English: Ancient brain structure evolution theory of Scala Naturae showing brain development proceeding from simple to more complicated with the addition of new brain regions as evolution progressed. This erroneous view is compared with a modern understanding of brain structure evolution that reveals a basic common structure evolved in the vertebrate brain and various regions expanded to accommodate each specific animal's needs.
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The ancient scala naturae model held that the brain and cognitive functions of animals evolved from the simple to the complex while the modern approach understands that cognitive functions adapt according to their ecological niches.