Wadi sediments in Death Valley, California.
• 
  Cross-section through a sample of the Old Red Sandstone showing quartz and chert pebbles; central England; scale bar is 10 mm.
• 
  Bedding plane of Old Red Sandstone with quartz and chert pebbles; central England; scale bar is 10 mm.
• 
  Alluvial fan above Lake Louise, British Columbia, Canada.
• 
  Glacial moraines above Lake Louise, British Columbia, Canada.
• 
  Outcrop of Ordovician oil shale (kukersite), northern Estonia.
• 
  Cretaceous laterite exposed in Makhtesh Gadol, Israel.
• 
  Salt crystal cast in the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic), southwestern Utah.
• 
  Halite crystal mold in the Paadla Formation (Silurian), Saaremaa, Estonia.
• 
  Cobble encrusted with halite from the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel.
• 
  Bedded halite at Mount Sodom, Israel.
• 
  Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel.
• 
  Mount Sodom, Israel, showing the so-called "Lot's Wife" pillar.
• 
  Ripplemarks in a siltstone (Carmel Formation, Middle Jurassic, near Gunlock, Utah).
• 
  Banded Iron Formation specimen from Upper Michigan.
• 
  Oxford Clay (Jurassic) exposed near Weymouth, England.
• 
  Talus cones on north shore of Isfjorden, Svalbard, Norway.
• 
  Cross-bedding and scour in the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Jackson County, Ohio.
• 
  Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) in Wooster, Ohio.
• 
  Sediments deposited in Lake Manix (Pleistocene) near Barstow, California.
• 
  New Oxford Conglomerate (Triassic) of York County, Pennsylvania.
• 
  Devil's Golf Course, Death Valley, California.
• 
  Alluvial fan in Death Valley, California, seen from source area of Black Mountains at Dante's View.
• 
  Soft sediment deformation in Dead Sea sediments, Israel. Possibly a seismite.
• 
  A teepee structure in modern halite deposits along the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel.
• 
  Beach pebbles made of halite; western Dead Sea coast, Israel.
• 
  Salt cave in Mt. Sodom, Israel.
• 
  Erosional gully in Dead Sea sediments; southwestern shore of the Dead Sea, Israel; this gully was excavated by floods in less than a year.
• 
  Fossiliferous concretion from the Meadville Shale Member of the Cuyahoga Formation (Lower Carboniferous) exposed near Wooster, Ohio.
• 
  Fossiliferous siderite concretion from the Lower Carboniferous.
• 
  Sand from the beach at Scala dei Turchi, Sicily.
• 
  Ghareb Formation (an Upper Cretaceous oil shale) in Wadi Hawarim, southern Israel.
• 
  Faringdon Sponge Gravel, SE of Faringdon, Oxfordshire.
• 
  Coralline Crag Formation exposed in Suffolk, England.
• 
  Gypsum flower in calcitic geode from the Bull Fork Formation (Upper Ordovician), southeastern Indiana.
• 
  Moqui marbles in place in the Navajo Sandstone, Snow Canyon State Park, SW Utah.
• 
  Berea Sandstone (Upper Devonian) exposed at headwaters of the Sandusky River, Crawford County, Ohio.