Royal dynasty in Mesopotamia
First dynasty of Ur๐๐๐๐๐ (Sumerian ) nam-lugal urim2 KI Ur I
A map of the
Near East detailing the approximated territorial extent of the Sumerian empire during the first dynasty of Ur
Show map of West and Central Asia Country Sumer Founded c. 2600 BC (c. 2600 BC ) Founder Mesannepada Final ruler Balulu Historic seat Ur Titles Connected families Third dynasty of Ur Dissolution c. 2340 BC (c. 2340 BC )
The first dynasty of Ur (abbreviated Ur I ) was a dynasty of rulers from the city of Ur in ancient Sumer who reigned c. 2600 โ c. 2340 BCEarly Dynastic III period of ancient Mesopotamia . [ 1] First Dynasty of Kish and the First Dynasty of Uruk .[ 2]
Golden helmet of Meskalamdug , possible founder of the First Dynasty of Ur. Gold objects from tomb PG 580, Royal Cemetery at Ur . King at peace, with attendants, from the Standard of Ur . King at war, with soldiers, from the Standard of Ur . According to the Sumerian King List Uruk Lugal-kitun was overthrown by Mesannepada of Ur . There were then four kings in the First Dynasty of Ur: Mesannepada , Mes-kiagnuna, Elulu, and Balulu.[ 3] Mes-kalam-du and A-Kalam-du.[ 3] Mari , and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.[ 3] Puabi is also known from her lavish tomb at the Royal Cemetery at Ur . The First Dynasty of Ur had extensive influence over the area of Sumer , and apparently led a union of south Mesopotamian polities.[ 3] [ 4]
Funeral procession at the Royal Cemetery of Ur (items and positions in PG 789 ), circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution). Ethnicity and language [ edit ] Like other Sumerians , the people of Ur were a non-Semitic people who may have come from the east circa 3300 BCE, and spoke a language isolate .[ 5] [ 6]
International trade [ edit ] The etched carnelian beads in this necklace from the Royal Cemetery dating to the First Dynasty of Ur were probably imported from the Indus Valley. British Museum .[ 7] The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as Carnelian likely coming from the Indus or Iran , Lapis Lazuli from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan , silver from Turkey , copper from Oman , and gold from several locations such as Egypt , Nubia , Turkey or Iran .[ 8] Ur tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of Indus-Mesopotamia relations .[ 9] Harappans .[ 7] [ 8]
Lapis lazuli was likely imported from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan .[ 8] The Ur I dynasty had enormous wealth as shown by the lavishness of its tombs. This was probably due to the fact that Ur acted as the main harbour for trade with India , which put her in a strategic position to import and trade vast quantities of gold, carnelian or lapis lazuli.[ 4] Kish were much less lavish.[ 4] Meluhha , thought to be the Indus region, for trade.[ 4]
According to the Sumerian King List Elamite Awan dynasty .[ 10] Eannatum (c.2500โ2400 BCE) of Lagash , then came to dominate the whole region, and established one of the first verifiable empires in history.[ 11]
The power of Ur would only revive a few centuries later with the Third Dynasty of Ur .[ 11] [ 12]
# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes Early Dynastic IIIa period (c. 2600 โ c. 2500 BC ) Predynastic Ur (c. 2600 โ c. 2500 BC ) A-Imdugud fl. c. 2600 BC Ur-Pabilsag Son of A-Imdugud (?)[ 14] d. c. 2550 BC temp. [ 15] Known from an inscription fragment bearing the title of, "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 779 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur) # Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. 2500 โ c. 2350 BC ) Akalamdug Son of Meskalamdug (?) reigned c. 2500 BC Son of Meskalamdug (?) temp. of Akurgal [ 15] Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 1332 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur) Meskalamdug Son of Akalamdug (?) r. c. 2500 BC Son of Akalamdug (?) temp. of Enakalle [ 15] Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, "King of Kish " (found in tomb PG 755 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur) Puabi m. c. 2500 Known from inscriptions bearing the title of, "Queen " (found in tomb PG 800 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur) She may have ruled in her own right as queen regent "Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur ."
โ SKL
1st Mesannepada Son of Meskalamdug (?) r. c. 2500 BC(80 years) Son of Meskalamdug (?) temp. of Ur-Lumma [ 15] Known from the SKL , Tummal Chronicle "King of Kish" (found in tomb PG 1232/1237 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur) 2nd Meskiagnun Son of Mesannepada (?) r. c. 2485 โ c. 2450 BC(30 or 36 years) Son of Mesannepada (?) temp. of Epa'e[ 15] Said on the SKL to have been the son of Mesannepada and to have held the title of, "King" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer Known from the Tummal Chronicle his tomb PG 1157 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur 3rd Elulu r. c. 2445 BC(25 years) Historicity certain.[ 15] Said on the SKL to have held the title of "king" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.[ 15] temp. of Lugalanda [ 15] 4th Balulu Uncertain (36 years) Historicity uncertain. Known from the SKL ; very little otherwise. Said on the SKL to have held the title of "king" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer. "4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan ."
โ SKL
Enshakushanna Son of Elulu (?)[ 15] r. c. 2430 BC(60 years) Lugal-kinishe-dudu r. c. 2400 BC(120 years) Originally from Uruk Held the title of "King of Uruk and Ur" temp. of Enannatum II [ 15] Lugal-kisal-si Son of Lugal-kinishe-dudu[ 15] r. c. 2400 BC A'annepada Son of Mesannepada Uncertain ; this ruler may have r. c. 2500 โ c. 2350 BC[ 15] Son of Mesannepada temp. of Entemena [ 15] Known from dedication tablets with inscriptions bearing the title "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 580 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur) # Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 โ c. 2112 BC ) Lunanna Uncertain ; this ruler may have r. c. 2350 โ c. 2112 BC[ 15]
Only the final kings of the First Dynasty of Ur, from Mesannepada to Balulu and possibly 4 unnamed kings, are mentioned in the Sumerian King List [ 16]
"... Uruk with weapons was struck down, the kingship to Ur was carried off. In Ur Mesannepada was king, 80 years he ruled; Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna , son of Mesannepada , was king, 36 years he ruled; Elulu , 25 years he ruled; Balulu, 36 years he ruled; 4 kings, the years: 171(?) they ruled. Ur with weapons was struck down; the kingship to Awan was carried off.
The Royal Cemetery of Ur held the tombs of several rulers of the First Dynasty of Ur.[ 3] [ 4] Puabi .[ 4]
A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of
Puabi , housed at the British Museum
Queen's Lyre, one of the
Lyres of Ur , Ur Royal Cemetery.
Cylinder seal of Queen
Puabi , found in her tomb. Inscription ๐
ค๐๐ฟ ๐ฉ๐
Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi".
[ 18] [ 19] [ 20] The last word "๐ฉ๐" can either be pronounced
Nin โladyโ, or
Eresh โqueenโ.
[ 21] Lyre of a Bull's Head from Queen
Puabi 's tomb. (British Museum)
Nacre plate with anthropomorphic animals, circa 2600 BCE
^ The Cambridge Ancient History 228 . ISBN 9780521070515 ^ Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East ISBN 9781438126760 ^ a b c d e Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC) ISBN 9781442690479 ^ a b c d e f Diakonoff, I. M. (2013). Early Antiquity ISBN 9780226144672 ^ "The Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who perhaps came from the east" in Curtis, Adrian (2009). Oxford Bible Atlas ISBN 9780191623325 Gen 11:2 "And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there." (English Standard Version) ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1979). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ISBN 9780802837813 ^ a b British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" Photograph of the necklace in question ^ a b c British Museum notice "Grave goods from Ur " ^ McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives ISBN 9781576079072 ^ "Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan ." in Kriwaczek, Paul (2014). Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization ISBN 9781782395676 ^ a b Incorporated, Facts On File (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East ISBN 9781438126760 ^ Knapp, Arthur Bernard (1988). The history and culture of ancient Western Asia and Egypt ISBN 9780534106454 ^ Woolley, Leonard ; Hall, Henry ; Legrain, L. (1900). Ur excavations (Report). Vol. II. Trustees of the British Museum and of the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania by the aid of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. ISBN 9780598629883 the original on 2010-07-01.^ Aruz, J.; Wallenfels, R. (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus ISBN 9780300098839 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Marchesi, Gianni (January 2015). Sallaberger, Walther ; Schrakamp, Ingo (eds.). "Toward a Chronology of Early Dynastic Rulers in Mesopotamia" . History and Philology (ARCANE 3; Turnhout) : 139โ156. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts" . cdli.ucla.edu .^ "CDLI-Found Texts" . cdli.ucla.edu .^ British Museum notice WA 121544 ^ Crawford, Harriet (2013). The Sumerian World ISBN 9781136219115 ^ Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly (1998). Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur ISBN 9780924171550 ^ James, Sharon L.; Dillon, Sheila (2015). A Companion to Women in the Ancient World ISBN 9781119025542
Territories/[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] Egypt Canaan Ebla Mari Kish /Assur Akshak /Akkad Uruk Adab Umma Lagash Ur Elam 4000โ3200 BCE Naqada I Naqada II Egypt-Mesopotamia relations Pre-Dynastic period (4000โ2900 BCE) Susa I Uruk period Anu Ziggurat , 4000 BCE)Susa II 3200โ3100 BCE Proto-Dynastic period Naqada III ) Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash 3100โ2900 BCE Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep โ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith โ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird Canaanites Jemdet Nasr period Proto-Elamite period Susa III ) 2900 BCE Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Early Dynastic Period I (2900โ2700 BCE) First Eblaite First kingdom of Mari Kish I dynastyJushur , Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma ,En-tarah-ana Babum , Puannum , Kalibum 2800 BCE
Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna Uruk I dynastyMesh-ki-ang-gasher Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta ") 2700 BCE Early Dynastic Period II (2700โ2600 BCE) Zamug , Tizqar , Ilku Iltasadum Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[ 6] Aga of Kish Gilgamesh Old Elamite period Indus-Mesopotamia relations 2600 BCE Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser Egyptian pyramids )Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni Early Dynastic Period III (2600โ2340 BCE) Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu Kish II dynastyUhub Mesilim Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum Lagash En-hegal Lugal- Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug Puabi )Akalamdug Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu 2575 BCE Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis Ur I dynasty Mesannepada 2500 BCE Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE) Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba โ Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu Uruk II dynastyEnsha- Mug-si Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku Lagash I dynastyUr-Nanshe Akurgal A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur 2450 BCE Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik Ush Enakalle Elamite invasions[ 6] Shushun- Napilhush 2425 BCE Kun-Damu Eannatum 2400 BCE Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu Kish IV dynastyPuzur-Suen Ur-Zababa Urur Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi E-iginimpa'e Meskigal Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu Bara-irnun ) Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi Ur II dynastyMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II Kiku-siwe-tempti 2380 BCE Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Adab dynastyLugalannemundu 2370 BCE Isar-Damu Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari Invasion by Mari [ 6] Ukush Lugalanda Urukagina Luh-ishan 2350 BCE Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin Uruk III dynastyLugalzagesi 2340 BCE Akkadian Period (2340โ2150 BCE) Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani 2250 BCE Naram-Sin Lugal-ushumgal 2200 BCE First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Second Eblaite Third kingdom of Mari Shakkanakku Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan Shar-Kali-Sharri Igigi , Imi , Nanum , Ilulu (3 years)Dudu Shu-turul Uruk IV dynastyUr-nigin Ur-gigir Lagash II dynastyPuzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak 2150 BCE Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Ur III period (2150โ2000 BCE) Nรปr-Mรชr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin Gutian dynasty La-erabum Si'um Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu Umma II dynastyLugalannatum Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani Tirigan 2125 BCE Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare
Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal 2100 BCE (Vassals of UR III) Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar [ 7] Ur III dynasty Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin 2025-1763 BCE Amorite invasionsIbbi-Sin Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty ) Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Third Eblaite Amorites )Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma (Amorite Shakkanakkus )Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan Lim Dynasty of Mari Amorites )Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu ) Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II Isin-Larsa period Amorites )Dynasty of Isin Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa : Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty : Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sรฎn-kฤลกid Sรฎn-iribam Sรฎn-gฤmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rรฎm-Anum Nabi-iliลกu Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu โ 1800โ1595 BCE Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt Abraham Biblical )Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Yamhad Yamhad dynasty )Old Assyria (Shamshi-Adad dynastyShamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Adaside dynasty Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty Amorites )Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballit Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers Second Babylonian dynastySealand Dynasty ") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar m DIล +U-ENPeshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt Hyksos ")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi Mitanni Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar 1531โ1155 BCE Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites ) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi Middle Elamite period (1500โ1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut โ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten โ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Hittite Empire Ugarit Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret โ Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte 1155โ1025 BCE Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon Syro-Hittite states Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin ") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur Neo-Elamite period (1100โ540 BCE) 1025โ934 BCE Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabรป-mukin-apli 911โ745 BCE Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat โ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III 745โ609 BCE Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa Black Pharaohs ")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser โ Shalmaneser โ Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon โ Sennacherib โ Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi โ Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon โ Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt Assyrian conquest of Elam 626โ539 BCE Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages 539โ331 BCE Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt ) Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 331โ141 BCE Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II โ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis โ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator โ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra โ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter โ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III โ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV โ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III โ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V โ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena โ Berenice IV Epiphanea โ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator โ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV โ Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty Antigonus I Seleucid Empire Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes 141โ30 BCE Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra โ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I 30 BCEโ116 CE Roman Empire (Roman conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Judea Syria 116โ117 CE Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan Parthamaspates of Parthia 117โ224 CE Syria Palaestina Province of Mesopotamia Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV 224โ270 CE Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm 270โ273 CE Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia โ Antiochus 273โ395 CE Roman Empire Province of Egypt Syria Palaestina Syria Province of Mesopotamia 395โ618 CE Byzantine Empire Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 618โ628 CE (Sasanian conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II 628โ641 CE Byzantine Empire Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran โ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht โ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 639โ651 CE Muslim conquest of Egypt Muslim conquest of the Levant Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia Chronology of the Neolithic period Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
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A gold dagger and a dagger with a gold-plated handle, Ur excavations (1900).
Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi, housed at the British Museum
Queen's Lyre, one of the Lyres of Ur, Ur Royal Cemetery.![Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb. Inscription ๐
ค๐๐ฟ ๐ฉ๐Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi".[18][19][20] The last word "๐ฉ๐" can either be pronounced Nin โladyโ, or Eresh โqueenโ.[21]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_British_Museum_with_Cory_and_Mary%2C_6_Sep_2007_-_185.jpg/200px-Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_British_Museum_with_Cory_and_Mary%2C_6_Sep_2007_-_185.jpg)
The Standard of Ur
Lyre of a Bull's Head from Queen Puabi's tomb. (British Museum)
Nacre plate with anthropomorphic animals, circa 2600 BCE_(14581033499).jpg)
![Cylinder seal of Queen Puabi, found in her tomb. Inscription ๐
ค๐๐ฟ ๐ฉ๐Pu-A-Bi-Nin "Queen Puabi".[18][19][20] The last word "๐ฉ๐" can either be pronounced Nin โladyโ, or Eresh โqueenโ.[21]](/wiki/en/File:Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_British_Museum_with_Cory_and_Mary,_6_Sep_2007_-_185.jpg)
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